Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Sorilim

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
(Mahim ka di tom m-bahina)
Mahim
biological process
Yaɣ shelimenstruation Mali niŋ
Facet ofhuman reproduction, women's health Mali niŋ
Found in taxonHomo sapiens Mali niŋ
Described at URLhttp://bacsisaigon.net/kinh-nguyet-mau-den.html, http://bacsisaigon.net/kinh-nguyet-mau-nau.html Mali niŋ
WordLift URLhttp://data.thenextweb.com/tnw/entity/menstruation Mali niŋ
Diagram illustrating how the uterus lining builds up and breaks down during the menstrual cycle

Sorilim bee Mahim[1] bee paɣaba puuni nyabu nyɛla goli kam ʒi' shɛli din yiri paɣaba tooni. Sorilim maa dabisa wuhiri mi ni paɣa maa ka puli bee n-kpuɣi puli. Sorilim ŋɔ dolila di yi ti niŋ ka binshɛli bɛ ni boli hormones la dubu ni di siɣibu paɣa niŋgbina ni. Din kpirigiri sorilim nyɛla di yi niŋ ka paɣa niŋgbina ni progesterone siɣi ka di lahi nyɛ din wuhiri shɛhira kamani paɣi maa ka pua.

Paɣa tuuli sorilim nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli Menanrche, ka di nyɛ din piini di yi ti niŋ ka bipuɣimbila paagi yuun' pia ni ayi hali zaŋ ti gbaagi yuun' pia ni anu sunsuuni. [2]Di yi ti niŋ ka bipuɣimbila sorilim daŋ pilibu kamani o yuma anii ni, di nyɛla din gba zan' tuhi .[3] Tiŋgbani shɛŋa din lɛbigi ni, bipuɣinsi too zooya ka bɛ daŋdi bɛ sorilim nyabu n-gari tiŋgbani shɛŋa din lebigimsim dii bi zoogi.[4] Paɣa yi nya o sorilim, saha shɛli di ni yɛn di ka o ti naan yi lahi nya o sorilim ni tooi gbaagi dabisa pishi ni yini hali zaŋ ti gbaagi pihinahi ni anu. Dabisa maa nyɛla din vuuri biɛla di yi ti kana bipola ni. Di gbaari la dabisa pishi ni yini hali ni pihita ni ata, ka din tooi zoogi nyɛla kamani biɛɣu pihita yinika.[3] [4]Sorilim maa yi ti pili yibuna, di yirila paɣa maa tooni dabaa ayi ni daba ayɔpoin sunsuuni . Sorilim nyɛla din ŋmaara di yi ti niŋ ka paɣa kpuɣi puli saha shɛli la, hali di yi ti niŋ ka paɣa maa dɔɣi ka mɔɣisiri bia bihim, lala chira tuuli maa o bi sora.[3] Paɣa sorilim nyɛla din ŋmaari zaazaa di yi ti niŋ ka o paagi yuun' pihinahi nI anu hali zaŋ ti gbaagi yuun' pihinu nI anu, ka di nyɛ din kuli yoli paɣa kam ni. Lala ŋɔ yi ti niŋ, di wuhirimi ni paɣa maa dɔɣim gba ŋmaaya dama o ku lahi tooi kpuɣi puli bɛ ti yɛri ni o dɔɣi gba.[5]

Kobigi puuni paɣaba pihiwei nyɛla ban ka yɛlimuɣisira din ni tooi taɣi ba bɛ tuma shee di yi ti niŋ ka bɛ sora. Nahingbana shɛŋa beni ka di wuhiri paɣa maa niŋgbina ni dabisa shɛm poi ka bɛ sorilim naan yi kana, ka di nyɛ di ni boli shɛli "premenstrual syndrome(PMS)", din gbinni nyɛ binshɛli din yɛn niŋ poi ka paɣa sorilim naan' yi kana. Kobigu puuni paɣaba vaabu pishi zaŋ gbaagi pihita nyɛla nahingbana ŋɔ ni wuhiri shɛba ni, ka vaabu buta zaŋ gbaagi vaabu bunii nyɛ nahingbana ŋɔ ni tooi muɣisiri shɛba biɛhigu.[6] Lala nahingbana ŋɔ puuni n-nyɛ; ninni bintɔra, biha baligibu ni biɛrim, wumsim, ni din pahi.[7] Saɣingi ni biɛrim, ni ʒim yibu pam pam, bee ka ʒim maa bi tooi yiri viɛnyɛla nyɛla nahingbana shɛŋa din yiri paɣa shɛba gba ni, di yi ti niŋ ka bɛ sora.[3] Di yi niŋ ka bipuɣimbila paagi yuun' pia ni anu ka o sorilim na bi pili, bee di yi niŋ ka paɣa ŋun pun sora, bi nyɛ o sorilim chiraata, di nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli "amenorrhea" din gbinni nyɛ sorilim kalinsi.[3]

