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Fulani

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Fulani
people, balli
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Fulaani bee Fulaannima[lower-alpha 1] nyɛla zuliya shɛli din be Sahara, Sahel n-ti pahi West Africa, bɛ nyɛla ban gili legion.[1] Bɛ nyɛla ban be tiŋgbani shɛŋa din be West Africa mini tudu yaɣa zaŋ n-ti Central Africa, South Sudan, Darfur n-ti pahi "region" shɛŋa din miri Red Sea din be Sudan. Fulaanima ŋɔ kalinli nyɛla niriba ni bɛ mi. Niriba pam nyɛla ban buɣisiri bɛ kalinli ŋɔ milliyɔŋ pishi ni anu [2][3] mini milliyɔŋ pihinahi sunsuuni dunia zaa.[4]Bɛ balli maa n-nyɛ Fulaansili, ka bɛ niriba maa lee nyɛ Fulaannima (zaɣ' bɔbigu) fulaani (zaɣ' yini). Vihigu wuhiya kamani, Fulaannima n-nyɛ zuliya shɛba ban zooi gbansabila tingbana ni. Bɛ tuma zoola binkɔbiri yulibu bee gulibu nti pahi pukparilim.

Fulaannima ŋɔ kalinli ni paai miliyɔŋ diba apɔin hali ni pia[5]–nyɛla binkɔbi guliba, ka bɛ zuliya ŋɔ m-mali zama din galisi di yi ka na binkɔbiri gulibu polo andunia.[6][7] Fulaannima ŋɔ zuliya din galisi nyɛla din gbaai niriba bi paai naai,[7] nti pahi pukparibiinsi, karimbaŋdiba, nuuni tuun' baŋdiba, daabihi, ni ninvuɣ' kara.[8][9] Bɛ ni nya zuliya la, din laɣimba nyɛla fulaannsili balli, bɛ taarihi[10][11][12] ni bɛ kaya ni taada. Fulaannima ŋɔ zooya ka bɛ nyɛla musulinima ka bɛ bela n-kuli nyɛ dolodolo niriba[13] ni Animists.[14][15]

West Africa toondaanima pam nyɛla ban yina fulaannima ni, bɛ puuni shɛba n-nyɛ; Nigeria tiŋgbani zuɣulaan' kuro, Muhammadu Buhari; Cameroon tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣulana Ahmadou Ahidjo ; Senegal tiŋgbani zuɣulaan' kuro, Macky Sall; Gambia tiŋgbani zuɣulana, Adama Barrow; Guinea-Bissau tiŋgbani zuɣulana, Umaro Sissoco Embaló; Sierra Leone tiŋgbani zuɣulaan' paa, Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh; Mali tiŋgbani zuɣulana, Boubou Cisse nti pahi tiŋgbani zuɣulaan' paa paɣa zaŋ n-ti Ghana, Samira Bawumia. Bɛ lahi nyɛla ban be zaashe' kara ni tiŋduya tuma duzuɣuri ni, ka mani gbaŋ ŋmari paa zaŋ n-ti United Nations jinaduu, Amina J. Mohammed; zuɣulana ŋun pahiri pisopɔin ni anahi zaŋ n-ti United Nations General Assembly, Tijjani Muhammad-Bande; nti pahi gbaŋŋmara zaŋ n-ti OPEC, Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo.

"Fulani" redirects here. For other uses, see Fulani (disambiguation).

Regions with significant populations

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

 Nigeria = 15,300,000 (6.6%)[16]

 Senegal = 5,055,782 (27.5%)[17]

 Guinea = 4,544,000 (33.4%)[18]

 Cameroon = 3,000,000 (13.4%)[19][20]

 Mali = 2,840,850 (13.3%)[21]

Tɛmplet:Country data Burkina Faso = 1,800,000 (8.4%)[22]

Tɛmplet:Country data Niger = 1,650,000 (6.5%)[23]

 Benin = 1,182,900 (8.6%)[24]

 Mauritania = 900,000 (18.3%)[25]

Tɛmplet:Country data Guinea-Bissau = 623,646 (30%)[26]

Tɛmplet:Country data Gambia = 449,280 (18.2%)[27]

Tɛmplet:Country data Chad = 334,000 (1.8%)[28]

 Sierra Leone = 310,000 (5%)[29]

Tɛmplet:Country data CAR = 250,000 (4.5%)[30]

Tɛmplet:Country data Sudan = 204,000 (0.4%)[31]

Tɛmplet:Country data Togo = 110,000 (1.2%)[32]

Tɛmplet:Country data South Sudan = 4,000 (0.02%)[33]

 Algeria = 4,000 (0.01%)[citation needed]

 Ghana = 4,240 (0.01%)[34]

 Ivory Coast = 3,800 (0.02%)[30]

 Liberia = Fula • French • Portuguese • English • Arabic • Hausa = Islam[35]

Names

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Ethnonyms

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Yu' bɔbigu beni (ni yuya ŋɔ nambu) bali shɛŋa dabam ni zaŋ n-ti Fulɓe ŋɔ. Fulani ŋɔ ŋun nyɛla silimiinsi ni paŋ shɛli gbɛngbɛri sani.[36] Fula, Manding languages, nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli silimiinsili ni, ka saha shɛŋa beni bɛ namdi li mi Fulah bee Fullah. Fula mini Fulaani nyɛla din bolibu yoli silimiinsili ni, nti pahi gbansabila tiŋ shɛŋa. Faransinima gba ni paŋ bachi shɛli Wolof Pël, din nambu nyɛ: Peul, Peulh mini Peuhl la. Saha ŋɔ Fulfulde / Pulaar bachi Fulɓe, nyɛla bachinamdi bɔbigu (gaŋa, Pullo) nyɛla bɛ ni niɣim bachi shɛli silimiinsili ni lee Fulbe,[37] niriba pam booni li. Portugal nima gba balli ni, bachinima ŋɔ Fula bee Futafula ka bɛ mali kuri bukaata bɛ yɛltɔɣa ni. Bachi ŋɔ Fallata, Fallatah, bee Fellata nyɛla din yina laribu polo, ka di tooi nyɛ daliŋ zaŋ ti fulaannima ka bɛ mali baŋdiba luɣishɛŋa kamani Chad mini Sudan.

Toucouleur nima ban be "central Senegal River" yaɣili tɔɣisiri la Fulfulde / Pulaar ka booni bɛ maŋa Haalpulaaren, bee ban tɔɣisiri Pulaar. Waliginsim ŋɔ nyɛla Faransi bala baŋdiba ni daa ʒina 19th century ka di nyɛla bɛ waligila "sedentary, agricultural, fanatical, ni anti-European Toucouleurs" yaɣ' yini ka lahi pu binkɔbi guliba, "pastoralist, docile ni cooperative Peulhs" gba yaɣ' yini, amaa di buyi waligibu pala yɛlimaŋli.[38]


Dɔɣim yuya

Fulaannima yuya din be Guinea, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau ni Southern Senegal n-nyɛ: Diallo (Faransi yaɣa), Jallow bee Jalloh (Gambia, Sierra Leone and Liberia), Djalo (Cap Verde ni Guinea Bissau), Sow, Barry, Bah bee Ba, Baldé, ni Diouldé.[39] Fulaannima yuya (Toucouleur) din lahi be Guinea mini northern Senegal n-nyɛ: Tall, Sall, Diengue, Sy, Anne, Ly, Wann, Dia ni din pahi pahi..

Fulbe ban be Nigeria, Niger ni Cameroon tooi malila bɛ banima yuya, Fulaannima bihi yuya beni kamani Bello kadi nyɛla din ni tooi yina Fulfulde bachi din nyɛ Ballo ka di gbunni nyɛ “sɔŋda”),[40] Tukur (din yina Takrur), Gidado, Barkindo, Jallo, Ahidjo and Dikko.

Mali tiŋgbani ni, Fulaannima ban yuya niŋ bayana n-nyɛ Diallo, Diakité, Dia, Sow, Sidibé, Sangaré, Ba, Dicko, Bocoum, Tall, Kah, ni din pahi. Lala Fulaan' yuya ŋɔ nyɛla din be Mali yaɣa kamani Mopti, Macina, Nioro, Kidal, Tomboctou, Gao, Sikasso, ni din kam pahi.[41][42]

Wasulu (Wassoulou) yaɣa din be Mali, Fulaannima yuya din niŋ bayana n-nyɛ Diallo, Diakité, Sidibé ni Sangaré. Lala yuya ŋɔ lahi nyɛla din be Fulaannima ban be Burkina Faso yuya ni,[43] nti pahi yuya kamani Barry, Dicko ni Sankara (din yina Sangaré sani). Fulaannima pam ban yina Wasulu yaɣa pam bi tooi tɔɣisiri bɛ maŋmaŋa zilinkom zuɣu yɛltɔɣa ka di nyɛla bɛ niŋla niŋgbuna ni Mandé (ban daa na nyɛ Bambara). Di mini bɛ pam bI lahi tɔɣisiri fulaansili maa zaa yoli, bɛ na gbibi bɛ kaya ni taada ni nyɛ shɛŋa.[44]

Ninvuɣ' shɛba ban mali yuli puuni yino Wasulu Fulaannima ni, Oumou Sangaré, nyɛla yiliyiina ŋun yina Mali ka o yu'paa nyɛ “Songbird of Wasulu”[45] . Sangaré’s yila pam dalim la paɣa zuɣu zabbu ni Mali kaya. O nyɛla ŋun go gbansabila tinsi pam kamani, Cameroon, ni o mini Fulaannima pam ti yili yila ka kpaŋsi Wasulu Fulaannima kaya ni taada.

Bocoum, Dia (in English as "Jah"), Kah, ni Kane nyɛla bɛ zuliya yuya. Diawambe/Jawambe (gaŋa: Dianwando/Jawando ni Diokoramé/Jokoromeh, Bambara) zaŋ ti Mali. Jawambe nyɛla Fulaannima bali shɛba ban yina Mali ka bɛ tuma nyɛ daabiligu.[46] Jawando Fula Fulaannima ban yiini yila ka bɛ yuya du shɛba n-nyɛ Afel Bocoum mini Inna Modja.

Mopti tiŋgbani ni, gbaai yihi Fulaannima banima yuya klamani, a ni lahi nyɛ banima yuya kamani Cissé mini Touré. Amaa lala yuya ŋɔ tooi zooi la Manding bala ni, Ban be Mopti piila Fulannima ŋɔ kaya ni taɣada, ka pa zaŋ bɛ maŋ pahi Fulannima zuliya ni. Ŋmahinli din yi polo n-nyɛAmadou Toumani Touré, Mali. tiŋgbani zuɣulana kuro

Geographic distribution

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
A distribution map of Fula people. Dark green: a major ethnic group; Medium: significant; Light: minor.[1][47]

Fulaannima nyɛla ban wuligi gili Sahel din be Atlantic coast zaŋ chaŋ Red Sea ball'leei West Africa. Din pahira, bɛ pirigi li nyɛla ban yɛri balli shɛŋa din be tiŋgbani shɛŋa ni bɛ ni be ka di zuɣu che ka Fulaannima nyɛ "bilingual" bee "trilingual". Lala balla maa shɛŋa nyɛ French, Hausa, Bambara, Wolof, Soninke n-ti pahi Arabic.

