Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Togo

Malimi soya nim ŋɔ niŋ
Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia

Togo din yu'maŋli nye "Togolese Republic" la nyɛla tiŋgbani shɛli din za di gama zuɣu. Di nyɛla tingbani shɛli din be West Africa. Di zala Ghana nuzaa zuɣu,Benin nudirigu zuɣu ni Burkina Faso wulin puhili polo. di nyɛla din pahi tiŋ shɛŋa din lebginsim bɛ galisi nima ni ka na zoori ni ka lee chaŋ hali ti paai gi Gulf of Guinea, shɛli polo di tiŋ zuɣu maa Lomé, ni be, di nyɛla tingbani shɛli din pɔra,ni zahindi 57,000 "square kilometres" (22,000 square miles) ka di niriba nyɛ kamani 8 miliyɔŋ, ka di barilim nyɛ din bɛ paai 115 km (71 mi) bin din gbaai Ghana ni bɛ ni baɣi shɛba Benin.[1]

Niriba pam tooi ziniya n baɣili ba bin din gbaai "11th" mini "16th" "centuries". Lala 16th ŋo mini 18th "centuries" ŋo sunsuuni, coastal region daa na nyɛla European nima daba daabiligu nima, ni n-tooi gbaai pam Togo ni di tiŋ kɔɣa kɔɣaand ka bɛ boli li "The Slave Coast". yuuni 1884, saha shɛli Africa nima ni daa zɔri gindi maa, Germany daa nyala ban bo gubu n ti yaɣi shɛli bɛ ni daa boli Togoland la. Dunia tɔbu piligu la nyaanga, bɛ daa labisi la Togo n tahi France ni di border nima. Togo daa ti deei bɛ maŋmaŋ sulinsi France nim sani la yuuni 1960.

[2]Yuuni 1967, Gnassingbé Eyadéma n daa nyɛ linjima so ŋun daa gari tooni ka be daa tuhi n yiɣisi gomnanti maa, ka daa ti lebi gomnanti ka daa lebigi tiŋgbani maa anti-communist, paati ganŋ tiŋa. Yuuni 1993, Eyadéma daa nya party balibu balibu pam din daa tahi yɛltɔɣa bihibihi shɛŋa na. bɛ daa nya yɛlmuɣisira pam zaŋ chaŋ bɛ piibupiibu maa labi niŋ maa polo, amaa ka daa lee dili buta zuɣu. O kpibu saha ni daa paai, Eyadéma ni daa nya ŋun dini kuɣu maa zuɣu ni yuui "longest-serving leader in modern African history", n nyɛ president yuun' pihita ni anii 38 [3]yunni 2005, o bidibiga Faure Gnassingbé ni daa lahi n di nam maa.

Togo nyɛla tropical, sub-Saharan tingbani[4] ban ariziki yirina pukparim ni.[5] Bi balli zuɣu n nyɛ French[5]  amaa bala pam nyɛla bini yɛri shɛŋa kama balli shɛŋa  bini boli Gbe bala daŋ. 47.8% salo maa puuni nyɛla kristiɛns, ka chɛ ka bi nyɛ adiini shɛba ban galisi tiŋ maa ni.[6] Togo nyɛla ba bɛ United nation, African Union, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, Francophonie,Commonwealth of Nation mini Economic Community of West African States.

Taarihi

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Ban vihiri ninsal'shab ban gari zuɣu [Archaeological] vihigu wuhiya ni tiŋgbani maa nim nyɛla ban bɛ durimɛbu ni ni iron tumani.[7] Togo nyɛla bini lɛbigi yushɛli aligbesili puuni dini nyɛ " Kuliga nyaaŋa".[8] 11th century zaŋ na 16th century saha maa, Aligbenima daa nyɛla ban yi west yaɣali n kpe tiŋ ŋɔ, ka Mina mini Gun nima mi yi east yaɣali ŋɔ na. Bi pam daa nyɛla ban ʒini coast. Atlantic slave trade daa nyɛla din pili 16th century ka yuun kɔbiga ayi puuni ka coastal region lɛbigi dabilgu shɛi n ti Europeans nima ka be bori daba shɛi, din n daa chɛ ka Togo mini di tiŋ kuɣa yuli taɣi  Slave Coast la.[9][10]

Yuuni 1884, yaa daa gariba ka bi diŋ gbanŋ shɛli zuɣu Togoville bi mini   King Mlapa III din ni ka Germany nim daa yɛli ni bi su ka coast yaɣa shɛli fukumsi,  bi daa yaligi lala fukumsi ŋɔ n kpe tiŋ maa puuni maŋmaŋa. Bi yaɣali maa tarisi daa nyɛla din yipolo saha shɛli bini daa diŋ nu gbanŋ ni ni France mini British nima. Yuuni 1905, Togoland daa nyɛla din bɛ German sulinsi ni.[11] Tiŋgbani maa ni bilichinima daa bini chɛ ka bi tumdi tu talahi, bi daa kɔri gumdi, coffee, cocoa ka lahi yɔri fariko. Ziligi palli mini Port of Lomé daa nyɛla bini mɛ shɛli ni bi too mali bi kparim nima n yiri tiŋshɛŋa. German nim daa yihi baŋsim pallizaŋ chanŋ gumdi, cocoa mini coffee kɔbu na ka lahi mali kɔbu yɛli bora.

Tɔbu shɛli bini daa boli World War I la saha, Togoland daa nyɛla British nim mini France nim ni dɛigi shɛli fukumsi. Din n daa yihi  Anglo- French condominium na West African Campaign la saha. A yi doli Allied Invasion of the colony di daa niŋsilimi gɔli August 1914 yuuni la, german ni daa nyɛla bin nyaŋ shɛba, yaa maa daa nyaŋ ba ka bi wuhi bi nuhi silimi gɔli 26th  August 1914. Silimi gɔli 7 December yuuni 1916 puuni condominium maa daa nyɛla din kpi, ka Togoland daa nyɛ din labi British mini France  nim fukumsi ni, din n daa nyɛ British Togoland mini France Togoland.[12] Silimi gɔli 20th July 1922 yuuni puuni British nim daa dɛigi League of Natiŋons di daa wuhi ni bi sula Togo  Western yaɣali ka France nim mi su Eastern yaɣali. Yuuni 1945 puuni Togo nim daa nyɛla ban dɛigi lahabali ni bin tooi piigi niriba ata ka bi zani bi zaani French Parliament puuni.

Tɔbu shɛli bini daa boli world war II la nyaaŋa,lala fukumsi maa daa nyɛla din lɛbi UN Trust Territories. Bilchinima ban daa bɛ British Togoland maa vootiya ka pahi Gold Coast zuɣu saha shɛli bini daa dɛigi maŋsulinsi n lɛbi Ghana yuuni 1957 la. French Togoland nim daa na kuli bɛ la French Union fukumsi hali ni  yuuni 1959, ka French nim na kuli su bi fukumsi, bi tiŋduya bihigu n ti pahi bi ariziki.


Togo nyɛla tiŋgbani shɛli din za di gama zuɣu. Di nyɛla tingbani shɛli din be West Africa.[13] Di zala Ghana nuzaa zuɣu, Benin nudirigu zuɣu ni Burkina Faso wulin puhili polo. Di nyɛla din pahi tiŋ shɛŋa din bi galisi nima ni ka na zoori ni ka lee chaŋ hali ti paai ri Gulf of Guinea, shɛli polo di tiŋ zuɣu maa Lomé, ni be, di nyɛla tingbani shɛli din pɔra,ni zahindi 57,000 square kilometres (22,000 square miles) ka di niriba nyɛ kamani 8 million, ka di barilim nyɛ din bɛ paai 115 km (71 mi) bin din gbaai Ghana ni bɛ ni baɣu shɛba Benin. Niriba pam tooi ziniya n baɣili ba bin din gbaai 11th mini 16th centuries. Lala 16th mo mini 18th centuries mi sunsuuni, coastal region daa na nyɛla European nima daba daabiligu nima, ni n-tooi gbaai pam Togo ni di tiŋ kɔɣa kɔɣaand ka bɛ boli li "The Slave Coast".[14]

Togoland (R. Hellgrewe, 1908)

Yuuni 1884, saha shɛli Africa nima ni daa zɔri gindi maa, Germany daa bi guubu n ti yaɣi shɛli bɛ ni daa boli Togoland la.[15] [16] Dunia tɔbu piligu ka nyaanga, bɛ daa labisi la Togo n tahi France di border nima. Togo daa ti deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi la yuuni 1960.

Yuuni 1967, Gnassingbé Eyadéma linjimanima ni daa tuhi n deei shɛli la d'état ka daa ti lebi president ka ni ti anti-communist, single-party state. Yuuni 1993, Eyadéma daa nya party balibu balibu pam din daa tahi yɛltɔɣa bihibihi shɛŋa na. bɛ daa nya yɛlmuɣisira pam zaŋ chaŋ bɛ piibupiibu maa labi niŋ maa polo, amaa ka daa lee dili buta zuɣu. O kpibu saha ni daa paai, Eyadéma ni daa nya ŋun dini kuɣu maa zuɣu ni yuui "longest-serving leader in modern African history", n nyɛ president yuun' pihita ni aniior 38 yunni 2005, o bidibiga Faure Gnassingbé ni daa lahi n di nam maa.