Nahingbana

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Sorilim dabisa

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Paɣa tuuli sorilim "menarche" nyela o ni nyeri sheli di yi niŋ ka o nahingbana taɣi, kamani biha yibu ni din pahi, din wuhiri tiri ni o birila paɣa maa. Tuuli sorilim ŋo nyela din kanna yuun pinaayi zaŋ gaabi pinaanu. [8][2]To amaa paɣa ni tooi daŋ o sorilim nyabu kamani yuuma anii ni.[3] Tingbani sheŋa din lebigi ni, bipuɣinsi too zooya ka bi daŋdi bi sorilim nyebu n gari tingbani sheŋa din lebigimsim dii bi zoogi.[4][9] Yuun sheli paɣa ni yen paagi ka piligi sorilim nyabu nyela din taɣi bela United States of America tum yuuni 1950 .[4]

Sorilim nyela bin sheli bini mali zahindi paɣitali . Paɣa yi nya o sorilim, saha sheli dini yen di ka o ti naan yi lahi nye o sorilim ni tooi gbaagi dabisa pishiniyini hali zaŋ gbaagi pihinahi ni anu. Dabisa maa nyela din vuugi biɛla di yi ti kana bipola ni, di gbaari la dabisa pishiniyini hali ni pihita ni ata , ka din tooi zoogi nye kamani biɛɣu pihita ayika:[3][4] amaa kundu sheŋa yeliya ni biɛɣu pihita yinika.[10] Dabisi sheŋa dini yen niŋ ka paɣa sorilim naan yi kana nyela din woli pam di yi kana paɣaba ban yuma bi paagi pishinaanu, ka woiligimsim leei bi zoogi di yi kana paɣaba ban yuma nye pishinaanu zaŋgbaagi hali ni pihinahiyinika. [11]Wolgimsim ŋo lahi nyela din galsi biɛla paɣaba ban yuma nye pihinahi hali ni pihinahinaanahi.[11]

"Perimenopause" nyela saha sheli paɣa doɣim ni boora, ka o sorilim ŋaari bela bela hali ni saha sheli o ni yen nya o sorilim bahigu, di yi niŋ ka o sobu ŋmaagi zaa zaa ka o lahi pa ŋun ni tooi kpuɣi puli. Tabibi soli zuɣu, "menopause" sorilim ŋmaabu nyela di yi niŋ ka paɣa ŋun yuma nye yuun pihinahinaanu hali ni pihinunaanu bi nya o sorilim yuuni pulini.[5] [12]Di yi niŋ ka lala ŋo niŋ ka paɣa maa na bi paagi yuun pihinahinaanu , di wuhiya ni di ŋmaala yom .[13] Kamani paɣa tuuli sobu, sorilim ŋmaabu gba nyela din doli yela pam kamani doro, biɛhigu ni ninsali nama , din ni tooi che ka shebi din ŋmaagi yom.[14]

Sorilim ʒim yibu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Menstrual cup filled with menstrual fluid

ʒi sheli din yiri paɣa tooni di yi ti niŋ ka o sora zooya ka di nye 35 mililitres ( diriti ayi ni pirigili) ka sheŋa gba kuli be 10 - 80 mililitres sunsuni. Bin sheli din yiri paɣa tooni di yi ti niŋ ka sori pala ʒim ko , di bahi bahindi niriba pam kuli mini ʒim m bala maa. Di nahingbana nyela zaɣ ' sabiliʒee , din sabigi bela gari ʒi sheli din zori sali ʒi soli ni.[12]