Fulaannima ŋɔ pirigi li zaɣa nyɛla din be Fouta Djallon Guinea mini nudirigu zuɣu zaŋ chaŋ Sierra Leone; Futa Tooro savannah grasslands zaŋ n-ti Senegal mini Mauritania nudirigu zuɣu; Macina inland Niger mɔɣili din miri Central Mali; n-ti pahi yaɣ'shɛŋa din miri Mopti mini Nioro Du Sahel din be Kayes yaɣili; Borgu biɛhigu shee zaŋ n-ti Benin, Togo n-ti pahi Nigeria; nudirigu zuɣu yaɣili zaŋ n-ti Burkina Faso din be Sahel region's zaŋ n-ti Seno, Wadalan mini Soum nyɛla ban be Sokoto Caliphate n-ti pahi Niger nudirigu zuɣu yaɣili mini northern Nigeria nuzaa zuɣu (kamani Adamawa, Tahoua, Katsina, Sokoto, Kebbi, Zinder, Bauchi, Diffa, Yobe, Gombe.

Lala yaɣili ŋɔ nyɛ bɛ ni booni shɛli Fombina/Hombina ka di gbunni nyɛ Adamawa Fulfulde dama din nyɛ yaɣ'shɛli din galisi ka zani n-ti Fulɓe hegemonic dominance din be West Africa. Lala yaɣili ŋɔ, Fulfulde nyɛla lingua franca, din nyɛ yaɣa zaŋ n-ti Chari-Baguirmi Region din be Chad mini Central African Republic, Ouaddaï highlands zaŋ n-ti Eastern Chad nyɛla bɔbili din be Kordofan, Darfur mini Blue Nile, Sennar, Kassala yaɣa zaŋ n-ti Sudan.[48] Fulaanima ni daa chani bee yi Mecca labirina, Saudi Arabia daa kpalim Sudan wulimpuhili ka bɛ kalinli nyɛ din gari milɔŋ dibaa ayi ka bɛ booni ba Fellata.[49][50][51]

Bodaado (singular of Wodaabe) Fula man with the typical Fulani hat above a turban
A distribution map of Fula people. Dark green: a major ethnic group; Medium: significant; Light: minor.[1][52]

Dini daa niŋ ka bɛ tuuli ya'nima daa be tiŋgbani tarisi yaɣa dibaa ata din nyɛ, Mali, Senegal, ni Mauritania la, bɛ pa nyɛla ban gili West ni Central Africa yaɣa zaa. Fulaannima pam pa be ayi kuli kpe Sahara south polo, ni teeku noli tihi ni din be tuduu polo. Bɛ buɣisiya ni Fulaannima kalinli gari 25 miliyɔŋ.[3]

Fulaannima balibu pam beni ni bɛ ni mɛri shɛm, din ni n-nyɛ: Fulaannima ban gɔra bee Mbororo, Fulaannima ban gɔri ka mali biɛhigu shee, luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni ʒiya "tiŋa" Fulani. Fulaannima ban be mɔri ni taɣirila bɛe niɣi gindi sahakam. Di bahi bahindi, bɛ dii bi ʒiini yuura (bɛ bi gariti chira ayi zaŋ chaŋ chira anahi). Fulaannima ban gɔri ka mali biɛhigu sheei ni tooi nyɛ Fulɓe ban tooi mali bɛ ni ʒiini luɣ'shɛŋa ka yiɣisir yuuni yuuni bee Fulɓe zuliya ban bi gɔri ginda, ka mali niɣi, bɛ bi chani katinsi ka cheri bɛ biɛhisi shee, bɛ bela sunsuuni.[53]

Fulaannima ban ʒini bela tinkpansi, fɔna ni, ni tiŋ'kara ni ka yihi bɛ tahama zaa ka che gɔ'ngili, ka be fɔna ni biɛhigu. Lala ʒinibu ŋɔ, zaɣa, ni sja gɔmnanti nyɛla din ʒi Fulaannima luɣ'yini ʒia na , ka di galisi gari taba dɔli tinkpansi mini fɔna. Zuŋɔ, Fulaannima tinsi shɛŋ n-nyɛ: Labé, Pita, Mamou, ni Dalaba din be Guinea; Kaedi, Matam ni Podor, Kolda din be Senegal ni Mauritania; Bandiagara, Mopti, Dori, Gorom-Gorom, ni Djibo din be Mali ni Burkina Faso, zaŋ chaŋ Niger; ni Birnin Kebbi, Katsina, Gombe, Yola, Digil, Jalingo, Bauchi, Misau, Jama'are, Mayo Belwa, Mubi, Maroua, Ngaoundere, Azare ,Dukku, Kumo, Girei, Damaturu, Bertoua, ni Garoua din be Cameroon mini Nigeria. Lala tinsi ŋɔ pam ni, Fulaannima n-tooi zooi di ninvuɣ'kara bee yahi nima.

Fulaannima tinsi tooi purimi ka booni di yuya doli luɣ'shɛŋa di ni be. Amaa tiŋgbani kam ni, bɛ lahi mali bɛ ni puriba shɛm yaha. Din doli ŋɔ na nyɛ Fulɓe pubu nima din beni.

Main Fulani sub-groups, national and subnational locations, cluster group and dialectal variety
Fulbe Adamawa
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤀𞤣𞤢𞤥𞤢𞤱𞤢
Fulfulde Adamawa (Fombinaare) Eastern
Fulbe Bagirmi
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤄𞤢𞤺𞤭𞤪𞤥𞤭
Fulbe Sokoto
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤅𞤮𞤳𞤮𞤼𞤮
Fulfulde Sokoto (Woylaare)
Fulbe Gombe
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤘𞤮𞤲'𞤦𞤫		  Nigeria: Gombe State, Bauchi State, Yobe State, Borno State, Plateau State Fulfulde Woylaare-Fombinaare transitional
Fulbe Mbororo
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤐'𞤄𞤮𞤪𞤮𞤪𞤮
Fulfulde Sokoto (Woylaare) & Adamawa (Fombinaare)
Fulbe Borgu
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤄𞤮𞤪𞤺𞤵
Fulfulde Borgu & Jelgoore Central
Fulbe Jelgooji
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤔𞤫𞤤𞤺𞤮𞥅𞤶𞤭
Fulfulde Jelgoore & (Massinakoore)
Fulbe Massina
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤃𞤢𞤧𞥆𞤭𞤲𞤢
Fulfulde Massinakoore
Fulbe Nioro
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤻𞤮𞥅𞤪𞤮
Pulaar – Fulfulde

Fuua Tooro -Massinakoore transitional

Western
Fulbe Futa Jallon
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤊𞤵𞥅𞤼𞤢 𞤔𞤢𞤤𞤮𞥅
Pular Fuuta Jallon
Fulbe Futa Tooro
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤊𞤵𞥅𞤼𞤢 𞤚𞤮𞥅𞤪𞤮
Pulaar Fuuta Tooro
Fulbe Fuladu
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤢𞤣𞤵
Pulaar – Pular

Fuuta Tooro – Fuuta Jallon transitional


Taarihi

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Fulaannima taarihi din bi neei dɔni amaa ka lahibaya pam leei beni zaŋ kpa bɛ polo. Bɛ ni nyɛ binkɔb' guliba la zuɣu, bɛ nyɛla ban kpɛri kaya pam puuni, ka di zuɣu chɛ ka di niŋ tɔm pam ni niriba tooi baŋ bɛ biɛhigu ni zuliyanima din pahi. Lahibaya wuhiya ni bɛ saha pili la Europeani nima ni daa gbahiri daba saha shɛli la.[54]: Tɛmplet:R/where 

Fulaannima nolini taarihi wuhiya ni bɛ pili la North Africa. Di ni tooi niŋ ka di nyɛla bɛ daa yila nadaa nima ban daa be West Africa mini North African niriba zaa kamani Berbers bee Egypt nima ni.[11][55][1][56]

Fulaannima tuuli ni tooi zaŋ ŋmahindi Bible. Maurice Delafosse, lahibaya lahi wuhiya ni di ni tooi zaŋ ŋmahindi Put, Ham. Josephus bidibiga sabbu din jɛndi Phutites, Nadaa nima biɛhigu shee din yuli pa booni Libya la.[54]: Tɛmplet:R/where 

Early Kingdoms

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Tassili n'Ajjer rock art

Di ni tooi niŋ ka di nyɛla Fulaannima tuuli daa yila "Sahara desert" na, sahashɛli tiŋgbani ni daa mahi gari ʒaamani ŋɔ, ka di daa pili kuubu 7th century BC piligu polo.[54]: Tɛmplet:R/where  Bɛ daa yimi labi Senegal river din be east, ka Berber nima daa tabi sɔŋ.[57][58] Tiŋgbani din nyɛ Tekrur din pa booni Futa Toro daa nyɛla Fulaannima ni daa kpa shɛli (di yi pa shɛli Berber) nima ban gba daa niŋ yaakoro ka nyɛ tiŋ' bihi "Negro pukpariba" bani n-daa nyɛ " Serer nima ban niŋ talahi",[59][54]: Tɛmplet:R/where  Ban daa zooi ni pam n-daa nyɛ Wagadu ka ban daa pahi nyɛ Lamtuna, Mali Empire ni Jolof Empire, 16th century piligu ban daa su lala yaɣili ŋɔ n daa nyɛ Koli Tenguella, ban daa kpa Empire of Great Fulo.[60][61]

Fulaannima Migration taarihi

A yi lihi kurumbuni ha, Fulaannima daa nyɛla ninvuɣ' shɛba ban nyɛ naɣ' guliba. Bɛ daa tooi ŋmaari bɛ tingbani n-tiri bɛ mini salo shɛba ban daa baɣi taba. Salo kamani; Soninke nim ban daa timnuu pam chaŋ  ancient Ghana yuli dubu ni. Lala kpam maŋ ŋɔ daa yila Ancient Ghana tingbani nudirigu ni nuzaa zuɣu zaa.

A yi lihi fulaannima taarihi ni, di  wuhiya ni pukparilim toontibo gaa dubu n-daa nyɛ daliri shɛli din daa tahi Fulaannima tabi walibu na bɛ sunsuuni. Bɛ lala walibu ŋɔ nyaanga, bɛ daa pula ʒiibuyi.  Lala pubu ŋɔ n-daa nyɛ Fulaannima ban be mɔɣa sahakam ni bɛ ni bɛ daaʒiya zaa mɔɣu maani. Lala Fulaannima ŋɔ ka bɛ booni ni Jarigonjenima la, bɛ pubu bee piribu din daa pahi maa n-nyɛ Fulaan shɛba ban daa zaɣisi lala bɛ mɔɣini benibu sahakam kali bee biɛhigu maa,  ka daa be yiŋ nyɛ bɛ naɣikpariba. Fulaannima biɛhigu shee daa kuli ka chichirichi bee luɣu yini. Bɛ daa kuli be la mɔɣini ni bɛ niriba zaa n-guli bɛ niɣi.

Vihigu zaa zaŋ chaŋ Fulaannima chaŋgili bee tiŋ yi n-looi tiŋ daa kuli pilila tiŋduli yuli booni Sudan nudirigu ni nuzaa zuɣu ka bɛ lala chandi ŋɔ daa niŋ bayana. Kurimbuni ha, tuuli tuuli vihisi din daa niŋ zaŋ kpa Fulaannima kaya  ni taada  daa kuli chaŋmi ti dumba bɛ noli ni baŋsim kaya ni taada zuɣu, ka di wuhi ni Fulaannima ŋɔ daa yila tiŋ yuli daa booni Fuuta-Tooro n-zaŋ bɛ zuɣu ʒi tingbani nudirigu polo yuuni  eleventh mali ti gbaai yuuni  fourteenth centuries saha. Lala saha ŋɔ zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 15th century saha, Fulaannima daa pa kuli zɔrimi sheeri zuliya shɛba beni ka bɛ yuli booni Hausa tingban ni, ka daa bi zani ni ka lahi pili zo n-chaŋ  Bornu gba tingbani ni.  Bɛ  Baghirmi tingbani ni ʒii nanibu daa niŋla yuuni  16th century saha. Zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 18th century saha. Falaannima yiya bee bɛ biɛhisi shee daa kuli komi gili  Benue tiŋ ŋɔ mɔɣi gburima ʒii zaa.