Maŋsulinsi deebu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Togonim maŋsulinsi daa nyɛla din deei silmiingoli April biɛɣu pishi ni ayopɔiin dali yuuni 1960.[17] Din nyaaŋa yuuni 1961, tiŋgbani maa zaa daa yina n-ti niŋ piibupiibu ka Sylvanus Olympio daa leegi bɛ tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣulana.O daa nyela ŋun vaai kobga kobgi puuni [100 per cent of the vote] piibu piibu maa puuni, amaa ka o nyintahi maa daa leegi ban daa bi saɣi n-ti li. silimiin goli April daba awoi dali yuuni1961, togonim daa nyela ban saɣi nti tiŋ maa zalisi [Constitution] ni nyɛ shɛɛli, ka zalisi maa daa wuhi ni kadama ni togonim jintori duu nima n leegi be zal zaaniba [supreme legislative body was the National Assembly of Togo].[18] silimi gɔli December, yuuni 1961 dali, paati nyintahi kpamba [leaders of opposition parties] daa nyela pirinsi ni daa kpehi shɛba nuuni ka di dliri daa nyɛmi ni kadama ni be daa nyela ban nari na biɛri ashiloni zaŋ n kpa be yihi Gomnanti so ŋun ʒiya maa o nam ni . din nyaaŋa Gomnanti daa nyela ŋun yina nti zali zaligu ni paati kam din be tiŋgbani maani nyɛla di ni tu ni be che shali. Olympio daa nyela ŋun bori ni o yihi togonim dihibu France nim nuuni dinzuɣu, o daa nyela ŋun yina n-ti kpa zosimli Togo mini United States, United Kingdom, n ti pahi West Germany nim sunsuuni.Oympio daa nyela ŋun zaɣasi French sooja shaba ban tuma daa naai Algeria tobu nyaaŋa ka be daa kuna yiŋa ni bɛ ti pahi togo soojanim zuɣu la. lala niŋsim ŋo zuɣu, silmiinn goli 13 January,yuuni 1963 Soojanim daa nyela ban yina n-ti yihi o nam ni yaa din nyaaŋa, ka Sergeant Gnassingbé Eyadéma daa gari tooni ka be daa di o nyevuli poloni.[19] Yaltɔɣa ŋɔ daa nyɛla din lu Togo bilichiinim tibli ni. Din nyaaŋa, ka `ŋun daa na lebgi bi toondan lala saha maa,[Nicolas Grunitzky] daa zaŋ soojanim maa n gari tooni ka be daa labsi nam maa n daa zaŋ n-ti gomnanti palo. Silmiin goli May yuuni 1963, Grunitzky daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa piigi so tiŋgbani zuɣulana gɔmnanti palo ŋo daa kpuɣi niya ni bɛ mini France nim zosimli kpaŋsi. O niya ni daa kuli nye sheli daa nyemi ni o bo nangban yini Togo wulimpuhilinim mini wulinluhilinim sunsuuni ka lahi kpa zalkpan pala ka lahi che ka gomnanti paatinim lebgi dibasham.

Silimiin goli 13 January dali yuuni 1967 , Eyadéma daa nyela ŋun yihi Grunitzky namni ni yaa amaa ka ʒim daa lee bi kpaai, ka daa zani o zaani.[20][21] Din nyaaŋa o daa nyela ŋun kpa paati din yuli booni " Rally of the Togolese People Party" ka daa lahi kari paati kam din be tingbani maa ni. Silimiin goli November yuuni 1969, o daa nyɛla ŋun zali paati gaŋ ko tiŋgbani maani. O daa nyɛla bi ni daa labi piigi so yuuni 1979 mini yuuni 1986. yuuni 1983 gomnanti maa daa pili yam shɛli bi ni boli "privatization" la ka di nyɛla o kohirila tiŋgbani maa tiŋgbana n tiri ninsalnima. yuuni 1991, o daa saɣi n-ti paati shaŋa din pahi maa ni bi pahi o zuɣu. yuuni 1993 "European Union" daa nyela ban kpihim be zosimli ni Togo ka bɛ daliri nyami ni yuuni 1993, ni yuuni1998 n-ti pahi yuuni 2003, gomnanti maa [Eyadéma] nyela ŋun daa zaŋ yaa n ʒi o gomnantitali maa ni. silimiin goli April, yuuni 2004, "European Union" mini Togo daa nyela ban ʒini laɣimgu Brussels, ka di daliri daa nyami ni bɛ labisi zosimli bee mabilgu din daa pun be bɛ sunsuuni maa na.

Eyadéma Gnassingbé daa nyala ŋun kani Asibiri dali silimiin goli February dabaanu dali yuuni 2005. Pirinla lingimani maa daa zaŋ o bia Faure Gnassingbé,[20] n daa leegi gomnanti palo zuɣu, di daa nyela din tahi fitiina bɛ mini tiŋ duya pam sunsuuni gbaa yihi la France. Africa kpamba shaba ban daa pa sooja gomnanti kaman Abdoulaye Wade Senegal gomnanti ni Olusegun Obasanjo Nigeria gomnanti daa nyela ban ʒe lala piibu ŋɔ nyaanga ka di zuɣu daa tahi yalmuɣisira pam na "African Union" nim sunsuuni. Gnassingbé daa nyala ŋun yi nam ni ka daa che ka piibu piibu niŋ ka o daa ti dili chira ayi nyaanga. O nyintahi maa daa ʒimi ni o piibu maa daa nyala din be tam kalinli zuɣu. Yaltɔɣa'shaŋa din daa niŋ 2005 daa che Togo bilichiinnima pili zilisiri gomnanti maa zaŋ kpa o dihitabli zaŋ chaŋ "democracy" polo dama "European Union" daa nyela ban zaɣisi togo sɔŋbu ka di daliri nyami ni Togo nim bilichiinnim pala ban tooi mali be suhuyurilim. United Nation nim vihigu puuni ni Niriba daa paai kobisinahi "400" n kɔŋ be nyevuya piibu piibu zuɣu.Togo bilichiinim kaman tuhi kɔbsinahi"40,000" daa nyala ban yi nzo n taɣi kuli tiŋduya shaŋa din daa baɣi ba. Gnassingbé daa nyɛla bini labi piigi o yuuni 2010 hali ni 2015.

Togo n daa nyɛ tuuli African yaɣali ŋɔ dni di "Olympic medal in Canoeing" yuuni 2008 Summer Olympic Beijing puuni, Benjamin  Boukpeti  ni daa di bronze K-1 Slalom ni la.

Yuuni 2017, nisalnim daa nyala ban yina n-ti tɔ ayirimo n bahi bi gomnanti zuɣu United Nations (UN) nim daa nyela ban galim gomnanti zaŋ n kpa o ni daa labsi shɛli n daa zaŋ n-ti salo maa, dini ndaa nya o daa zaŋ yaa n daa piliba n daa che ka lingimanim gbahi be pam n ti kpari Gambia foreign Minister, Ousainou Darboe  daa nyɛla ŋun taɣi yɛltɔɣa, O ni  daa yɛli ni di tu ni Gnassingbé sheegi o nam kuɣu zuɣu la nyaaŋa.[22]

Silimi gɔli February, yuuni 2020 gomnanti piibupiibu la saha, Gnassingbé daa lahi di gomlanti tali ka di pahi O bu nahi zuɣu O ni bɛ gomlanti tali ni Togo.[23] Lahabali din ka zilisigu daa yina n wuhi ni O daa nyɛla ŋun di kobgi puuni kamani vaabu pisopɔin ni ayi "72%"  piibupiibu maa ni daa kali n naagi. Ka di daa, chɛ ka O di ŋun daa kuli doli o nyaaŋa maa, prime Minister kuro, Agbeyome Kodjo ŋun daa nyɛ kalinli vaabu pia ni anii "18%" la.[24] Silimiin gɔli May da baa nahi dali yuuni 2020, Bitala Madjoulba, Gnassingbé ni daa po pori ni o pili o tuma n neei bieɣu dipahiri ŋun daa nyɛ Togo lingimanim toondana Commander "Togolese Military Battalion" la da nyɛla bini nyɛ so zaɣa kpiŋ o tuma duu puuni Dahan yini nyaaŋa  Gnassingbé ni daa po pori ka din pahiri O gomlanti tali bu nahi zuɣu la. Vihigu daa nyɛla bini niŋ shɛli yɛtɔliŋɔ zuɣu, ka lahabali yina ni General Kadangha Abalo Felix  daa nyɛla zaligu ni di so ka chɛ O nami bori ni O ku O ka lahi niŋdi niya ni shɛba ni bi di O nyɛvili.[25][26]

Commonwealth ni kpebu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Togolese daa kpe Commonwealth puuni silimi gɔli June yuuni 2022 ni. Ka di nyɛla bɛ daa boliba yuuni. 2022 Commonwealth kpamba laɣingu la. Foreign Minister, Robert Dussey daa yɛliya ni O yuli Commonwealth soli ni bi ti ba tiŋduya dabiligu daa,  ka suŋ ba zaŋ chanŋ bi tiŋgbani lɛbigimsi polo ni ka yoogi soya n ti Togolese bilichinima ka bi tooi boham silimisili ni shikuru baŋsim pali n ti pahi kaya binyɛra.

Gɔmnanti

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Sylvanus Olympio, the first president of Togo from 1960 to 1963
Gnassingbé Eyadéma, the third and longest-serving president from 1967 until his death in 2005.

Bɛ gɔmnanti maa daa kuli nyɛla bɛ ni kuli n-piigi o n-pa taba yuma anahi buyi, di mi daa nyɛla commander-in-chief of the armed forces ni daa mali yaa la zuɣu.

Executive nima daa bi soya ka council of ministers ni ti pahi tiŋgbani zuɣulana ŋun daa nyɛ zuɣulana n-ti gɔmnanti ka lahi mali zaa shee ka sokam mili prime minister la. president maa daa lebigi president of the Council of Ministers.

Togo nyɛla din piri region bu nu zuɣu ka di gba piri bin pihita ni awai perfecture. North zaŋ chanŋ South yaɣali region nim n- nyɛ  Savanes, Kara, Centrale, Plateaux ni Maritime.