Sorilim ŋo pirigili nyela ʒim. ʒim maa nyela din mali sodium, calcium, phosphate, iron, ni chloride di ni, ka di galisim doli din be paɣa maa ni. Yaha, sorilim maa lahi mali paɣi tooni kom, ni din pahi. [15]

Paɣaba pam nyela ban nyeri ʒi kpula di yi ti niŋ ka bi sora. Ka saha sheli di ŋmani paɣa yi ti zaŋ bahi ka ʒi kpili sheli yiri maa, di yi ti niŋ laa bini tooi kuli zahim lala ʒim ŋo tabiibi soya zuɣu nya di nin neesim.[16]

Binsheli be sali ningbina ni, n soŋdi ka ʒim namda, ka di booni li "Iron". [17]Di yi ti niŋ ka paɣa sora, Iron ŋo pam pala din dii yiri o ningbina ni. Vihigu yini puuni, paɣaba ban daa dii ka Iron ŋo bi ningbina ni nyela bini daa vihi sheba ka bi kobigi puuni vaabu pihiniinaayobu daa nye ban daa mali kumpini doro din nye din daliri ni tooi tahi lala ŋo na ka pala bini sori la zuɣu.[18] Amaa di yi niŋ ka ʒim yiri paɣa yaɣi o yi sora, dini tooi che ka ʒim poogi o ningbina ni,[19]

Di barina nim yaɣishɛŋa

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Sorilim Alaafie

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Paɣa sheba nyela ban nyeri nahingbana kamani ninni bintora, biha biɛrim ni baligibu , wumsim , poi ka bi sorilim naan yi kana.[20] Di sheŋa nyela dinni tooi nahim paɣaba ban kalinli nye kobigi puuni vaabu buta zaŋ gbaagi vaabu bu niika bi ku tooi ku bi bukaatanima.[20][21] [22][23]"Dysmenorrhea ( sorilim din kanna ni biɛrim) nyela berim sheli din be saɣingi ni, ka lala berim ŋo ni tooi gbaagi nyaanga ni gbali pina sorillim tuuli dabisa ni. [24][25][26]Sorilim yi ti biɛri yaɣi, di zooya ka daliri sheli bieni ka di pala sorililm ŋo konko.[27] Lala binyera ŋo ni tooi dam paɣa alaafeei ni o biɛhigu ka di simdi ni di tiri lala paɣaba bi ŋo soŋsim din yen kpŋsi bi biɛhisi ni bi alaafei.[28]

Ninvuɣ'sheba dihi tabili di paɣaba sorilim ŋo nyela din damdi bi hankali , ka che ka paɣaba vuuri bi maŋa di yi ti niŋ ka bi sora, niriba lan tehiri ni sorilim nyela bin sheli din biɛra, din mali daɣiri ni din nye vi bini . [29]

Moods ni " premenstrual syndrome (PMS)"

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) nyela nahingban sheŋa din yri paɣa ni zaŋ jendi o biɛhigu ni o ningbina bakoi bee bakoi dibaayi poi ka o sorilim naa yi kana.[30][31] Lala nahingbana ŋo nyela din bi lahi yen beni di yi niŋ ka sorilim maa maŋmaŋ pili.[30] Paɣa kam ni shehira sheli bee nahingbani sheli din yiri o ni.[32] Lala nahingbana ŋo galisiya , ka din tooi zooi di puuni nye biha baligibu ni bierim, zuɣu yaali, maŋ vuubu ka che salo, suhu yiɣisili ni wumsim. [33]Poi ka bi naan yi bolli PMS, di sim di ni lala nahingbana ŋo nye binnsheli din taɣiri niri ka cheri tuma beei din yen dam nira biɛhigu sorilim buyi zuɣu . Lala nahingbana ŋo nyela din bi zan tuhi PMS ko ka nye din ni tooi niŋ paɣa sheba ban ka PMS gba. [33]PMS nahingbana ŋo nyela din be sali ni na kamani dabisa ayobu.[34] Nahingbana ŋo nyela din ni tooi taɣi . [34]PMS nahinbana pala din beni di yi niŋ ka paɣa zali puli bee paɣa sorilim yi ti ŋmaa zaa zaa. [35]