Bɛ daa kuli deela  Benue mɔɣili maa nudirigu polo zaŋ kpa Garoua mini Rey Bouba polo, ni Benue  mɔɣili maa wulinluhuli zaŋ kpa  Faro mɔɣili polo n-zaŋ hali ti gbaai  Mambilla Plateau yaɣili zaa . Bɛ biɛhisi shee bee bɛ yiya maa zaa yaa daa bela luɣa kammani;   Gurin, Chamba territory, Cheboa, Turua nti pahi Bundang.

Zɔŋɔ ti ni ʒiya ŋɔ,  Fulaannima nolini baŋsim taarihi ŋan jɛndi bɛ kaya ni taada, ŋa jɛndi bɛ tingbana chɛmi piri ʒii buta zuɣu, ŋa nima n-nyɛ; Fuuta Kingi, meaning 'Old Fuuta', encompassing the Tagant Plateau, the Assaba Region, the Hodh, Futa Toro and the area around Nioro du Sahel; Fuuta Keyri, 'New Fuuta', includes Futa Djallon, Massina, Sokoto, and the Adamawa Region; Fuuta Jula bani n-nyɛ ban daa gɔri kɔhigu n-chani tingban' shaŋa ni.

Musulinsi Adiini mini Fula Jihaadi

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Tɛmplet:Multi image

Main article: Fula jihads

Fulaannima ŋɔ, ban Sahara yaɣa, daa nyɛla ban be tuuli ha "Sub-Saharan" niriba ban daa deei Musulinsi Adiini ni. David Levison yɛliya, ni Fulaannima Musulinsi deebu daa chɛmi ka di ŋmanila "bɛ kaya ni taada ni Adiini nyɛla din che ka bɛ jilima yi di ko, ka bɛ mini zuliyanima din pahi mali tarisi ni taba kpebu." Bɛ mini Gbansabila tinsi bala din pahi mini Sahel nti pahi West Africa.[62]

Tɔbu tuhiriba nyɛla ban daa zaŋ yuri mini bidibbi nɛma n-yi nuzaa zuɣu na n-ti ti Fulaannima ŋɔ. Berber mini Arab clerics, Fulaannima siyaasa tali nyɛla din yɛn kpaŋsi musulinsi adiini din be West Africa din nyɛ suhudoo mini gadama soli. These jihads nyɛla ban daa miri kpa bali shɛŋa n-ti pahi Fulaannima ban daa na bi deei musulinsi adiini.[60][63] Lala tɔbu ŋɔ daa che ka Fulaannima kalinli daa pahiya Sahel yaɣili maa zaŋ n-ti West Africa, "Medieval" mini pɔi maŋsulinsi deebu ka daa tum pa adiini kɔŋko yaɣili, amaa siyaasa tali mini bɔmma ni nyamma .[64][65] Bin din gbaai 18th century zaŋ chaŋ daa nyɛla Fulaannima jihads ni daa kuli pahiri saha kam lala yaɣili maa zaa.[60][66]: Tɛmplet:R/where 

Bundu

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Yuuni 1690, Torodbe nira Malick Sy[67] daa kana Bundu, zaamani ŋɔ din pa nyɛ Eastern Senegal la, o daa yila o yiŋa din baɣi Podor na. Sy daa ʒinila tiŋgbani maa ni ni o ya tiŋ'bihi Futa Toro ni Musulinima ban yina west Djolof Empire ni tiŋ'waɣila kamani Nioro du Sahel.[68]

Sy zaamani maa ni, Bundu daa niŋla yaakoro nira zaŋ ti Musulinima mini Musulisi Adiini baŋdi' shɛba tiŋ'nanima ni daa ku.[69] Sy nyɛla bɛ ni daa ku so yuuni 1699 Gajaaga linjimanima n-daa niŋ o bandi.[70]: Tɛmplet:R/where  Di zaa yoli, Bundu' na nyɛla ban yɛn niŋ wahala, ni nahingu tooni ha, Fula jihads.[70]: Tɛmplet:R/where 


Imamate of Futa Toro

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Jihad din daa niŋ Futa Toro bini din gbaai yuuni 1769 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1776 ka Sulayman Bal daa nyɛ di kpɛma daa nyɛla tɔbu shɛli din daa tuhi yihi Denianke Dynasty ŋun daa be nam ni.[71]: Tɛmplet:R/where  Sulayman daa kpila yuuni 1776 ka Abdul Kader ('Abd al-Qadir) daa zani o zaani, karimba mini looya ŋun daa bɔ baŋsim tiŋa yuli booni Cayor.[72]: Tɛmplet:R/where 

Abdul Kadern daa niŋ tuuli Almamy zaŋ ti Almamyate ban nyɛ Futa Toro.[71]: Tɛmplet:R/where  O daa kpaŋsila jiŋa mɛbu, ka daa zaŋ yaa zaligu doli o tiŋ'kɔɣa.[72]: Tɛmplet:R/where  Torodbe daa mɔŋla daba dabu kulibɔŋ. Yuuni 1785 bɛ mini Faransinima daa gbaai alikawuli ni bɛ che daabiligu ni Musulinima daba dabu ka lahi che farigu yo n-ti tiŋgbani maa. Abdul Kader daa nyaŋ Trarza nima mini Brakna zaŋ chaŋ tuduu polo, amaa ka bɛ daa nyaŋ o ka gbaagi o, o ni daa liri Wolof tiŋgbani din be Cayor mini Waalo kamani yuuni 1797. O bahibu nyaaŋa tɔbu maa daa barigiya. Abdul Kader kpibu saha n-daa nyɛ yuuni 1806 Torodbe zuliya n-daa galisi tiŋa maa ni.[71]: Tɛmplet:R/where 

Imamate of Futa Jallon

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Main article: Imamate of Futa Jallon

Timbo toondaantali zaŋ chaŋ Fuuta Jallon sani daa pilimi ni Fulɓe. Musulinsi ni yɛn tuhi Pagan Pulli (فُلِی or 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞥆𞤭, Fulɓe nima ban pa Musulinima), ni Jallonke (Mande nima ban daa be Fuuta-Jallon), 18th century pirigili ha. Tuuli toondana daa zaŋla Almaami kuli ti be Timbo, din baɣi saha tiŋ' shɛli bɛ ni booni Mamou la.[66]: Tɛmplet:R/where  ka lala tiŋa ŋɔ daa niŋ di kpamba biɛhigu shee, ka tiŋa maa tiŋ' zuɣu daa be Fugumba. "Council of Elders " zaŋ ti Futa Jallon tiŋgbani daa bela Fugumba, ka bɔ vuhim zaŋ ti Almami yaa.[citation needed]

Ban daa nyɛ kpeenpala daa bela Guinea, amaa ka daa gɔri chani Guinea Bissau, Senegal, ni Sierra Leone. Lala toondaanima ŋɔ daa bela tiŋgbani yaɣa dibaa awɔi: Timbo, Fugumbaa, Ɓuuriya, Koyin, Kollaaɗe, Keebaali, Labe, Fode-Hajji, ni Timbi. Fulɓe Musulinima nasara dibu nyaaŋa, zuliyanima ban daa zaɣisi jihad maa daa nyɛla bɛ ni mɔŋ shɛba tiŋgbani maa yaa. Pulli Fulɓe daa kɔŋ bɛ yu gɔbu, ka daa pili en-masse ʒinibu. Jalonke daa leei la daba (maccuɓe).[66]: Tɛmplet:R/where 

Tooni ha, nangbankpeeni din daa be dunoya ayi maa sunsuuni Seediayanke, (Soriya mini Alphaya),[73] tuma duzuɣiri taɣibu lala dunoya ayi ŋɔ sunsuuni zaligu daa zaliya. Ka di daa che ka zaba kuli beni sahakam dama bɛ so daa bi bɔri ni bɛ saɣi ti li, ka di zuɣu daa gbarigi siyaasa tali lala yaɣili maa.[66]: Tɛmplet:R/where 

The Empire of Massina

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Main article: Massina Empire
Fula people have helped form several historic Islamic theocracies and led many Jihad states such as the 19th-century Masina.[64][65]

Maasina Emirate nyɛla Fulbe jihad ni daa pili shɛ, Seku Amadu ni daa gari shɛli tooni yuuni 1818, ka di nyɛla o tuhirila Bamana Empire, siyaasa yaɣili din gbubi tiŋgbani ŋɔ Segou saha. Lala jihad daa nyɛla Usman Dan Fodio ni daa tahi shɛli na mini jihad din daa niŋ Sokoto.[66]: Tɛmplet:R/where  Lala tiŋgbani ŋɔ daa mali yaa lala yaɣili ŋɔ, di siyaasa mini daabilgu na kuli nyɛla din mali yaa Inland Delta. Di mini di yaa maa zaa yoli, varisigu daa na kuli nyɛla din kperi tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni. Aamadu Aamadu ni daa be nam ni, Sheeku Aamadu yaaŋa, tiŋa maa puuni zaba naa nyɛla din ti che ka Toucouleur nyaŋ ba yuuni 1862.[66]: Tɛmplet:R/where 

The Toucouleur Empire

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Main article: Toucouleur Empire

Ŋun pili Toucouleur Empire, El Hadj Umar Tall, daa nyɛla ŋun labi niɣim Musulinsi adiini Fuuta Tooro. O daa pilila Futa Jallon, ŋuni n-daa gari linjima shɛba ban daa ŋme n-deei Massina, Segou, ni Kaarta, amaa o daa kpila tɔbu ni yuuni 1864. Lala saha tiŋa ŋɔ daa pula yaɣa dibaa ata, ka o bihi nyɛ di zaa nanima. Lala tinsi ŋɔ zaa daa malila di tiŋ' zuɣuri Nioro, Segou ni Bandiagara. Yuun' pihita sunsuuni, Faransi nima daa ŋme n-deei tiŋgbani maa zaa.[66]: Tɛmplet:R/where 

The Sokoto Caliphate and its various emirates

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Main article: Sokoto Caliphate

Sokoto Musulinsu toondaanima saha n-daa nyɛ Fulaannima yaa saha Gbansabila tinsi ni. Lala saha ŋɔ n-daa galisi, ka lahi mali gbaai viɛnyɛla, zaŋ ti Fulaannima Jihad tinsi. Kuli zaŋ hali ka 19th century ti naai, Sokoto n-daa nyɛ tiŋgbani shɛli din galisi pam Gbansabila tinsi ni zaŋ na hali ni yuuni 1903, ka Europe ni ban mali yaa gbahiri daba daa ti yina ti nyaŋ ba. Sokoto musulinsi toondaanima daa galisiya, amaa ban daa galisi pam n-daa nyɛ Adamawa. Amaa Kano Emirate salo n-daa zooi. Shɛŋa n-nyɛ, amaa ka deei tariga m-bala: Gombe Emirate's, Gwandu Emirate, Bauchi Emirate, Katsina Emirate, Zazzau Emirate, Hadejia Emirate, ni Muri Emirate.[74]

Depiction of a Fulani man from the Sokoto Caliphate by G.T. Bettany (1888)

Timeline of Fulani history

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Tɛmplet:Unreferenced section