Tiŋgbani zuɣulana Gnassingbé Eyadéma, ŋun daa gbubi Togo ka di nyɛla paati yini konko hali ni 1993 yuuni , daa kpimi ni suhudamli doro February goli dabaa anu yuuni 2005 ni daa bala[27]. silimiingoli 13 January yuuni1967. Ayi lihi Togo nima Constitution puuni, President zaŋ ti Parliament jintɔriba Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba, n daa ti ni o lebi president n ti bɛ tingbani maa zaa, ka piibupiibu nima na zani hali ni biɛɣu pihiyɔbu 60. Natchaba mi daa na goli, ka ti labina ni Air France plane din daa yi Paris na[28]. Togolese army, bi ni mi shɛba Forces Arméé Togolaises ( FAT) bɛ  Togolese Armed Forces daa nyɛla ban kpari borders, ka di zuɣu chɛ ka Alapele maa shɛigi Binin. Yaa daa chɛ ka, Parliament nima vooti ni bi yihi  bi tiŋgbani maa zalisi puuni zaligu shɛli din wuhini ni pibupibu niŋma dabisa pihiyɔbu(60)  puuni maa, ka daa piigi Eyadema's bidibiga Faure Gnassaingbé ni O di O ba gomlanti tali fali n zani O zani hali ni O saha shɛli din daa chɛ maa. Faure daa nyɛla ŋun po pori ka lɛbi gomlanti maa Silimi 7 February  2005, [28]ka tiŋduya ni daa zuri o nyaaŋa ni o ni di fali shɛli ma. African Union nim daa buɣisi O fali ŋɔ maa dibu maa ni Military Coup d'état.[29] United Nations nim gba daa bi sahi nti li. Togo puuni, bi gba daa zaɣisira lala fali ŋɔ maa dibu ma ka di daa tahi tɔbu na ka niriba ban kalinli yiŋsi 400-500 daa kuŋ bi nyɛvilli.[30] Yɛtɔl nim daa kuli yirimina saha kam balantɛi southern yaɣali tiŋgbani maa ni. Lahabali daa yina n wuhi ni tiŋ din yuki nyɛ  Aného daa tɔ ayɔrimo ka niriba pam daa kuŋ bi nyɛviya. Lala maa zuɣu Gnassingbé daa sahiya ni bi niŋ pibupibu ka silimi gɔli February 25 dali  nyɛla ŋun yiŋsi gomlanti kuɣu maa zuɣu, ka sahi ni o gba ni zani pibupibu maa ni.[31]

Silimi gɔli 25 April 2095 yuuni, Gnassingbé daa nyɛla bini piigi so Togo gomlanti, O daa nyɛla  vaabu 60% kɔbiga puuni vootin ma ni. O nyinta kpeni pibupibu maa n daa nyɛ Emmanuel Bob-Akitani ŋun daa yi Union des Forces du Changement ( UFC). Bi daa zilisiya ni zubu daa niŋ la din puuni.[32] Parliament nim daa piigi zuɣu lanpaa Bonfoh Abbass ni O na lɛbigi gomlanti  poi ka bi niŋ bi vihigu maa naagi.[31] Silimi gɔli 3 May 2005 yuuni, Gnassingbé daa po pori n lɛbigi gomlanti din dali maaka European Union daa nyɛ ban saɣi ti O nyintahi maa yɛligu maa, amaa ka Afrincan Union mini United States ni ban yɛli ni  O kuli di mi ni yɛlimaŋli. Nigerian gomlanti mini  AU kuɣulan Olusegun Obasanjo daa nyɛ ban gbaagi alikawuli zaŋ chanŋ gomlanti maa mini O nyiintaa maa ni bi yihi coalition government na, ka daa zaŋsi AU Commission nim ni daa piigi Zambian gomlanti kuro Kenneth Kaunda ni O lɛbi Special AU envoy n ti Togo la.[33] [34] June puuni Gnassingbé daa piigi O nyiintaa ma  Edem Kodjo Prime Minister.

Yuuni 2007 silimi gɔli October puuni, trisibu trisibu maa nyaaŋa, pibupibu daa nyɛla din niŋ yaɣali yaɣili. Di daa chɛmi ka north polo tiŋ shɛŋa di bi galisi maa ka MPs nim ʒini ni maa ni pam n gari south yaɣili maa.[35] Gomlanti ni daa bɛ paati shɛli nyaaŋa maa Rally of the Togolese People( RPT) n daa di ka UFC nyɛ din pahiri ayi ni paati shɛŋa di pahi ka ninvuɣu yino bi zaani li maa. Bi daa yɛliya ni zubu nyɛla din zu pibupibu maa ni ka civil nima mini security nima sahi n ti li. EU nim daa niŋ vihigu ka daa yihi baloti gbaŋ shɛŋa ka vootin shɛli din bi tam kalinli zuɣu daa nyɛla din niŋ RTP nim ni daa di pam luɣu shɛŋa. Silimi gɔli 3 December 2007 Kamlan Mally RPT nira daa nyɛla bini piigi so Prime  Minister ka o zani Agboyibor zaani. Silimi gɔli 5 September 2005, da shiigi Togo Prime Minister kuɣu maa zuɣu  

Gnassingbé daa lahi di pibupibu silimi gɔli March 2010 yuuni, O daa di la 61% vooti nim maa puuni, ka gari Jean-Pierre Fabre  UFC puuni yino, FRAC (Republican Front for Change) nim ni daa za so nyaaŋa.[36] Electoral vihiriba daa kpahan ya ka  pibupibu maa soya daa maa yɛlmuɣisira, amaa O nyiintahi maa nim daa bi nyɛli, ka yɛli ni bi bi yirina sahakam maa n luhiba maa.[37][38] Bi daa kuli tɔrila ayirimo saha Faure Gnassingbé zuɣu pibupibu maa nyaaŋa. Yuuni 2010 silimi gɔli. May ni O nyiintaa maa Glichrist Olympio daa yina ti yɛli ni O ni chɛ ka o mini gomlanti maa pirigi yaa maa, bi daa niŋ coalition maliniŋ ka UFC nim daa nyɛ Niriba ani daa nyɛ minister tali.[39][40] Silimi gɔli June 2012 yuuni, electoral reform daa ti ayɔrimo tɔriba ni bi tɔm ayɔrimo Lomé pala zuɣu dabsa. Ayɔribo tɔriba maa daa borimi ni bi labi yuli 1992 constitution la din yan chɛ ka bi taɣi gomlanti ʒinibu yuma.[41]  Yuuni 2012 July silimi gɔlini,Glibert Houngbo da yiŋsi Prime Minister nam kuɣu zuɣu. [42]Dabsa nyaaŋa,  commerce Minister daa nyɛla bini piigi so ni O bɛ gomlanti pali maa tooni. Lala gɔlimani O nyiintaa maa Jean Pierre  daa nyɛla security force nim ni ayimo tɔriba ni liri so O yiŋa ka di nyɛla O ni zalidi zalikpema la zuɣu.[43]

Silimi gɔli April yuuni 2915 ni Gnassingbé daa lahi di gomlanti tali m pa ata.[44] yuuni 2020 silimi gɔli February ni Gnassingbé daa lahi di gomlanti tali m pahi anahi zuɣu.[45] O nyiintahi ŋu daa yɛliya ni zubu bɛla din ni. Gnassingbé daŋ nyɛ din Gigi Togo yuuni 1967 lani hali, ka din zuɣu African zaa bani n gbbibi nam n yuugi.[46]

Yaɣa yaɣa

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Map of Togo featuring the country's five regions and their capitals

Togo nyɛla bɛ ni pirigi tiŋa shɛli yaɣa anu ka di piri piri hali ni pihinahi yin'ka. Wulinpuhili hali ni wulinluhili, bɛ ni pu li shɛm m-boŋɔ "Savanes, Kara, Centrale, Plateaux, ni Maritime.

Tiŋduya bihigu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

== Di mini Togo ku mali yɛltɔɣa bihi zaŋ chaŋ tiŋduya polo, di nyɛla din mali kaya taarihi viɛla ni tiŋduya (Europe), ka mani France mini Germany.Togo nyɛla din mali ningbuna ni Republic of China, North Korea, ni Cuba. Di nyɛla din mali biɛhigu ni Israel tum yuuni 1987. Togo nyɛla din be tiŋduya yɛltɔɣa ni ka tooi chani tiŋduya laɣinsi. Di tooi nyɛla din mali nimmohi West African yaɣali mini African Union yɛltɔɣa ni. Yuuni 2017, Togo daa dihi nuu UN gbana zuɣu wuhi bɛ gba ni ku saɣiti kukola malibu shɛm.[47]Togo daa kpe "Commonwealth of Nations", nti pahi Gabon, yuuni 2022 din daa niŋ ka "Commonwealth Heads of Government" laɣim Kigali, Rwanda.[48] Din daa niŋ ka bɛ yɛn kpɛ Commonwealth, tiŋduya minisita, Robert Dussey daa yɛli "Reuters", ni di tu bɛ yɛligi bɛ tiŋduya siyaasa mini daabiligu biɛhigu ni ka lahi bo biɛhisuŋ bɛ mini silimin tinsi sunsuuni.[49]

Linjima

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

FAT (din nyɛ Togo linijima tuma yaɣali), nyɛla din gbaai linjima pola, teeenku linjimanima, matuuka linjimanima. Ariʒichi shɛli bɛ ni daa k n-niŋ Togo linjima yaɣali ŋɔ yuuni 2005 daa nyɛla yiɣisi vaabu yim ni chɛnji kɔbigi puuni.[50] Linjimanima biɛhisi shee n-nyɛ Lomé, Temedja, Kara, Niamtougou, ni Dapaong.[51] Saha ŋɔ ŋun na nyɛ bɛ "Chief of the General Staff" n-nyɛ Brigadier General Titikpina Atcha Mohamed, ŋun daa kpɛ tuma duu silimin goli May 19, 2009.[52] Lala matuuka yiɣirigu yaɣali nim ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni ti matuuka yiɣiri pala ka mani "Alpha jets".[53]

Gorim Soya

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Pala

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Togo pala tooi kuri bukaata nima pam n tiri bɛ tingbani maa soli zuɣu, n tooi che ka domestic mobility n ti pahi tiŋduya daabiligu chaŋ tooni.[54]

Tingbani maa daa kpaŋsi bɛ soya waɣilim ka di tooi yiɣisi kamani 11,734 kilometers, ka di yiɣisiri 1.26 meters of road per inhabitant. Ka network 1,794 kilometers pavi, ka di ni tooi kali kɔbiga puuni paabu pia ni anu 15% bɛ soya nima ni zaa[55].