SAHA DIN NING
4th century Ghana Empire maa daa pilila, luhi sheli zuŋo din nye southeastern Mauritania tiŋgbaŋni mini western Mali, ka di nye tuuli Sudano-Sahelian empire din yeligi.
5th century Ghana Empire maa liɛbigila empire shɛli din mali yaa pam gbaŋsabila tiŋgbaŋ yahili sheli be ni boli West Africa la
5th century Fulaannima daa migratimi southwards mini Eastwards n-yina gbaŋsabila tiŋsi yuli booni Morocco mini MauritaniaTɛmplet:Dubious
9th century Takrur daa kpala kuliboŋ yuli booni Senegal River tiŋli ha (gbaŋsabila tiŋbaŋ shɛli bɛ ni booni Senegal zuŋo la) di ni daa niŋ ka fulaannima pam daa zo n yina east mini north n kana ti ʒini lala Senegal River valley maa tiŋgbaŋni.
11th century Kingdoms of Tekruur mini the Gao Empire daa yɛligimi ka niŋ yaa gbaŋsabila tiŋbaŋ shɛli bɛ ni booni West Africa la, ka di nyɛla bɛ salma daabiligu la zuɣu.
1042 Almoravids, Berber Musulimnima ban daa yina southern Morocco mini Mauritania, daa tuɣila Takrur nim tɔbu, bɛ ni daa di nasara Sanhaja nim zuɣu yuuni 1039 la.
1050s Islam gains a strong foothold in West Africa
1050–1146 Almoravids take over Morocco, Algeria, and part of al-Andalus; they invade Ghana in 1076 and establish power there.
1062 Almoravids found capital at Marrakesh
1100 The Empire of Ghana starts to decline in influence and importance
1147 The Almohad Caliphate, ruled by Berber Muslims opposed to the Almoravids, seize Marrakesh and go on to conquer Almoravid Spain, Algeria, and Tripoli
1150 An unprecedented resurgence of the Ghana Empire sees it reach its height, controlling vast areas of western Africa as well as Saharan trade routes in gold and salt
1200 Empire and themselves set out on a road of conquest, they take its capital Koumbi Saleh in 1203
1235 Great warrior leader Sundiata Keita of the Mandinka people founds the Mali Empire in present-day Mali, West Africa; it expands under his rule
1240–1250 Mali absorbs Ghana, Tekruur
1324 10th Emperor of Mali, Musa I of Mali regarded as the richest individual in recorded history, goes on his famous pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. his procession reported to include 18,000 workers who each carried 4 pounds (1.8 kg) gold bars, heralds dressed in silks who bore gold staffs, organized horses and handled bags. Musa provided all necessities for the procession, feeding the entire company of men and animals. Also in the train were 80 camels, which varying reports claim carried between 50 and 300 pounds (23 and 136 kg) of gold dust each
1325 The Empire of Mali reaches its height of power, covering much of Northern West Africa.
1352 Ibn Battuta, Berber scholar, travels across Africa and writes an account of all he sees
1462 Sonni Ali becomes ruler of the Songhai people and goes on to build the Songhai Empire
1490 The Mali empire is overshadowed by the Songhai Empire
16th century Songhai Empire enters a period of massive expansion and power under Askia Mohammad I. Askia Mohammad strengthened his country and made it the largest contiguous territory ever in West African history. At its peak, the Empire encompassed the Hausa states as far as Kano (in present-day Nigeria) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Songhai empire in the west neighbouring Bornu Empire of the Kanuri
1515 The Songhai Empire reaches its zenith and pinnacle of power
1590 Songhai Empire is defeated by invading Moroccans from further North
1650 Another wave of Fulbe migrations sees them penetrate even further in the Southern Senegal and Fouta Jallon highlands of middle Guinea
1670 Fulani people gain control of Bhundu in Senegal with Malick Sy, and the Sissibhe
1673 First unsuccessful Fulani jihad in the Fuuta Tooro
1808 Bornu successfully repel Fulani forces
1893 The French conquer the Fouta-Toro
1903 The British conquer the Sokoto Caliphate[75]


Society

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Fulbe woman at the Sangha market, Mali 1992
Fulbe woman at the Sangha market, Mali 1992

Fulaannima ban daa nyɛ Laribu niriba ban daa chaŋ kpɛna mini Hausa niriba ban daa chaŋ kpɛna nyɛla ban kpaɣi taba kaya ni taada. Din daa niŋ ka bɛ nya nasara yuuni 1804 Fulaani War zaŋ n-ti Usman dan Fodio niriba pam daa be luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni daa na booni Fulɓe nyɛla ban daa chaŋ n-ti pahi Sokoto Caliphate. Fulɓe zaŋ n-ti Hausaland neema yɛbu ka nyɛ ban lahi yɛri Hausa balli (lihimi Hausa–Fulani). Pirinla bɛ daa nyɛla balli shɛba ban daa galisi lala tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni, Fulɓe ban daa be Hausaland sambani kamani Kanem-Bornu, Adamawa n-ti pahi Gombe nyɛla ban na kuli gbubi bɛ Fulaani kaya ni taada ka nyɛ ban kuli yɛri Fulfulde din nyɛ bɛ tuuli balli. Fulɓe ban daa bɛ kpalim lala saha maa mini bɛ nyaaŋa nyɛla ban biɛhisi be di koŋko ka che Hausa mini balli shɛŋa din be lala yaɣili maa. Lala Hausa–Fulaannima ŋɔ biɛhigu nyɛla din yi diko ka che ban be West Africa.[76][74]

Mali, Burkina Faso n-ti pahi Senegal nyɛ ban gbibi Fulɓe kaya ni taada amaa ka pa Fula balli ka bɛ booni ba yimɓe pulaaku (𞤴𞤭𞤥𞤩𞤫 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤳𞤵, "niriba zaŋ n-ti Fula kaya ni taada"). Gbaai yihi, Fulani kaya ni taada n-ti pahi ninvuɣ' shɛba ban nyɛ bilichinnima bee pa Fulaan' bilichinnima.[77] Hali dab' tali nyɛla bɛ ni bi saɣi n-ti shɛli amaa biɛhigu din be Fulɓbe mini Rimayɓe sunsuuni nyɛla din na kuli be ni. [78][79][80]

Slavery and caste system

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Tuuli Fulaannima ban daa tuui kpe America talahi Atlantic slave trade saha nyɛla ban daa yina West mini Central Africa yaɣa pam. Fulaan' daba ŋɔ pirigili pam nyɛla ban daa yina Guinea, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Nigeria n-ti pahi Cameroon. Daba pam ban daa yina Senegal daa nyɛla Fula mini Mandinga Fulaannima.[81][82] Yu' shɛŋa din niŋ bayana be Registry of Liberated Africans n-nyɛ Fulaani bɛ pilli.[83][84] Niriba pam nyɛla ban mali dihitabili ni European daba gba daa nyɛla Fulaannima.[85]

Fula biɛhigushee nyɛla caste divisions zaŋ n-ti West African tiŋgbani yaɣa.[86][87] Vihigu zaŋ n-ti bɛ pilli nyɛla binshɛli din niŋ tom pam,[86] amaa niriba pam daa baŋ bɛ yala 15th-century.[1][88]

Ban nyɛ Fulaani maŋ nyɛ bɛ ni booni shɛba Fulɓe, ka bɛ shɛba nyɛ Pullo (ka bɛ lahi booni ba Rimɓe (zaɣ'yini)) n-ti pahi Dimo ka di gbunni nyɛ "bilichini". Bɛ lahi mali la "artisan caste",[87] ka mali maaniba, duɣimɛriba, griots,[89] "genealogists", da'maaniba n-ti pahi neen'maaniba. Bɛ nyɛla Fulaannima amaa ka ban leei nyɛ bilichinima: Maccuɗo, Rimmayɓe, Dimaajo, n-ti pahi Ɓaleeɓe, Fulaani nima ŋɔ taba zaŋ n-ti Tuareg Ikelan nyɛ bɛ ni booni shɛba Bouzou (Buzu) bee Bella balla din nyɛ Hausa mini Songhay puuni gabaadaya.[90][91][92] Fulaannima ŋɔ kpamba gba daa kuli be mi kamani gbansabila zuliya nima kpamba ni be shɛm.[8][60][93] Fulaanima ŋɔ pam nyɛla bɛ ni daa yihi shɛba daba tali ni din daa niŋ ka bɛ saɣi n-ti traditional African religions.[94]

Bɛ nyɛla ban be Nigeria, Eastern Niger bee Cameroon. Lahabali din yina buɣisiri shɛli bɛ ni daa niŋ 19th century naabu ni, Fulɓe-ruled Adamawa Emirate kalinli kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinu nyɛla daba, din ka bɛ daa booni ba jeyaɓe (singular jeyado).[95] "Castes-based social stratification" zaŋ n-ti Fulaannima nyɛla din daa yɛligi gili Sahel, kamani Burkina Faso,[96] Niger,[97] Senegal,[98] Guinea,[87] Mali,[97][99] Nigeria,[56] Sudan,[100] ni tiŋgbani shɛŋa din pahi.[101]

Fulbe woman at the Sangha market, Mali 1992
Fulbe woman at the Sangha market, Mali 1992
  • Pair of Earrings; 1981; 3.2 x 3.2 x 1.9 cm (1 1⁄4 x 1 1⁄4 x 3⁄4 in.); Brooklyn Museum (New York City)
    Pair of Earrings; 1981; 3.2 x 3.2 x 1.9 cm (1Tɛmplet:1/4 x 1Tɛmplet:1/4 x Tɛmplet:3/4 in.); Brooklyn Museum (New York City)
  • Bracelet; made before 1985; red copper; 5.3 x 10.6 x 10.6 cm (1 1⁄16 x 4 3⁄16 x 4 3⁄16 in.); Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen (the Netherlands)
    Bracelet; made before 1985; red copper; 5.3 x 10.6 x 10.6 cm (11⁄16 x 43⁄16 x 43⁄16 in.); Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen (the Netherlands)


Culture

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Biɛhigu

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Fulaannima nyɛla ban too zoogi ka bɛ guli binkɔbiri. Bɛ nyɛla ban guli niɣi, buhi ni pɛri luɣu shɛŋa bɛ ni kuli be, ka too zoogi ka bɛ mini pukaribi bi laɣindi taba bɛ biɛhigu shee. Duniya yaanga zuɣu bani ni galisi n nyaŋ bala zaa ka bɛ yi laɣim bɛ ni be boba ni yaɣa maa dini gari United States of America. Bɛ binkɔbi gulibo ni bɛ biɛhigu chɛmi ka niri ŋun pa fulaani yi yɛn kpiɣi fulaan paɣa di niŋ di tom n zaŋ too.[102]

Fulaannima maa dolila biɛhi shɛli dini booni pulaaku, ka din be din puuni nye suɣulo, maŋ gbubbu, viɛnyɛla zaŋ kpa niribi polo, jilima zaŋti niriba ( nti pahi bi dimba), niribi gbubbu viɛnyɛla ni kpaŋmaŋ zaŋchaŋ bi tuma polo.

Fulaan paɣaba maa di yi ti niŋ ka bɛ ka tuma tumda, bɛ nyɛla ban wuɣuri zupula, ka ŋmɛri binviɛla pari churi zuɣu, ka lahi wuɣiri binyɛri shɛŋa bɛ ni mali pɔbiri ŋmana bin shɛli bini mi mbeedu ni piɛri. Fulaan dabba ŋo bi tooi zoogi ka bɛ niŋdi lori, kuriti kpebu kamani zuliya sheba ban baɣiba dabba ni niŋdi shɛm.

Fulani pastoralists in Niger

Ayi kuli gbaagi gbansabila tingbana din be wulinpuhili yaɣili, luɣ' shɛŋa fulaannima ŋɔ ni galisi, zabba zaʋ chaŋ bimini pukpariba nyɛla din kuli kalinli kuli duri saha kam bɛ ni too zoogi ka bɛ mali bɛ binkɔbiri chani ka bɛ ti ŋubiri mɔri lala yaɣa ŋo. Lala nim ŋo zooya pam Jos Plateau, the Western High Plateau, ni Central/Middle Belt regions ,Nigeria,[103] Northern Burkina Faso, ni Southern Chad. Naɣikaprilim n nye tuun' kpeeni Cameeroon yaɣa anahi ni, bɛ yaɣa pii la puuni, to amaa yaɣa ata gba ni naɣikparitali ŋɔ nyɛla din dii bi zoogi nimaani, Nigeria nuzaa ni di central yaɣa nti pahi Sahel ni Sudan yaɣili.[104]


Fulaannima malila dihitabili ni mɔɣu yi yɛligi binkɔbiri gba nyɛla ban yɛn nabi, ka binkɔbiri gulibu bi lahi niŋ tɔm, ka bɛ chaŋ gili baligi, ka bɛ mini pukpariba niŋ nyaɣisim, ban be mɔri ni, ni ban be tiŋkpansi. Lala tɛha ŋɔ zaa nyaaŋa, binkɔbiri mɔri kani n-ti Fulaannima ban be Nigeria, ka di zuɣu chɛ ka bɛ binkɔbiri kuli ŋubir luɣ'yini yuuni kam. Binkɔbiri ŋubbu shɛeei Nigeria nyɛla din bi saɣiti Fulaannima ban be din ni mini bɛ binkɔbiri. Tiŋgbana kamani Nigeria, Cameroon, ni Burkina Faso nyɛla ban nimdi nyabu ʒi Fulaannima zuɣu, ka di zuɣu che ka nimdi ni binkɔbiri daa du zuɣu. Saha ŋɔ ni, Nigeria nima yimina ti zali zalisi din yɛn gbubi Fulaannima binkɔbiri mɔri ŋubbu mini Fulaannima gɔbu. Di bɔŋɔ bi yi shɛli pahila Southern mini Central Nigeria zali zaaniba ni daa bi saɣiti, ka Northern zalizaaniba mi saɣiti.[105]Fulaannima mini Nigeria nima tooi mali zaba pam.[106][103][107][108][109][110] Global Terrorism Index vihigu wuhiya, Fulaannima zaba nyɛla din gili gbansabila tiŋsi kamani Mali,[111][112][113] Central African Republic,[107] Democratic Republic of Congo,[114] ni Cameroon.[115] Lala zaba ŋɔ nyɛla din yuui pam.[107]

Anthropometry

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Fulaan'dabba mini fulaan'paɣaba waɣilim; average waɣilim zaŋ jɛndi fulaan'dabba nyɛla 1.69 pahibu bee filiŋ 0.07 metre. Fulaan'pahaba average waɣilim mii nyɛla 1.59 pahibu bee filiŋ 0.06 metre.

Fulaan'dabba mini fulaan'paɣaba timsim: average timsim zaŋ jɛndi fulaan'dabba nyɛla 57.5 pahibu bee filiŋ 8.8 kilograms. average timsim zaŋ jɛndi fulaan'dabba nyɛla 50.6 pahibu bee filiŋ 8.0 kilograms.



Language

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Main article: Fula language

Bali shɛli fulaannima ni yɛli n nyɛ "Pulaar" 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, din lahi nyɛ balli zaŋti Toucouleurs. Senegalnima ni Mauritanianima ban yɛri lala balli ŋo nyɛla bini booni shɛba Halpulaar (𞤖𞤢𞤤𞤨𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪) bee Haalpulaar'en (𞤖𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪𞥇𞤫𞤲), din gbinni nyɛ'' niribi ban yɛri Pulaar balli " ("hal" n nyɛ root of the Pulaar verb haalugol 𞤖𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤵𞤺𞤮𞤤 din gbinni nyɛ "toɣisibu bee yɛlibu"). Yaɣa shɛŋa kamani northern Cameroon, Fulfulde nyɛla lingua franca.

Sabbu buta zuɣu kabi mali n sabiri lala balli ŋo: Laribu dini shɛli dini boli Ajami, Latin yaɣili din nyɛ pubu buyobu , ni native phonetic-faithful system called Adlam bini daa yihi shɛli na yuuni1989; din pahiriti ata maa nyɛ niribi pam ni zoogi ka bi mi shɛli, ka niribi ban be tiŋduya zuɣu bohindili ka di lahi mali tabibi baŋsim ni computa yɛlishɛŋa dini mali ni di soŋ si di sabbu ni baŋbu .[116]

Moral code

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Fulaannima zaa malila bɛ ni be bɛrishɛli ka bɛ boli li pulaaku (Fulfulde: 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤳𞤵) bee laawol Fulɓe (𞤂𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮𞤤 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫) ka di gbunni nyɛ "Fulaani soya" ka bɛ zaŋli wuhiri Fulbe nima zaa, ka di zuɣu che ka bɛ biɛhigu nyɛ yim luɣili kam.Ka di wuhiri Fulaani ni nyɛ so, bee "Fulaan'tali", pulaaku shɛŊ n-nyɛ:

  • Munyal: suglo, maŋ suhu mahibu, bɛtisuŋ, nimmohi
  • Gacce / Semteende: viɛnyɛla biɛhigu, jilima zaŋti niriba
  • Hakkille: haŋkali zinli, tɛhi waɣila, ninsalisi hachi, saamba gbubbu
  • Sagata / Tiinaade: tab kpaŋsibu, nimmohi

Situra

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
The traditional hat (Tengaade) of the Fulani people worn in diverse slightly different variations among every Fula subgroup

Neen yɛra bali beni zaŋ ti Fulaannima pubu balibu; nachintɛi dolila tiŋgbani yaɣili. Fulbe Wodaabe situra tooi zooi la neen waɣila, ka dihi nachiinsi. Futa Jallon yaɣa din be Guinea, di tooi zooya ka dobba pindi waluɣisi din dihi nachiinsi. Nigeria tiŋgbani ni, Cameroon ni Niger, pindila waluɣusi din mali yaɣa dibaa ata, ka bɛ booni li noppiire. Paɣaba mini dobba zaa yɛrila nee piɛla bee zaɣ'sabila, ka di kɔɣili nuɣiso, zee bee vakahili ka di nachiinsi doli tiŋgbani yaɣili be paɣaba yaɣili bee dobba.

Antique Fulani Blanket, Mali, estimated to be from the 1920s courtesy the WOVENSOULS collection

Paɣaba tooi dihiri bɛ zabiri nachiinsi ni laɣ'kpahira mini yari. Fulaan paɣaba tooi piriti henna bɛ nuhi ni, bɛ bɔɣiri ni bɛ naba ni. Bɛ tooi lɔrila bɛ zabiri gila dibaa anu nu. Bɛ tooi mali binnyɛlisira niŋdi bɛ zabiri ŋima ŋɔ ni. Di shɛŋa tooi nɛla laɣ'kura ka bɛ tooi zaani li. Paɣaba tooi zooya ka bɛ piriti bansi pam bɛ nuhi ni. A ni tooi lahi nya ka paɣaba ye (modjaare) bɛ shɛhi ni, zuɣuri ni bee bɛ biyya ni.[117]

Kamani dobba maa, paɣaba maa malila dalima bɛ nina ni, noya ni, ka di nyɛla bɛ bilim ni ka bɛ daa ti ba li. Fulaannima ban be Fulbe tinsi ni kamani Mali, Senegal ni Mauritania malila "indigo inks" niŋdi bɛ noya, ka di sabigiri bɛ nangbana mini bɛ tapaɣisi.

Fulaan dobba tooi sorila jinjam waɣila ka di siɣiri bɛ naba ni, ka di nyɛ gumdi malibu, ka bɔbiri neen waɣila bɛ nina ni, ni zupil chohi, ka zaŋdi da'waɣila pari bɛ bɔɣiri ka mali bɛ nuhi pari di zuɣu. Dobba maa tooi malila dalima bɛ tapaɣisi zuɣu bee bɛ gberi zuɣu. Bilim ni ka bɛ tiriba lala dalima ŋɔ. Fulaannima taɣada gurim ni pulaaku. Paɣa niŋdila bɛ zabiri zaɣ'waɣila. Ka dihiri bɛ maŋa nachiinsi ni nyingokɔriti, tikpara, nyɛhi tikpara ni yari niŋniŋ gbaya ni.[118]


Binkɔbiri gulibu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
See also: Fulani herdsmen
Further information: Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria and March 2019 attacks against Fulani herders

Fulaanimma nyɛla sokam ni mi ka shɛba be mɔri ni, amaa bɛ shɛba lahi nyɛla daabihi yaɣ'shɛŋa. Fulaannima pam nyɛla ban zooi kaa bɛ chani bɛ na zuɣu, ka di tooi zooi pam ka a nya ka bɛ taɣiri bɛ niɣi gindi gbansabila tinsi ni, m-taɣiri bɛ niɣi gindi bɔri kom mini mɔri. Bɛ daa nyɛla, ka na kuli nyɛ, nivuɣ'shɛba ban niŋdi yaakoro West Africa, amaa Tuareg nima, ban gba ka bɛ ni dii ʒi luɣ'shɛli North African, bela Fula tuduu yaɣili, ka shashɛŋa bɛ be Fulaan yinsi kamani Mali, Niger ni Burkina Faso. Fulaannima chaŋgili ŋɔ nyɛla di be West Africa yaɣa zaa, bini din gbaai north bopiɛligu polo, zaŋ savannah south yɔɣu polo.

Bini din gbaai 16th zaŋ chaŋ 20th centuries polo Fulaannima ʒinila Jos Plateau, Western High Plateau din be Bamenda, ni Adamawa Plateau din be Nigeria ni Cameroons. Lala tiŋsi ŋɔ n-ny luɣ'shɛŋa din du West Africa, ka bɛ kulibɔŋ duli ni too paai 8,700 feet. Di nyɛla din mali alaafe n-ti niɣi gulibu, ka di zuɣu che ka Fulbe ʒiini ni. Amaa Fulaannima pam pa bela fɔna ni mini tinkpansi ni, fulaannima pam na kuli nyɛla ban chani ginda, be ban gɔri ka lahi mali bɛ ni ʒi shɛli.

Bɛ kaanila buni doli naɣikpaa galisim. Saha waɣila Fulaannima zuliya balibu nyɛla ban zabiri niɣiri mini tiɣbani shɛli bɛ ni che ka bɛ niɣi ŋubiri mɔri fukumsi zuɣu. Niɣi chɛla binkɔbi gahinda n-tio fulaannima. Niriba pam yɛliya ni nira ku tooi tɔɣisi fulaansili di yi niŋ ka o ka nahu. Fulaannima malila kali din tiri habbanaya – n zaŋ nahu paŋ nira hali ka o ti zooi. din nyaaŋ ka bɛ lasi nahi maa ti ti nahu lana. Lala habbanaya nyɛla binkɔbigu ŋun mali liɣiri. Lala pini ŋɔ deeibu nyaaŋa, laɣindi ka nyu din gahim beni zaŋ ti li. Ŋun deegi o maa maanila shili ka boli o niriba ka bɛ ti ti habbanaya maa yuli. Lala habbanaya ka ni ni kpalim hali di yi kuli be kawula.