Bɛ piligu soli maa yaligiya hali n ti paai bɛ northward beni din gbaai bɛ tiŋ zuɣu maa, Lomé, n ti paai Burkina Faso border, ka shɛli chani hali ni east–west zaŋ kpa coast, ni ti yiri Lomé hali ni bɛ ni naɣi tiŋshɛŋa maa Benin mini Ghana.[56]

Lala corridors maa chaŋmi n ti conecti bɛ region ka pahi Trans-West African Coastal Highway system maa zuɣu, bɛ ni bori ni shɛli kpaŋsi bɛ daabiligu ni binshɛɣu kam din jɛndi West African nations.

Yal'Muɣisira mini Lɛbigimsi

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Daabiligu ni kpaŋsi  maa zaa yoli,  Togo pala daa na kuli nyɛla di mali yɛl mɔɣisira[57]. Pala pam, baletɛ din na bi suŋ maa nyɛ di bɛ yɛlmɔɣisira ni, nyɛla din mali buɣiluɣa ka bi lahi nyɛri malibu vinyalaga, lala yɛl mɔɣisira ŋɔ maa nyɛla din mali barina zaŋ chanŋ lala pala maa lora duhibu, domiah ban chani tiŋa, binkɔbiri n ti pahi ban bari moto nim dolimi, so chandiba ban yi katiŋsi na yaa ni nyɛŋdi shɛba ka zaŋ lora bihi too paagi bi chandi shɛi.[58]

Maligu bo n ti lala yɛli mɔɣisiri ŋɔ maa zuɣu, Togo nim yina ni bi ti labi n mali bi pala dolibu yaɣali ka din nyɛla bi dɛirila suŋsin World Bank nim sani, ka International Road Transport Unit nim mi nu pa di zuɣu, Togolese gomlanti yina ni transport legislation pali ka di niya nyɛmi ni di  kpaŋsi ka tibigi lala yaɣali ma. Lala niŋsim ŋɔ daa nyɛmi ni di kpaŋsi ka gu salo ka chɛ pala zuɣu saratinima. Ka lahi tuhi tum shɛŋa din tum zali soli ni din mali yɛl mɔɣisira.[59][60]

Urban transportation

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Tiŋ kara kama Lomé puuni machina shɛŋa bɛ ni too mali n niŋdi bi gorim galisiya. Tezi nima, lala lora maa mali parate dozim ka di tabi li, di nyɛla niriba pam ni tooi mali shɛli n gora[61][62]. Din pahi nyɛla motorcycle taxis ka so kam lɛ mi motor- taxi din n niŋ soochi n ti niriba bale niri yi ti bori yum tiŋ shɛŋa din pala mɔɣira. Motor-taxi ni kuli niŋ soochi zaŋ kpa di laɣiri polo mini a yi bori yom ka dama di yiri traffic ni yom maa zaa yoli, ayi mali nima pa a ku too zaŋ li n chanŋ a gorim.[63]

Ziligi pala

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Togo mali ziligi pala kamani 568 km (353 mi) yuuni 2008 la saha, ka din bi pahi hali ni yuuni 2023. Di dolila track gauge kamani 100,000mm (3 ft 3  3/8 in) ( narrow gauge)  ziligi nim daa nyɛla Société Nationale des Chemins de Fur du Togo  ( SNCT) nim nu ni pa shɛli zuɣu,  bi ni daa yoogi shɛlibia dalirim maa nyɛla bin daa labi n maani ni bi ni daa labi boli  Réseau des Chemins de Fur du Togo  yuuni 1997 hali ni 1998.[64] Hahotoé ni Port of kpémé sunsuni,  Compagnie Togolese des Mines des Bénin (CTMB) mi gba lihiri Phosphate Ziligi nima.

Ŋun doya ŋɔ n nyɛ ziligi soya din bɛ tiŋgbani maa ni:

  • Lomé–Aného railway
  • Lomé–Blitta railway
  • Lomé–Kpalimé railway
  • Hahotoé–Kpémé railway (operated by CTMB)

Ban doli alapele

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Togo daa mali alapele paaki nim di baa ani yuuni 2021 la saha, ka di puuni di baa ayi nyɛla international  airport, ka di baa ayobu mi nyɛ domestic airport. Tiŋgbani maa alapele paaki kari n nyɛ Lomé - Tokon International Airport ka di nyɛ din kuri tiŋgbani zuɣu maa bukaata , Lomé,  din pahi nyɛ Niamtougou International Airport  din bɛ Niamtougou tiŋ puuni, ka di mi gba kuri northern yaɣali bukaata

Kom

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Di yi kana kom dolibu polo, Togo  nim baari dura kuligu din nyɛ 50 km (31 mi), ka du too nyɛla saha bini boli mɔɣa shɛli ni Mono River la zuɣu, di dolila saa ni mi shɛm yuuni 2011 saha la. Togo nim malila container port zaɣi kar yini ka di kperi dabiligu nima n yira ka kperina tiŋgbani maa ni. Din n nyɛ port of Lomé  , ka di bɛ tiŋ zuɣu maa ni.

Tɔbbitali

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

FAT( Forces armées togolaises, "Togolese armed forces")  n- nyɛ  army, navy,  air force ni gendarmerie.  Yuuni 2005 puuni tɔbihi maa zaa ni daa di laɣi tiŋgbani  GDP  laɣi shɛli zaa daa yisila 1.6%. Tɔbihi maa zaa bihigu shɛi daa nyɛla Lomé, Temedja, Kara, Niamtougou ni  Dapaong.[65] Saha ŋɔ, ŋun pa nyɛ general staff kpema n-nyɛ Brigadier General  Titikpina Atcha Mohamed bini daba tiŋa yuuni 1972 hali ni 1998 ni yuuni 2002 hali ni 2006, ka ti lahi nyɛ ban bini ka ka  daba ni yuuni 1999 hali  ni 2001ni yuuni 2007. Yuuni 2010 puuni vihigu daa yina U.S  State Department n wuhi ni biha shɛŋa zuɣu ni ninsalinima talahi nim maa nyɛla yɛli muɣisira ni paara, din n nyɛ tingulba daa mali fɔɔsi kpema kamani nahigu di tahiri nyɛvili yihibo na, daŋsi, fukumsi di ka zaligu ni, hali ni nyɛvili pohili sarika puuni. Ka gbahiri niriba ka daliri kani, ka chɛ ka shɛb yuri gari din di tu shɛm, bi executive zaŋsim daa ka judiciary ni, ka kperi tiŋbihi bihisi ni, ka mali tarisi n ti bi maŋsulinsi ni press , laɣigu, chandi, amaana dibu, paɣaba nahigu, bihi firiminsi niŋbu kamani bipuɣisi gunibu ni yaa zaŋ goli bibihi, addini mini zuliya lihi zɛm, niriba gbahibu ni yaa ( paɣaba ni bihi), n lɛhiri zɛmdi nandanba bihigu ni, Ka gandi  ban mali kɔrisi ni bi taba kamani paɣa mini paɣa bɛ doo mini doo, ka lahi gandi ninvupu shɛba ban mali HIV doro, tum kpema n ti bihi, ni doo yi dini O doo kpe bɛ paɣa yi dooni O paɣa kpe be yan niŋ O la bi yan niŋ O la sarika yuuma ataa.

Maŋsulinsi deebu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
The 2017–18 Togolese protests against the 50-year rule of the Gnassingbé family

Joograafi/ Tingbani biɛhigu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Togo mali la bɔba ni yaɣa din kalinli yiŋsi kama  56,785km² (21925 sq mi). Bight of Benin nyɛla din bɛ Togo south yaɣali polo,  ka Ghana do West yaɣali, ka Benin do East yaɣali, ka Burkina mi nyɛ din do North equator yaɣali. Di do la latitude 6° mini 11°N sunsuni ni longitude 0° mini 2°E sunsuni.

Togo Coast din be Gulf of Guinea nyɛla 56 km (35 mi) waɣilim ka di nyɛla din mali lagoons din mali sandy beaches. A yi yuli di north polo, tingbani maa din nahingbana kuli nyɛla di zaŋ savanna mo ni tahiri tingbani maa sunsuuni, ka di mi ŋmahima nyɛ zoya. bɛ south yaɣili din be Togo ŋmahinli nyɛla savanna mini woodland plateau din tooi paari coastal plain mini lagoons ni ti pahi marshes maa. Bɛ zoya shɛŋa din galisi pam bɛ tingbani maa ni nyɛ Mont Agou kamani 986 metres (3,235 ft) tingbanni zaŋdi saazuɣu. Kul'shɛli din mi waɣa n nyɛ Mono River ka di waɣilim nyɛ 400 km (250 mi). Di yirila north polo hali ni south polo.

Bɛ nimaani climate nyɛla"generally tropical[66]" ka di average temperatures kpuɣiri kamani ranging 23 °C (73 °F) ni yiri coast ni chani kamani 30 °C (86 °F) bɛ northernmost yaɣili maa, ka climate din kuui ka ŋmani nyɛ tropical savanna.

Togo nyɛla din mali terrestrial ecoregions dibaa ata: Eastern Guinean forests, Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, ni ti pahi West Sudanian savanna[67]. coast din be Togo nyɛla din ŋmani marshes mini mangroves. Tingbani maa malila yuuni 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score din nyɛ 5.88/10, n za 92nd globally 172 tingbani nima zaa ni.[68]

paakinima dibaa anu ka bɛ zaŋ n zali ka mali: Abdoulaye Faunal Reserve, Fazao Malfakassa National Park, Fosse aux Lions National Park, Koutammakou[69], ni Kéran National Park

Demographics

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Population[70][71]
Year Million
19501.4
20005.0
20218.6

Silimi gɔli November yuuni 2010 ma puuni salo kalibu maa ni bi daa maliya salo ban kalinli yiɣisi  6,191,155, ka di galinsi n gari kalibu shɛli din daa niŋ pɔi ni din maa. Yuuni 2012 Togo nim daa malila salo ban yiɣisi 8,680,832.[72] Kalibu shɛli din daa niŋ 1981 la daa wuhimi ni tinŋgbani maa daa mali salo ban kalinli nyɛ 2,719,567. Tiŋ shɛli bini boli Lomé laa daa nyɛ din salo kalinli du daa nyɛ 375,499 yuuni 1981 puuni daa nyɛla ban salo maa zoogi yuuni 2010 n chanŋ kalinli 837437. Bi yi zaŋ tiŋkpaŋ koɣa din bɛ Golfe maa salo n pahi Lomé zuɣu bin salo kalinli daa yiɣisi  1,477,660 yuuni 2010.[73][74]

Fɔŋtiŋsi shɛŋa din pahi Togo ni bi ni daa yoli kul niŋ salo kalibu din yoli kul niŋ bahigu maa n-nyɛ, sokodé (95,070), Kara (94,878), Kpalimé (75,084),  Atakpamé (69,261) Dapaong (58,071) ni  Tsévié (54,474). Ka salo maa zaa kalinli yiɣisi  8,644,829  zaŋ chanŋ yuuni 2021 puuni. Togo nyɛla din pahiri kalinli 107th  tinŋ kara din mali salo pam ni. Salo maa pam kamini kalinli 65% nyɛla ban bɛ tiŋkpaŋsi ka  bi tuma nyɛla pukparrim. Togo salo nyɛla ban zoori saha kam, yuuni 1961 ( yuuni din daa pa yuun shɛli zuɣu bini daa dɛigi bi maŋ sulinsi la) hali ni yuuni 2003.[73][74]

Zuliya nima

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Togo maliya zuliya pihinahi. Zuliya shɛli din galisi n nyɛ Aligbenima ban bɛ south yaɣali ka bi kalinli nyɛ 32% salo maa ni, zaŋ labi southern coastline  bi kalinli yaɣisila 21% . Zuliya ban pahi nyɛla Kotokoli bɛ Tem mini Tchamba gba bɛ central yaɣali, ka Kabye nim gba bɛ north yaɣali ka bi kalinli nyɛ (22%), Ouachis kalinli mi nyɛ 14% salo maa ni . Aligbenima maa mini Ouachis nima daa nyɛla bini daa yɛli ni bi nyɛla yim. Ka French nim mi gba kahim puuni ka bi yɛli ni bi pa yim. Zuliya din pahi n nyɛ Mina, Mohi, Moba mini  Bassar,  Tchokossi ka bi bɛ Mango nyɛ (8%). Ban da pa Africans  daa nyɛ French nima ni Portuguese nima.[75]

Adele zuliya

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Adele nima, ban daa boli bi maŋ Bédéré ka yɛri Gédéré bal shɛli din yi Gur daŋ ni na. [76]Bi tiŋkpaŋ maa nyɛla di kalinli nyɛ bin pishi, ka di pirigi n ti Western Ghana mini Western nagban kpaŋ Togo's Blitta prefecture polo.

Bi nɔlini Kali wuhiya ni lala tiŋ kpaŋ maa Dibemkpa ma tiŋgbana maa, Ouroubwaré shɛi  la dobba anahi n ti pahi paɣaba ata na zuɣusaa, ban daa zi baŋsim kamani duɣuri mɛbu, gumdi minute, piɛri wuibu forging ni tana wuɣibu. Saha bihi sunsuni ka saanba kpena n ti gili tiŋ maa zaa hali ni Dikpéléou, Nayo buɣili la polo, di yɛligi tiŋ kpaŋ bihi ban yina daŋ konkoba ni.

Adélé nyɛla tiŋ shɛli di duri bɛ di ko, bi mɛrila du kpɔla, din ka takoro,  ka bi zaŋ mori n pilli ka di mali dantaliga di puuni din gbibi li n zaya. Tiŋ din yuli nyɛ Dikpéléou la na mali lala duri ŋɔ shɛŋa din yɛn tɛriba ni kalahi nyɛ dantaliga n ti baŋsim zaŋ kpa lala zuliya  ni yi shɛli na ni bi bihigu.

Akebou zuliya

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Akebou zuliya nyɛla ban bɛ  Atakora zoli din bɛ Togo sunsuni la sirigili yini puuni. Ka a ni too yini a yi doli  Atakpamé pal shɛli din yiri  Badou la.  Ban daŋ ni zɛnibu zɛnila Gbankparé zolɔŋ ni di lɛbigi independent village yaɣa la. So kam gbibila buɣili shɛŋa bini dihi tabili ni di nyɛla bin jɛmda din guli ban  ka lahi buɣisi bini yi shɛli na.

Saha bihi yaŋa ka shɛba kana n ti pahi bi zuɣu tiŋ maa ni. Aligbenima tuuli ban daa kan da nyɛla  Aké bɛ Eké ni nyɛ shɛba toondana, bi daa paala ni mani yuuni 18th century nyɛŋa, ka zɛni  miri Lonfo ka yaligi hali ni tiŋ kpaŋsi ŋɔ  Vé mini akougnohou. Aligbenima ban pahi ayi daa kan tiŋ naa bi yuu 19th century nyɛŋa, bi toondana n daa nyɛ  Djakpodji , ban gba yaligi n chanŋ tiŋsi. Zuliya ban pahi n nyɛ  Anyanga ban daa zɛni ni maa ni tɔbu  nyɛŋa la, n ti pahi Ntribou, ba n zo ka chɛ Ashanti ni liribu la ni bi bo suhudoo Akebou tiŋgbani.

Bi daa piigi na zuɣu  Lonfo ka din nyɛla bi bori mi ni bi laɣim zuliya nim maa zaa, bi nam ŋɔ daa nyɛla din gaham ka chɛ tiŋ shɛŋa ba ka na zuɣu. Lonfo daa bɛla kunkuni di kuui, ka bi nayili nyɛ bini zaŋ kuɣa n mɛ shɛli, di daa bi gbɛni tiŋ kpaŋ bihi shɛŋa din baɣa li ka mali tihi n gilila, din wuhiri ni toondana zashɛ n bala amaa tiŋgbani n kuli bala. Yɛligu yina wuhi ni nanima ata n zɛni lala nam ŋɔ maa, ka ŋɔ bahidi nyɛŋa maa nyɛ Akounsou, ŋun zalisi daa nahi  

Lonfo du shɛŋa bin daa zaŋ kuɣa mɛ shɛŋa maa na kuli bɛni hali ni zuŋɔ, ka bi na bahiru kom n tɛri bi nanim maa din yɛn chɛ ka bi teri bi yala. Na nima maa daa malila yiko shɛŋa din waligi ka chɛ adiini dini ka tiŋkpaŋ nim maa kuli gbebli.  Zuliya nim ŋɔ laɣigu maa zaa yoli, Zuliya kam daa na kuli gbela bi kaya, lahi bɛ bi yaɣali Akébou tiŋgbani.

Bi zaba ni bi ma bihi Ashanti nima n nagban kpem bini Akosso tiŋ nima nyɛla din pahi bi yɛl tɛra ni. Bini daa yihi firearms na ka di daliri ni daabiligu daa nyɛla din labi kpaŋsi Lonfo toontali  yaɣa zaŋ chaŋ regional tɔbu polo

Ntrubo zuliya

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Ntrubo zuliya nyɛla tiŋkpaŋsi bihi ayi ni za n ti shɛli Togo tiŋgbani - Diguinge mini Abosomkope di bɛ South yaɣali zaŋ labi Adele polo. Ntrubo zuliya ŋɔ pam nyɛla ban bɛ Ghana, di  west bɔba.

Togo puuni, Ntrubo nim nyɛla ban be ni Adele nima, ka yɛri bala di baa ayi, Delo nyɛla bi mamaŋ balli ni Adele nim maa balli. Delo bɛ la Tem bala daŋ maa ni, ka di nyɛ Tem ( Kotokoli), Kabiye,Bago mini Lamba.Bi bala maa gbanila taba amaa bi pa yim dama Ntrubo nim ŋɔ nyɛla ban waligi bi ko n bɛ bi yaɣa ka chɛ Tem bal shɛŋa din pahi.

Vihigu wuhi ya ni Diguinge zuliya nyɛla din yina bi yabidoo so ŋun yuli daa bolidi Boisa nuni na,  ka a yaansi nyɛ ban yɛligi gili tiŋkpaŋsi pam. Abosomkope gba nyɛla ban yi Gounou ni na ŋun daa nyɛ Boisa ʒiʒiinikpee, ka di nyɛla bi daa nyɛla taba tiŋ shɛli saha shɛli bin daa bɛ rubber daabiligu ni, Germany nim ni daa kpaŋsi shɛli la.