Fulaannima ban chani gindi niɣi balibu, amaa zebu n-nyɛ niɣi balishɛli din yoli West African pirim la bɛ ni tooi be tulim ni zooi luɣ'shɛŋa la zuɣu. Kom ni be luɣ'shɛli Fouta Djallon mini Casamance, "dwarf N'Dama" n-niŋ bayana ni, ka di nyɛla lala niɣi ŋɔ bi zɔri trypanosomiasis mini dɔriti din yirina maasim ni. Zebu bali shɛŋa n-nyɛ White Fulaani cattle, ka bɛ booniba Fulaan zilini zuɣu Aku, Akuji, Bororoji, White Kano, Yakanaji bee Bunaji, ka di nyɛ bɛ ni mali naɣ'shɛba niŋdi nimdi Fulaannima mini Hausa nima sani hali ni Sahel zone of Africa.[119]

"Red Fulani cattle", bɛ ni booni shɛba Jafun French: Djafoun Nigeria mini Cameroon tiŋgbani ni, ni bɛ lahi booni li Fellata, Chad tiŋgbani ni, ni yu'sɛŋa kamani M'Bororo, Red Bororo, bee Bodaadi, balishŋa din lahi pahi n-nyɛ Sokoto Gudali mini Adamawa Gudali bee di zaɣ'jia bolibu Gudali, ka di gbunni nyɛ "ban mali yila ka mali gbali jihi" Hausa zinli bɔlibu ni. Dihitabili beni ni zebu ban be West Africa yimina west polo tuuli zebu din daa be East Africa zaŋ chaŋ Sudan. Zebu balishɛŋa nyɛla ban be tiŋgbani kuma yaɣa. Bɛ ningbungban ŋmanila zebu din be east Africa. Zebu daa ka West Africa zaŋna hali ni yuuni 1800.[119] Bɛ kpebuna bi yi shɛli pahila bɛ ni mali yiko din ni tooi be tulim ni ŋɔ

Fulaannima piligu dii bi kagi dɔni ka mali nangbankpeeni; Lahabali wuhiya ni Fulaannima niɣi nyɛla zebu ban mali yili waɣila ka daa tuui kpena Africa ka yina Asia teeku east polo; Dihitabili beni ni bɛ kpebuna West Africa nyɛla Laribaawanima ni daa ʒi shɛba na 7th century, lala saha ka zebu ban mali yili jihi gba kpena East Africa. Lala lahabali ŋɔ nyɛla naɣ'zuɣuŋmani ni mini naɣ'gɔbili ni di shɛli shɛli.[119]

Lahabali shɛli gba lahi wuhiya ni lala niɣi ŋɔ yimina Horn of Africa, saha ŋɔ din pa nyɛ Ethiopia mini Somalia, ka lahi yɛli ni zebu ban mali yili ŋmahi (ka daa kpena "first millennium BC") mini Hamitic Longhorn bee B. taurus brachyceros shorthorn (din yoli kana) yimina ban mali yila yuma din gbaai 2000–1500 BCE. Ka ban doli na ʒi zebu ban mali yili ŋmahi na ka bɛ gabi "sanga cattle" zaŋ kpe southern Africa.[119]

Fulani herders in Mali

Sahashɛŋa salinima mini binkɔbiri ni chani gindi Gbansabila tinsi ni, lala sanga ni tooi gabi yili ŋmahinima ŋɔ ni, ka naɣ'gɔba laɣim nam sanga naɣ'gɔba. Ban kpalim ni tooi nyɛ Musulinsi adiini yɛligibu ni ʒi shɛli na, ban pa nyɛ "lyre-horned" niɣi zaŋ ti West mini Central Africa, n-ti pahi Fulaannima niɣi. Ban daa nyɛ White Fulani daa bela north Nigeria, southeast Niger ni northeast Cameroon, ka Fulaannima mini Hausa nima suba. Ka bɛ yɛligi chaŋ southern Chad mini western Sudan.[119]

An N'Dama herd in West Africa

Yuuni kam, Mali tiŋgbani ni tiŋa din nyɛ Diafarabé, Fulaannima ban nyɛ dobba durila Niger River ni bɛ niɣi, yuuni kam. Lala yuuni kam chuɣu ŋɔ bɛ booni li la Fulaansili ni Dewgal. Tum lala tinkpaŋa ŋɔ ni zani yuuni 1818, di ni n-nyɛ Fulaannima chuɣu din kpa talahi. Di niŋdila Asibiri dali Anashaar goli November ni bee December; Di piirimi doli kulibɔŋ maa ni kpe kom shɛm Niger. Saa saha, kom maa cheerimi ka tinsi din baɣili kperi kom, di yi niŋ ka Niger kom du, ka Diafarabe niŋ ko'sunsuuni tiŋgbani. Lala saha binkɔbiri maa bela kom ni ka shɛli kamni north bee south, amaa di yi niŋ ka West African Monsoon ti kuui, kom maa vuurimi ka niɣi maa ni tooi labi bɛ biɛhigu sheei.[120][121][122]

Bɛ baadu ŋɔ gari mɔri shee bɔbu; di lahi nyɛla kompateesa bɛ sunsuuni din wuhiri bidibilim. Bɛ taɣirila niɣi maa niŋ kom maa ni, ka naɣikpari kam, ka so bi soŋ so, ka bɛ tahiri niŋ maa ni ye'kpeeni ka bɛ duɣiri dura, ka gbubi naɣilahi yila. binkɔbi bihi bi duɣira, amaa bɛ kpuɣiriba mi dura. Niɣi maa zaa yi labina, sariya diriba dirila sariya, ka wuhi ŋun binkɔbiri "chani yom". Bɛ tirila lala nira ŋɔ "pini din nyɛ ŋun yuuni binkɔbiri viɛnyɛla dini", ka tiŋa maa ti o pini.[120][121][122] Ŋun bi kpaŋ o maŋ deerila vi pini kamani simli.

Taba kpaɣiribu ni beni niɣi gulibu ŋɔ ni nyaaŋa, di lahi nyɛla bɛrisuŋ; fulaannima maa labiri ti kari bɛ dansi yuuni kam puli ni. Lala saha nyɛla di ka nyu saha. Fulaan paɣaba dihirila bɛ yinsi nachiinsi ni sona ka peenti tiŋgbani maa ni zaɣ'piɛlli ni yaɣ'sabinli, ka mali bɛ zabiri viɛnyɛla, ka mali shili ti bɛ yidaanima mini bɛ ni yuri shɛba zaa. Jilin shɛli lala laɣingu ŋɔ ni mali zuɣu, UNESCO kali li mi m-pahi duniya kaya ni taɣada laɣinsi ni.[120][121][122]

Binkumda

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Fulani dancers in their full traditional regalia.

Fulaannima mali binkumda pam bɛ kali ni ka ŋmeri binkumda pam ti tabili dala, hoddu (binshɛli din ŋmani banjo), ni riti bee riiti (kalamboo din mali mi yini), n-ti pahi nolini binkumda. Senegale Fulaannima yiliyiini so niriba pam ni mi, Baaba Maal yiinimi ka Pulaar bee o kukoya ni. Zaghareet bee kpalinga nyɛla nolini binkumdi shɛŋa din pahi.

Fulaannima binkumda malila konkɔba kamani bɛ zuliya maa. Bɛ pam waa mini bɛ binkumda leei nyɛla yim.Yila mini waa dolila bɛ kali mini zaamatu laɣimbu balibu. Binkumda ŋmerila laɣingu kam ni: niɣiri taɣibu ni, tuma tumbu shɛhi, bindirigu duɣibu shee, bee bee jama shee. Binkumda kpa talahi ti tinkpansi, ni bindira kpuɣibu saha, chi yɛlibu ni yili nyaɣisa ni binkumda din lura.

Fulaannima malila bɛ ni pɛbiri kalamboo mini violin nianioru shɛm. Fulaan naɣikpari pola tooi zooya ka bɛ vulindi viliŋga ka taɣiri bɛ niɣi mini buhi. Fulaani binkumdi maŋa nyɛla jitaaya din mali mi yini zaŋ ti Fulaannima (nianioru), kalimboo, kalimboo din mali mihi ayi zaŋ chaŋ mihi anu (lute hoddu bee molo), ni buuba mini bawdi binkumda. Amaa bɛ lahi mali binkumda nima kamani West African harp, kora, ni balafon. Dɛma ni yiɣijam n-nyɛ di zaa nyabili. Binkumda ŋmebu zanimi n-ti binyɛi shɛŋa. Griots bee Awlube wuhirila niriba maa taarihi, biɛhisi sheei bee tinsi maa tuuntumsa.


Bindirigu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Fulani calabashes used for butter and milk storage and as containers for hawking

Kossam ni too nyɛ yuli n-ti bihi'palli mini miraɗam ni "yoghurt" shɛli bɛ ni booni pendidan Fulfulde balli ni. ka nyɛ binnyurigu bee binshɛɣu kam bɛ ni zaŋli mali, kamani "yoghurt" waagashe. Kettugol mini lébol nyɛla din yina bih'kpam ni, ka bɛ mali li duɣiri ka lahi mali li m-maani zabiri. Di tooi zooya ka Fulaan paɣaba ʒiri bihim gindi ŋman ni bɛ zuɣuri ni. Bindira din lahi pahi n-nyɛ koko timsili (nyiiri), bɛ ni mali za, kaʒɛɣu bee kariwana ka mali ʒeri diri li (takai, haako), ʒe shɛli bɛ ni duɣi ni kamantoonsi, alibaasa, binnyɔma, naanzuwa, ni ʒegbana din pahi. [123] Yaha, fulaannima diri shinkaafa ka di nyɛla bɛ bindiri kpani bali shɛli n-nyɛ ŋa. Bɛ dirili mi ni ʒe vari kamani tuya ni naazu'maɣa. Bɛ lahi diri nyuya ni kawana. Fulaannima gba diri bindira kamani bɔraade mini banchi[124]

Fulaannima ni lahi diri bindiri shɛli pam n-nyɛ "yoghurt" ka dirli ni kawaanchimda shɛli bɛ ni boli latchiiri bee dakkere, ka di zaa bee ŋmani yini ni bee ka bɛ wali li, ni koko kom shɛli bɛ ni boli gāri ka yila chi ni, bee kariwan mini bihim ni. Wodaabe dirila chi, ni bihim ni nimdi. Bɛ nyurila chi koko asiba, wuntaŋ ni, ni yuŋ ka tooi diri li ni kamantoonsi, naanzuwa, koba, nimdi, alibaasa, ni ʒe'vari din pahi. Zaamatu di gahim laɣimbu ni bɛ diri nima kamani bua nimdi. Bindiri gbati din ŋmani Tuareg eghajira, bua nimdi ka bɛ mali tɔri li, bihim, dobino ni chi.[citation needed]

Ceramics

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Fulaannima dii bɛ zooyi ka bɛ maani lɔri mini ŋmana din nye nachiinsi dibu dina, silimiinsi ni booni bin shɛŋa ceramics la, ayi zaŋba ŋmahindi zuliya sheŋa ban ʒin miriba. ka bɛ daliri nyami ni lala niŋsim ŋo nyela din, "birigiri bi zaligu ka diɣiriba vi". Tɔ amaa, fulaan'paɣaba tooi maani nuuni baŋsim nɛma kamani neen wuɣira ni pɛri. Fulaan dabba ban be zooyi ka be mali be nuɣi kpɛhiri ŋa puuni.[125]

Biɛhisi sheei

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Fulani "grass house" in Mali

Sokam ni mi shɛm, Fulaannima ban gɔra bela yili chara ni kamani Bukkaru bee suudu hudo, ŋmahinli "mɔri yiya". Wuuni saha, kaɣa ka bɛ mali tiri li, ka zaŋ kpahisi lo dari, shɛɣu yi ti sheei. Lala ya'shɛŋa din ni tooi kpuɣi ŋɔ malibu bi tɔ, ni di wurimbu, ka naan yi che sokam ni mi ya'shɛŋa din pahi. Saha yi ti paai ni bɛ taɣi shɛli polo, bɛ tooi wurindi yiya maa niŋdi bunsi ni, yuri beelaakuma, ka bɛ mali li chana, amaa saha ŋɔ ni, Fulaannima pam pa bela yaɣiri duri nibee bulooku yiya ni.[citation needed]

Duu maa yi zali naai, bɛ pirigirili mi gbihibu shee mini, ŋmana ni churi zalibu shee, ka zali li doli shɛlikam ni di tuma ni tumdi shɛm. Bɛ ni zaŋ chubihi mali diri shɛŋa nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛŋa yiini dunoya zuɣusaa, kamali shɛŋa mi zaani bɛ bindira.[citation needed]


Adiini

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Fulaannima daa nyɛla din pahi tuuli balli shɛŋa din be Sub-Saharan Africa ka daa deei musulinsi adiini ka daa nyɛ ban daa na kuli gbubi bɛ kaya ni taada amaa binyɛra zaŋ n-ti traditional African faiths nyɛla din niŋ yim ni musulinsi religious syncretism.[126] Fulaannima ŋɔ kalinli din gari bɛ pirigili nyɛla musulimi nima ka bela kamani kɔbigi puuni vaabu 1-2% nyɛ Fula Christians. Fulaannima dolodolo nima pam nyɛla ban yi musulinsi adiini puuni labi dolodolo ni. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu nyɛla din che ka Fulaannima ŋɔ nyɛ ban gbubi yɛltɔɣa koŋkoba pirinla bɛ zaa ka dihitabili yini.[127]

Fulani people 's houses

Dagbandɔhili ni, Fulaan nim ban bi ʒiini luɣuyini  ni la nyɛla ban yinsi bee biɛhisi shee nyɛ du muna din yuli booni Bukkaru or suudu hudo, din gbuni nyɛ mɔri duu "grass house". Di yi ti niŋ wuuni, bɛ ni ti mɔ shɛŋa duri ka di ʒiya n mŋani galli maa nyɛla bɛ ni mali kaɣa n sari jeeni ka zaŋ sɔŋ ʒɛhi n yarigi gilli n lɔli ti kaɣa maa saha shɛli saa ni mira. Lala bɛ duri ŋɔ bee  zalibu bi to lala n nyɛ ka di kpuɣi bee di wurimbu bi lahi to. Bɛ ʒii saha yi ti nai ka bɛ bɔri ni bɛ taɣi luɣu shɛli polo, bɛ kuli yan larigila tan shɛŋa mini kaɣi shɛŋa bɛ ni zaŋ n zali duriŋɔ,  n kpabi di zaa n niŋ buŋ luɣini bee wari lɔɣuni bee laakum zuɣu n dii gbai sɔli. Amaa ʒeman shɛli tini ʒiya ŋɔ, Fulaan nim pam pa be la yaɣiri yiya bee mini bulooku yiya ni.[(117) 1]

Bɛ yi pa kuli me bɛ ʒɛmana duri ŋɔ, bɛ yan piripirili mi bu sham ŋɔ, n zaŋ shɛli lɛbi bɛ du gbera ka zaŋ shɛŋa mi niŋ bɛ ŋmana bɛhisi shee.

[128]

Paɣa kpuɣibu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Fulaannima kali puuni, paɣa kpuhibu niŋdila zuliya ni di be yiri zuliyaa maa puuni. Paɣa kpuhibu niŋdi la niriba ban yi zuliya yini puuni na. Pirinsi mini ŋahinsi sunsuuni ka paɣa kpuhibu tooi niŋda. Hali gba, pɔin ka be dɔɣi bia, be pun yen ŋmala o nyuhu n-ti doo. Bɛ nama nama yeltɔha mini bɛ politiisi pubu malila nuu timbu be Paɣa kpuhibu puuni. Paɣa kpuhibunyela so' sheli be ni mali guri be buni ni nam dundoli. Fulaannima daŋdila paɣa kpuhibu ka di nyɛla dɔɣim n-lɔrili. Fulaan nachimba tooi kpuhiri paɣaba be yuun pishi saha puuni, ka fulaan paɣa mii tooi kuni dabba be Paɣasarilim ni piini saha shɛli. Fulaan dabba mali soli ni be kpuhi paɣa bobigu, din deeyi niŋ ka be mali yiko n ni tooi gbibi paɣa bi maa ka ŋaribu kani zaŋ kpa be binbora polo doo yili maa ni. [129]

Fulaannima Paɣa kpuhibu pula pubu buta. ŋan n-nye: Kabbal, Koowgal, miniSharo

Sharo

Paɣa kpuhibu daantaligi ŋɔ fulaannim kali puuni nyɛmi, be yen zaŋla do' so ŋun yɛn kpuhi paɣa maa n-ti fɛbo fɛbbu din sahi fɛbbu polo nieŋni ka zama zaa nya. ka di nyɛbili nyɛmi, bɛ borimi ni bɛ nye doo maa dabilim ni anzansi n-ti pahi yaa ni nye shɛm. Fɛbbu ŋɔ puuni, doo maa ka soli ni o kuhi, domi o yi kuhi, paɣa maa yiŋnima ni tooi zaɣisi paɣa maa zaŋ ti o, ka nya o ka o nyela do'chɔɣufu. Tɔ amaa, ka fulaan zuliya kam n-niŋdi Sharo ŋɔ be Paɣa kpuhibu kali puuni. Pɔin ka Sharo ŋɔ pili, doo maa niriba ni beli o n chaŋ Fɛbbu ŋɔ ni yen niŋ luhi sheli n-ti kpaŋsiri o ni o niŋ anzansi ni suhukpeeni n-di nasara Paɣa maa nyabu polo.[129] [130]

Sharo dablim fɛbbu ŋɔ tooi zooya pam ka di niŋdi luɣi shɛŋa niriba pam ni mi kamani, daani, bɔlli paakini, diɛma pɔliti ni, ni din kam ŋmani ŋa. fɛbbu ŋɔ ni yɛn pili, do' so ŋun yɛn kpuhi paɣa maa yɛn gbubila binshaɣa o nu ayi puuni. O bɛ yɛn yie gɔɣali m pa o nyaaŋa. Ka ŋun yɛn fɛbo maa yi pa pili o tuma. [130]

koowgal

Paɣa kpuhibu daantaligi ŋɔ fulaannim kali puuni nyela saha sheli Paɣa kpuhibu pini ni tiri ka di nye daantaligi kpeeni fulaannima kaya ni ta'ada puuni. Saha ŋɔ, paɣa maa yiŋnima yen tila doo ŋɔ yiŋnima nihi ka doo ŋɔ yiŋnima gba tahi Paɣa kpuhibu pini maa n-ti ti Paɣa maa yiŋnima. Nihi maa yi ti n-naayi, di zala talahi doo maa zuhu ni o sɔŋ o ba bee daŋ' kpeen so ŋun daa zani doo maa daŋ zaani ka pina maa ti, ka be lihi nihi maa zuhu. Fulaannima booni la niŋsim ŋɔ Paɣa jembu be kali puuni. Koowgal nyela din che ka Paɣa kpuhibu maa paanda ka lahi nye daantali'kpeeni fulaannim biehigu puuni.[129]

Kabba

Kabbal nyela musulinsi adiini Paɣa kpuhibu sɔli tumtuunsa fullaannima Paɣa kpuhibu puuni ka di ni tooi niŋ doo maa mini Paɣa maa kalinsi ni. Paɣa kpuhibu maa yelli kam ni naai, be beeni la Paɣa maa n-kulisi o yidaan yiŋa, ka doo maa yiŋ paɣaba mii deegi o ka niŋɔ saani.[129]

Paɣaba ban be doo maa ʒinɛli ni yɛn kana mi n-ti puhi paɣa maa, ka niŋɔ amaraaba. ka bɛ puhugu maa pahi fulaannim Paɣa kpuhibu kali tuuni n-ti paɣaba. Bɛ ni kulisi paɣa so na maa jilima biɛɣagu puuni durimi, ka paɣira n dɔli o dɔɣim, a taadi o yi dɔɣiri dabba.[131]

Genetics

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Fulaannima siɣili nyɛla din gabi West mini East African ka nyɛ din jɛndi Niger-Congo mini Nilo-Saharan amaa ka nyɛ din lahi tabi West Eurasian din yina North Africa.[132] Fulaannima ŋɔ nyɛla ban wuligi gili Sahel/Savannah.[133]

Paternal lineages (Y-DNA)

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Bayili tuŋ zaŋ n-ti Fula/Fulɓe/Fulani nyɛla din be koŋkoba ka nyɛ din doli bɛ biɛhigu shee . Lahabali din yina Cruciani et al. (2002) wuhiya ni kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihiwɔi zaŋ n-ti Fulaannima nyɛla ban yina Burkina Faso ka nyɛ ban mali "haplotype 24" ka di lu zahim ni E-M2 (E1b1a) din niŋ bayana West Africa. Ban kpalim nyɛla "haplotype' 42/haplogroup E-M132. Lala yaɣa ŋɔ zaa nyɛla ban galisi Niger–Congo-speaking kalinli bahibamdi ban be Senegal. Di ŋmali, kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinu ni ata zaŋ n-ti Fulaannima ban be Cameroon nuzaa nyɛ "haplogroup E-M132" ka ban kpalim maa nyɛ African clades (12% haplogroup A mini 6% haplogroup E1b1a). Fulaannima ŋɔ ninvuɣ shɛba nyɛla West Eurasian haplogroups T (18%) mini R1 (12%) ka bɛ kalinli nyɛ din yiɣisi kɔbigi puuni kamani vaabu ~30% zaŋ n-ti haplogroup variation.[134] Mulcare et al. (2004) daa lihi nya di ŋmali zaŋ n-ti haplogroup R1 subclades ka di be Fulaannima ban yina Cameroon (18%).[135]

Vihigu shɛli Hassan et al. (2008) ni daa niŋ zaŋ chaŋ Fulaani shɛba ban be Sudan daa lihi nya zoosim din be West-Eurasian haplogroup R1 (53.8%). Din daa kpalim maa daa nyɛla E-M215 subclades ka di daa zani kɔbigi puuni vaabu 34.62% E-M78 mini vaabu 27.2% E-V22.[136] Bučková et al. (2013) daa niŋ o vihigu zaŋ chaŋ Fulaannima ka daa lihi nya R1b ni be Fulani Zinder ka di zani kɔbigi puuni vaabu ~31%. Din bɔŋɔ daa nyɛla vihigu shɛli din daa niŋ yomyom zaŋ n-ti Fulaannima ban yina Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Mali n-ti pahi Chad ka di daa yi di ko ka che West African paternal haplogroups.[137]


Main article: Fula language

Maternal lineages (mtDNA)

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Di yi kana bɛ "heterogeneous paternal lineages", Fulaannima ŋɔ nyɛla ban mayili tuŋ ŋmani Niger-Congo niriba di ni. Kɔbigi puuni vaabu 8.1% zaŋ n-ti ban nyɛ mtDNA clades daa nyɛla ban yina West Eurasian bee Afro-Asiatic yaɣili (J1b, U5, H, and V).[138]

Vihigu din daa niŋ zaŋ n-ti Fulaannima anahi (n = 186) ban daa yina Sahelian tiŋgbana dibaa ata ni (Chad, Cameroon n-ti pahi Burkina Faso) daa wuhiya ni nomadic Fulaannima koŋko nyɛ ban biɛhigu daa ŋmani Fulaannima ban be( Guinea-Bissau mini Nigeria) ka nyɛ ban yina Tcheboua din be Cameroon nuzaa zuɣu.[139][140]

Autosomal DNA (overall)

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

According to Tishkoff et al. (2009), Fulaannima dɔɣiriba ban nyɛ Chadic mini Central Sudanic balli yɛriba nyɛla din ŋmani Hausa niriba. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu, vihigu niŋdiba nyɛla nyɛla ban yɛlli ni Fulaanima nyɛla ban bɔhim Niger-Congo balli bɛ taarihi puuni ka nyɛ ban kpaɣiri balli shɛŋa din be ni paɣaba.Din pahira, Fulaannima ban be West Eurasian ka nyɛ ban gabi gba nyɛla bɛ ni lihi nya shɛba ka bɛ daa piligi Iberian Peninsula mini Northern Africa.[141] Dobon et al. (2015) daa lihi nya ka Sudanese Fulaannima daa nyɛ ban yɛri Niger-Kordofanian mini Nilo-Saharan (Sudanic) ka nyɛ West-Eurasian siɣili.[142]

Young Fulani men at Cure Salee festival, Niger.