Lahabalivpuuni vihigu wuhiya ni Ntrubo nim ŋɔ da nyɛla ban ʒi zoli zuɣu polo ka di yina Lamba north yaɣali hali ni Adele south yaɣali. Saha bihi sunsuni ka saanba daa nyɛ ban ka n ti pahi, kamani Adele mini Anyanga nima. Ka di zuɣu daa chɛ ka Ntrubo nim maa lɛbi linguist, ka lahi chɛ ka di nyɛ tooni di yi kana Tem bala mani southern nagbankpam.

Akposso zuliya

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Akposso zuliya nyɛla ban yi kali yaɣa ayi ni na: dihi tabili ni shɛb nyɛla Logbo tiŋbihi ni saan shɛba vihigu ni wuhi ni bi yila Notsé, bi zaa mali nu Tilbu ni Aligbenima kandina tiŋ maa ni.

Bogo (Ahlon) zuliya

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Bogo zuliya ( so kam ni mi shɛli Ahlon maa) nyɛla zuliya ban bi galisi kamani 6,000 n nyɛ bi kalinli, bi bɛla Danyi zolɔŋ din bɛ Togo ni ni Ghana yaɣi shɛli maa. Bi yi la daŋkurigu ni na Issassoumé daŋ ni ni saanba ban daa yina Ilé-Ifé bɛ Notsé.

Bi tiŋ maa nima nyɛla ban yi daŋ di baa ata puuni na ( Boloé, Bougil, Bonoé) nti pahi Issosoumé, bi mi yɛli ni shɛba n su tiŋgbani. Bi nyɛla ban piri tiŋgbani maa fukumsi nti taba,  Boloé nim maa n su nama yaɣali, Bonoé nim mi jɛndi bi Kali nɛma yaɣali, ka Bougil nim mi nyɛ ban tiri tiŋgbani maa tɔbihi. Issossoumé nima maa mi n daa jɛndi yaɣiri shɛli bi ni mali Kuril bukata bi nama lɛibu shɛi

Bi adiini yaa daa bɛla Danyɛ mɔɣili ni ka lahi bɛ Odo sanctuary ni Inénébia ni. Aligbenima daa galisi ni maa zaa yoli Bogo nim daa bi chɛ bi baalli maa n yɛrila Igo maa daa na kuli nyɛla bini yɛri shɛli.

Adiini

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Yuuni 2012,  government religious freedom report  puuni, ni yuuni  2004 puuni ni ni  Lomé tiŋgbani daa  nyɛla din mali buɣu jɛmdiba ka bi kalinli yiŋsi  33% salo maa puuni, ka 25% nyɛ Roman Catholic nima, ka 20% nyɛ sunna musilinima, 9% mi bɛ protestant puuni ka 5% mi bɛ kristiɛn yaɣa shɛŋa din pahi. Ka 5% shɛli din kpalim maa mi nyɛ ninvuɣu shɛba ban ka adiini shɛl ni. Lahabali ŋɔ wuhiya ni kristiɛn mini misilinima pam na kuli nyɛla ban bɛ bi kaya mini bi taɣada puuni.

Yuuni 2023, World Factbook yɛliya ni salo maa puuni 42.3% nyɛla kristiɛn, ka 14% mi nyɛ musilinima,  ka 36.9% mi nyɛ ban doli bi kaya ni taɣada, ka kalinli din bi paagi 1% mi nyɛ Hindus, Jews ni adiini shɛŋa din pahi,ka 6.2 mi nyɛ ban ka adiini shɛli ni.

Kristiɛnity daa nyɛla din yaligi 15 century sunsuni,  Portuguese Catholic Missionary nim kandina maa nyɛŋa. Germans nim mi n daa kana ni Protestantism 19 century sunsuni, saha shɛli bini daa chɛ ka missionary kɔbiga ban yi  Bremen missionary society la chanŋ coastal yaɣa, Togo mini Ghana la. Togo Protestants daa nyɛla bini mi shɛba Brema, ka di bi nyɛla lala yuli maa Berman ni. Tɔbu shɛli bini daa boli World war I la nyɛŋa German missionaries nim daa nyɛla ban chanŋ, din daa yihi Aligbenima Evangelical chɛchi laa.[77]

Bala

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Enthnology yɛliya, ni bala pihinahi yinka n bɛ Togo tingbani, lala bala maa shɛŋa nyɛla ban salo bi paagi kalinli 100,000.bala pihinahi yinla ŋɔ puuni French n nyɛ tigbani maa bal zuɣu.[78] Bala maa puuni bi daa yihi bala di baa ayi n yɛli ni di gba nyɛla bal kpeni yuuni 1957: aligbesili ( Ewe:Éʋegbe; French: Eve) mini Kabiyé.[78]

Din daa kuli pa Zuliya nima maa zaa balli maa zaa yoli, French n daa nyɛ bini mali shɛli n wuhiri bi shikuru ni, lahabali kam ka bi daa yi yan ti tiŋgbani maani daa nyɛla French. Aligbesili daa nyɛla bal shɛli niriba pam ni yɛra south yaɣalka. Tem daa nyɛla bal shɛli bini boli dabiligu balli northern yaɣali fɔŋ shɛŋa.[79] Tiŋgbani maa nyɛla ban saɣi ti ni Aligbesili mini Kabiye sili daa nyɛla bal zuɣu n ti tiŋgbani maa, dini n nyɛ bal shɛŋa bi duhi di yuli zuɣusaa ka bori ni di nyɛ bal shɛli bini yɛn mali n wuhiri shikuruni ni pohim zuɣu yɛltɔɣa. Bal shɛŋa di pahi n nyɛ Gen, Aja, Moba,  Ntchamni Ife. Bi daa pahila Commonwealth puuni ka daliri maa nyɛ, Togolese gomlanti daa mali niya ni din yoogi soli n ti Togolese bilchinima ka bi bohim silimisili.

Daabiligu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Togo Tingbani maa gbubila phosphate deposits[80] shɛli hali ka baŋdiba zaŋ kpapukparilim niɛma polo kamani coffee, cocoa bean, ni peanuts (groundnuts), ka di zaa tooi yihiri kamani kɔbiga puuni vaabu pihita nyɔri na[81]. Gumdi nyɛla din laɣiri donila tiŋa.[82]

Kulim shɛli din be tingbanni maa gbubi la kɔbiga puuni vaabu pia ni yini 11.3% tingbani maa ni. Ka di pam pun nyɛ din yaligi. Binbira shɛŋa n nyɛ banchi, jasmine shinkaafa, kawana n ti pahi za. Luɣishɛŋa nyɛla brewery ni textile industry. Bɛ binyɛra ka laɣiri di yi kana Togo maŋmaŋa ni yihiri niɛma maa sambanni ka di nyɛla volatile political situation yuuni 1990s mini 2000s ni mali yɛl' tɔɣa bihi zaŋ chaŋ daabiligu maa polo.[83]

Bɛ sabinli mi ni sɔŋ tingbani shɛŋa ŋan yaligi maa laɣingu ni. di zala yaɣili maa daabiligu zaa shee.Gomnanti maa daa mɔya saha waɣila ka World Bank mini International Monetary Fund (IMF) daa sɔŋ a ka bɛ daa kpuɣi daabiligu maa zalisi, n kpaŋsiri laɣikubo ni daabiligu ni, ka lahi chɛ ka di pili laɣiwalisira mini lsɣidira ni yɛn be shɛm. Political unrest, ni ti pahi private ni public sector daa dolili yuuni 1992 mini yuuni 1993, ni zaŋ bɛ lala reform program maa ni diɛm, ka filim bɛ farigu, ka daabilim maa shee niŋ basaa tingbani maa ni.Togo daa nyɛla bɛ ni wuhi ni shɛli do 117th dunia zaa yuuni 2025.[84][85]

di zirila machinery, equipment, petroleum products, ni bindira n kpɛrina. Bɛ mini ban tooi tumda n nyɛ France (21.1%), Netherlands (12.1%), Côte d'Ivoire (5.9%), Germany (4.6%), Italy (4.4%), South Africa (4.3%) ni China (4.1%). Bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli n yiri sambanni n nyɛ cocoa, coffee, re-export of goods, phosphates ni gumdi. "Major export partners" ni nyɛ Burkina Faso (16.6%), China (15.4%), the Netherlands (13%), Benin (9.6%) and Mali (7.4%).

Alaafee

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Human right measurement initiative[86] nim nyɛ ka Togo nim kpaŋ bi maŋ n pali alikawule 71.3% din di tu ni bi niŋ shɛm zaŋ kpa bi daa alaafee polo zaŋ jɛndi bi tiŋgbani maa ni nyɛri ariziki shɛm.[87] A yi lihi alaafee bobu ti bihi, Togo nim nyɛla ban niŋ 93.8% din di tu ni bi niŋ shɛm puuni zaŋ jɛndi tiŋgbani maa ni nyɛri ariziki shɛm.[87] Zaŋ chanŋ ninkura alaafee bobu polo, tiŋgbani maa nyɛla ban niŋ 88.2% din di tu ni bi niŋ shɛm puuni zaŋ jɛndi tiŋgbani maa ni nyɛri ariziki shɛm.[87] Di yi kana alaafee bobu zaŋ kpa paɣduɣisonima polo di nyɛla din biɛ, ka dama bi nyɛla ba pali li 37.3% din di tu ni bi niŋ shɛm puuni zaŋ jɛndi tiŋgbani maa ni nyɛri  ariziki shɛm.[87]

Alaafee ni di shɛm Togo tiŋgbani daa nyɛla 5.2% GDP yuuni 2014 ni,  din daa chɛ ka tiŋgbani maa doni 45th zaashee duniya zaa ni. Bilɛri kum daa  nyɛla din kalinli yiŋsi 43.7 bihi 1,000 yuuni 2016 puuni. Bidibisi duɣibu kalinli daa yiŋsi 62.3 yuuni 2016 puuni ka  bipuɣinsi mi duɣibu kalinli yiŋsi 67.7 lala yuuni maa ni. Niriba 100,000 puuni alaafee baŋdiba anu n bini tiba yuuni 2008 la saha.  Yuuni 2013 UNICEF lahabali[88] wuhiya ni bipuɣinsi shɛba bini daa guni Togo puuni kalinli daa yiŋsi 4%.

Yuuni 2015 puuni paɣapuunima ban kpi dɔɣim 100,000 kam puuni  Togo kalinli nyɛla  368, zaŋ ŋhamdi 350 yuuni 2010 ni 539.7 yuuni 1990. Bunu kam gbɛni paɣapuunim kpibu duɣim 1,000 kam puuni nyɛla kalinli 100, ka bilɛri ban kpira biɣi pishi ni ani dabsa maa puuni bi duɣim nyɛŋa mi kalinli nyɛ bunu kam zuɣu nyɛla 32. Togo puuni paɣaɔɣisotɔɣindiba ayi n bini nti duɣim 1000 kam zuɣu, ka nyɛvilli  barina ( kum) nti paɣapuunima nyɛ zaɣa yini (1)  67 kam puuni.[89]

Yuuni 2016 puuni, Togo nim  niriba ban  kalinli daa nyɛ 4100 ( 2400 - 6100) daa nyɛla niŋvuɣu pala ban nyɛ  HIV doro ka 5100 (3100 - 7700) mi mali AIDs doro ŋɔ. Salo maa puuni niriba  100,000 (73,000 - 130,000) n daa nyɛ ban bini ni HIV  yuuni 2016 ni, bi puuni vaabu 51% ( 37 - 67%)  n daa nyɛri tibbu. Di yi kan paɣapuunim ban daa mali HIV polo 86% ( 59% - <95%) n daa nyɛri tibbu bɛ ka bi tiriba tima din yan gu bilɛri maa ka chɛ lala doro ma.  Bihi ban kalinli yiŋsi <1000 ( <500 - <1400) daa nyɛla ban mali HIV doro ŋɔ ka di nyɛla bi manima n zaŋ lɔo ba. Niriba shɛba ban mali HIV doro ŋɔ puuni 42% ( 30-55%) din nyɛla din doni.[90]

AFD nim nyɛla ban bɛ tumani ni bi bo bɛrisuŋ n ti Lomé tiŋgbanima, coastal  tiŋ ban mali salo  1.4 million,  ka modernizing  solid waste management service. Bi daa mɛ landfill din daa paagi international standard ni di suŋsi saɣiri bahibu.[91][92]

Yuuni 2014, Universal Health Insurance  Program daa nyɛla bini yihi shɛli na, ka di nyɛ din daa yan suŋ niriba ban kalinli yisi 800,000 chira ayɔbu puuni. Di daa nyɛla National Social Security Fund nim mini National Health Insurance Institute nim nu ni pa shɛli zuɣu.[93]

Shikuru

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Togo tiŋgbani shikuru nyɛla talahi yuma ayɔbu.[94] Yuuni 1996 puuni primary shikurubihi kalinli daa nyɛla 119.6% ka kɔbiga puuni ka primary shikurubihi maa nyɛ vaabu 81.3%.[94] Yuuni 2011 primary shikurubihi kalinli daa nyɛla kɔbiga puuni vaabu 94%. Shikuriti ŋɔ nyɛla din niŋ wahala pam zaŋ chanŋ karimbanima mini karimmanima pooli, tiŋkpaŋsi shikuriti nyɛla din di ka yaa ka bi lahi labisi shikuru bihi pam nyɛŋa, ka chɛ ban chɛ shikuru.[94]

Kali

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Togo kali bihigu dolila yaɣa ayi. Aligbenima/Mina ban bɛ south yaɣali ni Kabye/Tem mi bɛ north yaɣali, dihi tabili bini ni Aligbesili mini Kabiye sili niyɛla bal shɛŋa bini yɛri pam.[95] Ewe-Mina nim jɛmdi buɣili shɛli bini boli Mawu la ni bini tabi buɣi shɛŋa bini boli Vodun maa mini Kabye nim taɣada shɛli bini boli Evala Wrestling  Initiation rites la,[96] ka Guin nim mi  ( nyɛ lahabali ni wuhi ni bi tabila Mina nima southeast coast yaɣali) piligiri bi yuun paali ni Epé-Ekpé : kuɣili kpihibu chuɣu Glidji puuni.[97]

Aligbe tiŋsi puuni bi daa tiri jabihi bin shɛŋa ka boli lala niŋsim ŋɔ maa ni Venavi ( ka Fon ni mi boli hohovi) ka di nyɛla jɛma ni tibigimsi n ti jahi. Yoruba nim mi nyɛla yim ni  ére ibeji (ibeji)[98][99] di kana dari mini kuɣi kpebu polo, bi tooi kperi amiliya binyɛra " bin tooi zaŋ duɣi yini n kpe nubihi ayi ni nuntuhi.[100]

Bin yara wuɣibu gba daa nyɛla Togo nim Kali  tun kpɛeni.( Bafilo weaving centre), ban wuɣiri maa daa tooi wuɣiri bi  Kali chuɣu nima. Wuɣibu ŋɔ nyɛŋa wax chinchina daa nyɛla yɛli kpeni bi shili malibuni ni bi bihiguni. Togolese paɣaba daa nyɛla ban shɛri ka   yɛri chinchina ŋɔ n jɛndi Kali chuɣu shɛlini bini yan chanŋ, bɛ da shɛli bini chana bɛ zaashee ni nyɛ shɛli colonial mini post colonial saha.

Basketball daa nyɛla Togo nim dɛima ni yiɣi jam din pahi ayi.[101] Togo ni daa pahi national team zuɣu beach valleyball din daa gbe yuuni  2018-2020 CAVB Beach Valleyball Continental Cup dabba yaɣali.[102]

Togo puuni mass media n nyɛ walansi, tarivisa, pohim zuɣu ni gbaŋ shɛŋa din sabi. Agencies Togolaise de Press nyɛla lahabali tiriba ban daa piligi yuuni 1975.[103] Union des Journalistes Independant du Togo Press Association nyɛ headquartered n bɛ Lomé. Togolese television nyɛla tiŋgbani ma  ni su shɛli.[103]



Togo kali biɛhigu dolila bɛ taada yaɣa yaɣa: kamani Ewe/Mina din be south polo maa ni ti pahi Kabye/Tem din be north polo maa, bɛ lala yaɣa di baa ayi ŋɔ maa nyɛla ba yɛri aligbesili mini kabiyé balli pam. Balla Ewe-Mina nima jɛndila be buɣa la Mawu mini associated vodu,[104] ni ŋan pahi pahi n be Kabye Evala wrestling initiation rite maa ni.

Di yi yan doli zuliya nima, Togo tiŋgbani malila balla pihita ni awai.shɛŋa nyɛla fɔŋ di dinsalo kalinli porim bi paagi kalinli 100,000. Balla pihita ni awai maa puuni balli shɛli bi ni yɛri tiŋgbani maa ni n- nyɛ French. Balla di baa ayi shɛli bini ka bi kpaŋsi di yɛlibu ka boli di gba tiŋgbani maa balla yuuni 1975: ewé ( aligbe: Évegbe; French : Evé) ni kabiyé.

Hali di daa kuli pa tiŋgbani maa zaa balli maa, French maa ka bi daa mali n wuhira shikurutini, ni bin shɛwɔ kam ni kama walinsi ni, Aligbesili gba daa nyɛla South yaɣali ni maa ni tooi zoogi  ka bi tooi yɛra. Tem ka shɛba gba tooi yɛra daabiligu shɛi northern yaɣa shɛŋa. Aligbesuli mini Kabiye nyɛla bal shɛŋa bin tooi lahi yɛra ka Togolese puuni di gbeni nyɛmi ni kpaŋsi shikuriti puuni, ka di lahi nyɛ bi ni yen yɛri shɛli pohim zuɣu.

Ewe-Mina nima nyɛla ban jɛmdi Naawuni, Mawu n ti pahi associated vodun, n ti lahi pahi Kabye Evala nima wrestling initiation rite maa, ka Guin yaɣili maa mi (zaŋ be taarihi n chaŋ ti gabi Mina din be southeast coast maa ni) lebi yuun' palli be mini Epé-Ekpé "taking of the stone" ceremony at Glidji

Further reading

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  • Bullock, A L C, Germany's Colonial Demands (Oxford University Press, 1939).
  • Gründer, Horst, Geschichte der deutschen Kolonien, 3. Aufl. (Paderborn, 1995).
  • Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties (Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2001).
  • Packer, George, The Village of Waiting (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1988).
  • Piot, Charles, Nostalgia for the Future: West Africa After the Cold War (University of Chicago Press, 2010).
  • Schnee, Dr. Heinrich, German Colonization, Past and Future – the Truth about the German Colonies (George Allen & Unwin, 1926).
  • Sebald, Peter, Togo 1884 bis 1914. Eine Geschichte der deutschen "Musterkolonie" auf der Grundlage amtlicher Quellen (Berlin, 1987).
  • Seely, Jennifer, The Legacies of Transition Governments in Africa: The Cases of Benin and Togo (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).
  • Zurstrassen, Bettina, "Ein Stück deutscher Erde schaffen". Koloniale Beamte in Togo 1884–1914 (Frankfurt/M., Campus, 2008) (Campus Forschung, 931).