Triska, Petr et al. (2015) daa wuhiya ni Fulaannima ban daa gabi taba ka be Sahel Belt nyɛla ban daa yina West African mini East African n-ti pahi Mozabite/North African. Lala vihigu ŋɔ nyɛla din daa lu zahim ni vihigu shɛli bɛ ni daa niŋ zaŋ n-ti North African mini Central Africa Fulaannima pilli li.[143][144]

Vihigu din daa niŋ yuuni 2019, ŋun daa niŋ lala vihigu ŋɔ nyɛ Fan et al. Di daa wuhiya ni Fulaannima ban yina Cameroon ka nyɛ ban yɛri Afro-Asiatic yɛriba ban yina East Africa nyɛla ban daa taɣi balli labi Niger-Congo.[145]

Yuuni 2020, vihigu nyɛla din daa niŋ jandi Fulaannima zaŋ n-ti Cameroon wulinluhili nyɛla kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinu ayi ka, East African nyɛ vaabu pishi ata, n-ti pahi vaabu pihita yini ka daa pa gbansabila siɣili.[146]

Yuuni 2023,Fulaannima ban daa be Sahelian nyɛla bɛ ni daa niŋ shɛba vihigu ka vihigu niŋdiba ŋɔ daa yɛlli ni non-Sub-Saharan siɣili zaŋ n-ti Fulaannima nyɛla din ku tooi baŋs. Fulaannima ŋɔ pilli ni tooi nyɛ Saharan naɣu guliba Green Sahara saha.[147]

Vihigu shɛli nyɛla din daa lahi niŋ yuuni 2023 ka lala vihigu ŋɔ daa wuhi ni Fulaannima ŋɔ kalinli kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinu nyɛla Amhara ka vaabu pihinu nyɛ Tikari.[148]


Fulaannima ban yuli du

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

1. Mohammadu Bihari; O nyɛla Nigeria nima tiŋgbani zuɣulan' kuro.

2. Ahmadou Ahidjo; O nyɛla Cameroon nima tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣulana.

3. Macky Sall; O nyɛla Senegal nima tiŋgbani zuɣulan' kuro.

4. Adama Barrow; O nyɛla Gambia nima tiŋgbani zuɣulana.

5. Umaro Sissoco Embalo; O nyɛla tiŋgbani zuɣulana zaŋ ti Guinea-Bissau.

6. Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh; O nyɛla tiŋgbani zuɣulaan' paa zaŋ ti Sierra Leone.

7. Boubou Cisse; O nyɛla Prime Minister n-ti Mali nima.

8. Samira Bawumia; O nyɛla tiŋgbani zuɣulaan' paa paɣa zaŋ ti Ghana nima.

Main article: List of notable Fulanis

Lihi pahi

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Noosi

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Richard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7.
  2. ↑ Felicity Crowe (2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-7614-7927-7.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Steven L. Danver (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6.
  4. ↑ Fulbe (de).
  5. ↑ David Levinson (1996). "Fulani". Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-8161-1808-3.
  6. ↑ Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 495. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 David Levinson (1996). "Fulani". Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-8161-1808-3., Quote: The Fulani form the largest pastoral nomadic group in the world. The Bororo'en are noted for the size of their cattle herds. Din pahi bɛ wali wali ʒia ŋɔ ni, amaa, shɛba lahi beni ka di mi ba Fulaani —Fulbe Laddi— bam gba kora, maa bɛ leei yɛliya ni bɛ niŋdi la fukumsi zuɣu, amaa ka bɛ yurilim n-nyɛ li.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Christopher R. DeCorse (2001). West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives. Bloomsburg Academic. pp. 172–174. ISBN 978-0-7185-0247-8.
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  14. ↑ Religion and expressive culture – Fulani.
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  37. ↑ Bachi ɓ nyɛla din kumdi b, din ka siliminsi ni, din zuɣu ka zaŋ b zali di zaani. orthography for languages of Guinea (pre-1985) otografi ni, kumsi ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ bh zali di zaa ni, so dinzuɣu niri ti tooi sabi li Fulbhe ka che Fulɓe.
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  45. ↑ Interview: Oumou Sangaré Proves Why She's the Songbird of Wassoulou (en).
  46. ↑ (1959) "Note sur les Diawambé ou Diokoramé". Journal des Africanistes 29 (2): 239–260. DOI:10.3406/jafr.1959.1907.
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  82. ↑ Omar ibn Said (1831). Autobiography of Omar ibn Said, Slave in North Carolina, 1831. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
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  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 Tamari, Tal (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa". The Journal of African History 32 (2): 221–250. DOI:10.1017/s0021853700025718., Quote: "Endogamous artisan and musician groups are characteristic of over fifteen West African peoples, including the Manding, Soninke, Wolof, Serer, Fulani, Tukulor, Songhay, Dogon, Senufo, Minianka, Moors, and Tuareg. Castes appeared among the Malinke no later than 1300, and were present among the Wolof and Soninke, as well as some Songhay and Fulani populations, no later than 1500."
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 (1985) "A Nomadic Caste: The Fulani Woodcarvers Historical Background and Evolution". Anthropos 80 (1/3): 85–100. “The woodcarvers associated with the Fulani and neighboring societies in West Africa were nomads. All criteria retained by specialists to defìne a caste group (Berreman, Pitt-Rivers, Vaughan), may be applied to them. This is true even today in spite of their sedentarization and the conversion of certain of them to sculpture. The second part of this study raises the question of the conditions underlying the creation of artisan castes, drawing upon examples taken from agricultural societies, certain of which are state-based (Fulani, Serer of Sine), others of which are more or less acephalous (Marghi, Senufo, Cangin Serer).”
  88. ↑ African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (2009). Rapport Du Groupe de Travail de la Commission Africaine Sur Les Populations/communautes Autochtones : Mission en Republique de Niger 14–24 Février 2006. IWGIA. p. 41 note 74. ISBN 978-87-91563-48-5.
  89. ↑ (1993) "Fulani Poetic Genres". Research in African Literatures 24 (2): 61–77. “At the top of the hierarchy are cattle-owning Fulani, Toorobbe (literate marabouts who hold spiritual power), Seebe (members of a warrior caste...) The middle of the hierarchy is Tɛmplet:Sic the five castes that...”
  90. ↑ Paul Riesman; David L. Szanton (1992). First Find Your Child a Good Mother: The Construction of Self in Two African Communities. Rutgers University Press. p. 14. ISBN 9780813517681. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  91. ↑ Hill, Allan G (2012-07-26). Population, Health and Nutrition in the Sahel. Routledge. p. 9. ISBN 9781136882845. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  92. ↑ The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles. Kcm.co.kr.
  93. ↑ Frank Salamone (1997). Junius P. Rodriguez (ed.). The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. ABC-CLIO. pp. 333–334. ISBN 978-0-87436-885-7.
  94. ↑ Fisher, Humphrey J., Slavery in the History of Muslim Black Africa, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers (2001), p. 26, ISBN 9781850655244
  95. ↑ (1994) "The Slave Experience in Adamawa: Past and Present Perspectives from Yola (Nigeria) (Une approche historique de l'esclavage dans l'Adamawa du XIXe siècle à nos jours)". Cahiers d'Études Africaines 34 (133/135): 23–53. DOI:10.3406/cea.1994.2039.
  96. ↑ Hampshire, Kate (2006). "Flexibility in Domestic Organization and Seasonal Migration Among the Fulani of Northern Burkina Faso". Africa 76 (3): 402–426. DOI:10.3366/afr.2006.0044.
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 Tor Arve Benjaminsen; Christian Lund (2001). Politics, Property and Production in the West African Sahel: Understanding Natural Resources Management. Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 118–119, 122, 127–128, 130–131. ISBN 978-91-7106-476-9.
  98. ↑ Marguerite Dupire (1963), Matériau pour l'étude de l'endogamie des Peul du cercle de Kedougou (Sénégal oriental), Cahiers du Centre de recherches anthropologiques, Volume 5, Numéro 3, pages 235–236, 251, 223–297 (in French)
  99. ↑ (1962) "Signification du groupe ethnique au Mali". L'Homme 2 (2): 106–129. DOI:10.3406/hom.1962.366487.
  100. ↑ JH Vaughn (1970). "Caste System in the Western Sudan". In Arthur Tuden and Leonard Plotnicov (ed.). Social Stratification in Africa. Free Press. ISBN 978-0029327807.
  101. ↑ Chodak, Szymon (1973). "Social Stratification in Sub-Saharan Africa". Canadian Journal of African Studies 7 (3): 401–417. DOI:10.2307/484167.
  102. ↑ 4 Things To Know Before Dating Fulani Girls (en-US).
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 Martin Patience (2016-08-10). "Nigeria's deadly battle for land: Herdsmen v farmers". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37021044.
  104. ↑ Nigeria: Going Beyond the Green Wall Ritual. allAfrica.com (2013-07-04).
  105. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named July 21, 2012
  106. ↑ Premier (2019-02-07). Nigerian government failing to stop Fulani militants killing Christians, charity says (en-GB).
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 GTD Search Results.
  108. ↑ Amnesty International (2018). Harvest of Death Three Years Of Bloody Clashes Between Farmers and Herders in Nigeria (PDF). Maitama, Abuja-FCT, Nigeria: Amnesty International.
  109. ↑ (2019) "Nomadic Pastoralism and Human Security: Towards a Collective Action against Herders-Farmers Crisis in Nigeria". Nomadic Pastorialism and Human Security: Towards a Collective Action Against Herders-Farmers Crisis in Nigeria | AfriHeritage Working Paper 2019 010.
  110. ↑ Fulani Extremists Kill 3, Burn Church Site in Latest Attack on Christians in Nigeria – Villagers Say Gov't Doing Nothing (en) (2022-04-07).
  111. ↑ The Sahel in flames (en) (2019-05-31).
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Kundivihira

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

General references

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  • Almanach de Bruxelles (now a paying site)
  • Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005): "Adamawa Fulfulde". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Accessed 25 June 2006.
  • Ndukwe, Pat I., Ph.D. (1996). Fulani. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
  • Christiane Seydou, (ed.) (1976). Bibliographie générale du monde peul. Niamey, Institut de Recherche en Sciences Humaines du Niger

Further reading

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  • Prof. Mark D. DeLancey's Fulbe studies bibliography, accessed 25 March 2008.
  • Morel, E.D. (1902). Affairs of West Africa (in English). London: William Heinemann., chapter XVI – The Fulani in West African History, pp. 130–135; chapter XVII – Origins of the Fulani, pp. 136–152.
  • Can an Alphabet Save a Future? – Story of the Barry brother's 30-year commitment to developing a native script and font, giving the Fulani people a digital footprint for a global community – published on Microsoft Unlocked
  • Monembo, Tierno. (2004). Peuls. Editions Seuil.
  • Lam, Aboubacry-Moussa. (1993). De l'origine égyptienne des Peuls. Présence Africaine.
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Tɛmplet:Scholia


Lahabali ŋɔ kuli nyɛla zaɣa ŋmaa. A ni tooi sɔŋsi Wikipedia ka ti sabi li ka di yaligi.


  1. ↑ Tɛmplet:Lang-ff, 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫; French: Peul; Tɛmplet:Lang-ha; Kanuri: Fillata; Tɛmplet:Lang-pt; Tɛmplet:Lang-wo; Tɛmplet:Lang-bm; Tɛmplet:Lang-kcg


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