Kundivihira

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  1. ↑ World Population Prospects.
  2. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency, Intelligence Estimate, The Current Situation in Palestine, October 20, 1947, Secret, CIA..
  3. ↑ "Reynolds, James Edward, (born 20 May 1974), BBC News Correspondent, since 1998", Who's Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, retrieved 2025-12-06
  4. ↑ Togolese Republic (en) (1998-11-18).
  5. 1 2 Togo (Partner) (en-US).
  6. ↑ "Togo", The World Factbook (in English), Central Intelligence Agency, 2025-12-10, retrieved 2025-12-12
  7. ↑ San Diego Archaeological Center (2021-12-11), Ironworking in Togo, West Africa: Archaeological Research in the Bassar Region 2013-2020, retrieved 2025-12-12
  8. ↑ admin (2020-04-19). How Togo came to have its name (en-US).
  9. ↑ Benjamin, Thomas (2009-02-16). The Atlantic World: Europeans, Africans, Indians and their Shared History, 1400–1900 (en).
  10. ↑ The transatlantic slave trade.
  11. ↑ Y, Dr (2019-04-26). German Colonial Treaties in Africa: Togoland July 5th 1884 (en).
  12. ↑ Martin, Lawrence; Reed, John (2007). The Treaties of Peace, 1919-1923 (in English). The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-58477-708-3.
  13. ↑ San Diego Archaeological Center (2021-12-11), Ironworking in Togo, West Africa: Archaeological Research in the Bassar Region 2013-2020, retrieved 2025-12-08
  14. ↑ The transatlantic slave trade.
  15. ↑ Laumann, Dennis (2003). "A Historiography of German Togoland, or The Rise and Fall of a “Model Colony”". History in Africa 30: 195–211. DOI:10.1017/s0361541300003211. ISSN 0361-5413.
  16. ↑ "5. Mittel und Prinzipien der japanischen Kolonialpolitik", Die japanische Kolonialpolitik, De Gruyter, pp. 81–87, 1910-12-31, ISBN 978-3-11-154272-0, retrieved 2025-12-08
  17. ↑ Zuber, David (2022-03-28). Sylvanus Olympio (1902-1963) (en-US).
  18. ↑ "Togo - Ujamaa Live" (en-US). Ujamaa Live. 2019-04-26. https://ujamaalive.africa/encyclomedia/togo/.
  19. ↑ Ellis, Stephen (1993-10). "Rumour and power in Togo" (in en). Africa 63 (4): 462–476. DOI:10.2307/1161002. ISSN 1750-0184.
  20. 1 2 Togo Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption (en).
  21. ↑ Coups in Togo.
  22. ↑ Farge, Emma. "Gambian ministry says up to Togo to resolve crisis" (en-US). U.S.. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-togo/gambian-ministry-says-up-to-togo-to-resolve-crisis-idUSKBN1CS1W7.
  23. ↑ Togo's President Faure Gnassingbé wins fourth term (en) (2020-02-24).
  24. ↑ Togo President Faure Gnassingbe wins fourth term (en).
  25. ↑ Togo: une enquête ouverte après la mort du colonel Bitala Madjoulba (fr) (2020-05-05).
  26. ↑ TOGONYIGBA (2023-10-28). Togo | Assassinat du colonel Madjoulba Bitala : le général Kadangha Abalo dément toutes accusations (fr-FR).
  27. ↑ (1987-03) "Transcript of the news as broadcast by BBC on 15 April". Index on Censorship 16 (3): 16–23. DOI:10.1080/03064228708534218. ISSN 0306-4220.
  28. 1 2 (1987-03) "Transcript of the news as broadcast by BBC on 15 April". Index on Censorship 16 (3): 16–23. DOI:10.1080/03064228708534218. ISSN 0306-4220.
  29. ↑ "Togo succession 'coup' denounced" (en-GB). 2005-02-06. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4241001.stm.
  30. ↑ 500 killed in Togo electoral violence - UN (en) (2215-11-03).
  31. 1 2 Article Not Found!.
  32. ↑ SciDev.Net.
  33. ↑ allAfrica.com: Togo: African Union in Row Over Appointment of Special Envoy.
  34. ↑ allAfrica.com: Africa: ECOWAS Explains Withdrawal of KK's Appointment As Togo Envoy.
  35. ↑ Wayback Machine.
  36. ↑ Togo's president re-elected: electoral agency (en) (2010-03-06).
  37. ↑ "Togo opposition snubs poll result" (en-GB). 2010-03-07. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8554145.stm.
  38. ↑ Editorial, Reuters. "Togo leader Gnassingbe re-elected in disputed poll" (en-US). Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-togo-idUSTRE62520G20100306.
  39. ↑ "Togo opposition 'to join coalition government'" (en-GB). BBC News. 2010-05-27. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10177087.
  40. ↑ "Togo profile - Timeline" (en-GB). BBC News. 2011-07-11. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14107024.
  41. ↑ "Togo protest: Lome rocked by electoral reform unrest" (en-GB). BBC News. 2012-06-14. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18439872.
  42. ↑ "Togo protest: Lome rocked by electoral reform unrest" (en-GB). BBC News. 2012-06-14. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18439872.
  43. ↑ Huge rally in Togo (en-US).
  44. ↑ "Togo's Faure Gnassingbe wins third term as president" (en-GB). BBC News. 2015-04-29. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32512615.
  45. ↑ Togo President Gnassingbé wins re-election – DW – 02/24/2020 (en).
  46. ↑ Togo's dynasty lives on (en-GB) (2020-02-28).
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  53. ↑ Home - DefenceWeb (en-ZA) (2017-01-07).
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  64. ↑ Book sources - Wikipedia (en).
  65. ↑ Administrator. Site Officiel des Forces Armées Togolaises - Organisation des Forces Armées.
  66. ↑ Martinez Rodriguez, Elianys (2020-07-12). "Promoting Youth Empowerment through International Cultural Exchanges". Iris Journal of Scholarship 2: 57–67. DOI:10.15695/iris.v2i0.4828. ISSN 2643-2633.
  67. ↑ Dinerstein, Eric (2017-06). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm" (in en). BioScience 67 (6): 534–545. DOI:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568.
  68. ↑ Grantham, H. S. (2020-12-08). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity" (in en). Nature Communications 11 (1). DOI:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723.
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  70. ↑ World Population Prospects 2022. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
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  72. ↑ Population of a country Togo - Evolution of the population Togo - Age pyramid - Median age - Demographics - Life expectancy (en).
  73. 1 2 INSEED – Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Économiques et Démographiques (fr-FR) (2025-11-26).
  74. 1 2 INSEED – Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Économiques et Démographiques (fr-FR) (2025-11-26).
  75. ↑ Gayibor, Nicoué Lodjou; Université de Lomé, eds. (2011). Histoire des Togolais: des origines aux années 1960. Hommes et sociétés (Nouv. éd ed.). Paris : Lomé: Karthala ; Presses de l'université de Lomé. ISBN 978-2-8111-0480-1.
  76. ↑ "Togo", Wikipedia (in English), 2025-12-04, retrieved 2025-12-10
  77. ↑ Decalo, Samuel (1996). Historical dictionary of Togo. African historical dictionaries (3. ed ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-3073-8. |edition= has extra text (help)
  78. 1 2 ICCIA - The Islamic Chamber of Commerce , Industry and Agriculture (ICCIA) (en-US).
  79. ↑ "Togo" (en). Ethnologue. https://www.ethnologue.com/country/TG.
  80. ↑ Martinez Rodriguez, Elianys (2020-07-12). "Promoting Youth Empowerment through International Cultural Exchanges". Iris Journal of Scholarship 2: 57–67. DOI:10.15695/iris.v2i0.4828. ISSN 2643-2633.
  81. ↑ Martinez Rodriguez, Elianys (2020-07-12). "Promoting Youth Empowerment through International Cultural Exchanges". Iris Journal of Scholarship 2: 57–67. DOI:10.15695/iris.v2i0.4828. ISSN 2643-2633.
  82. ↑ "[May]", The Papers of Thomas Jefferson: Retirement Series, Volume 11, Princeton University Press, pp. 300–397, retrieved 2025-12-11
  83. ↑ Flatley, Robert. Britannica Original Sources.
  84. ↑ Gladkova, Margarita; Khudyakova, Olga (2025), "Using the Global Innovation Index (GII) in Assessing and Forecasting the Innovation Ecosystem", Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. 71–80, ISBN 978-3-031-97875-3, retrieved 2025-12-11
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  86. ↑ The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (en-US).
  87. 1 2 3 4 HRMI Rights Tracker (en-IE).
  88. ↑ Wayback Machine.
  89. ↑ "Protected and supported, #midwives can provide up to 90% of essential sexual and reproductive health services." (en-US). United Nations Population Fund. https://www.unfpa.org/sowmy.
  90. ↑ Togo | UNAIDS (en) (2025-04-03).
  91. ↑ Bank, European Investment (2023-02-22). "The Clean Oceans Initiative" (in EN).
  92. ↑ Clean Oceans Initiative (en).
  93. ↑ First, Togo. Togo's Universal Health Insurance Covers 800,000 People in First Six Months (en-gb).
  94. 1 2 3 Bureau of International Labor Affairs (ILAB) - U.S. Department of Labor.
  95. ↑ "Togo | Capital, Map, Religion, Population, & Facts | Britannica" (en). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Togo.
  96. ↑ UNESCO ICM (en).
  97. ↑ AfricaNews (2024-08-30CEST16:29:21+02:00). Togo: Guin people mark new year with Sacred Stone ceremony (en).
  98. ↑ Female twin figure (Ère Ìbejì) (en-US).
  99. ↑ Journée gémellité (fr).
  100. ↑ NOUSSOUGLO, Cyriaque Kodjo (2015-10-22). Togo: Artisanats d'arts (fr-FR).
  101. ↑ Le basketball, une discipline en quêtes de moyen et de vocations au Togo (fr) (2021-05-28).
  102. ↑ Continental Cup Finals start in Africa (en).
  103. 1 2 Publications, Europa (2002-10-31). Africa South of the Sahara 2003 (in English). Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-85743-131-5.
  104. ↑ "Ewe | West African, Ghana, Togo | Britannica" (en). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ewe-people.
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