Binsheli din tahiri PMS na nyela dini na bi mi sheli , amaa bi dihi tabili ni hormones sheŋa din be paɣa ningbina ni taɣibu taɣibu n nye din tahirili na. [35]Yelim baligibu, dam nyubu baligbu , caffeine baligibu nti pahi maŋ toribu n nye binsheli din ni tooi soŋ si ban mali PMS.[35] Calcium mini vitamin D zaŋpahi bindira ni nyela din gba ni tooi soŋsi. [34]Tima kamani ibuprofen bee naproxen nyela din ni tooi soŋ di n ku biɛrim sheli din kanna di PMS .[35]Ban dini niŋ nimmoo , doɣiri gandim tima bee spironolactone ni tooi soŋ bi gba n baligi nahingbana maa tiba.[34][35]

Biɛrim

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Paɣaba pam ni, taɣibu nyela din daliri doli bi hormones ni kuli siɣiri ka duri la di kana bi sorilim saha. Di puuni n nye bi doɣiri surugu kahimbu din ni tooi niŋ poi ka sorilim maa naa yi kana beei ka di mini sorilim maa niŋ saha yini.[36] Paɣaba pam nyela ban wumdi berim , dini kuli mi sheli "dysmenorrhoea' la, bi yi ti sora.[37] Lala berim ŋo tooi guri sheba ka cheri bi tuma, shikuru ni bi dabisili biɛhigu .[6]

Di yi niŋ ka saɣingi berim ni ʒim yi paɣa ka o sorilim saha na bi paagi, din tooi nye paɣa maa zaŋ mi bahi maa . Lala ŋo nyela bini ni tooi zaŋ pregnancy test kit n lihi nya, di yi shiri nyela puli . [38]

Bi ni mali binsheli n tibiri saɣingini berim maa n nye ti sheŋa bini boli "non- steroidal antiinflammatroy drugs (NSAIDS)".[39] NSAIDs ŋo nyela di ni toi soŋ siɣisi bierim maa . Bi yi pu paɣaba anu, yino berim bi siɣira di yi niŋ ka o vali NSAIds ŋo, di zuɣu lala niribi ŋo borila tima dabam .[40] Ti sheŋa din pahi ka bi mali siɣisiri berim ŋo n nye aspirin bee paracetamol, ni doɣiri gandim gandim tima (Oral Contraceptives). [39]

Sorilim ni doriti dabam

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Sorili nyela din kperi doriti dabam ni kamani:

  • Paɣa sheba ban mali zuɣu puri yeltoɣa nyela ban doriti kpaŋsira di yi ti niŋ ka bi sora.[41] Kotomsi, estrogen boobu paɣa ningbina ni ni tooi kpaŋsi zuɣuyaali taliga balee di yi ti niŋ ka paɣa ŋun mali zuɣu yaali taliga lahi vaandi doɣiri gandim gandim tima.
  • Paɣaba pam ban mali kpilinkpihi nyela ban tooi zoogi ka bi lura , ka di gba kuli doli bi sorilim saha: ka bi pii yuli bolili "Catamenial epilepsy" [42].Di balibu balibu gba zooya.

Sexual activity

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Paɣa kore zaŋ chaŋ dabba ni nyela din gba taɣira o sorilim saha. Poi ni ovulation, di tooi zoya ka paɣa mali korisi zaŋ kpa laɣimbu ni , ka lala korisi ŋo nye din siɣi tiŋa di yi ti niŋ ka sorilim maa pili kandi na. [43]

Vihigu kani n wuhiri ni di bi tu kamaata ni paɣa ni doo laɣim di yi ti niŋ ka paɣa maa sora.

Doɣim yaɣili

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Saha sheli paɣa kulum ni zoogi ( saha sheli paɣa ni ni tooi kpiɣi puli yom di yi niŋ ka o mini doo laɣim) nyela din kuli nye dabisi bihi : dabaayi poi ni ovulation ni dabaayi ovulation nyaaŋa.[44] Lala ŋo nyela din kperi bakoi dibaayi hali ni bakoi dibaata piligu zaŋti paɣa so ŋun sorilim dabisa nye pishiayika. Lala dabisa ŋo nyela din woli n ti paɣa kam , kamani ovulation dabisili ŋo ni woli zaŋ ti sorilim kam paɣa yino ni la.[45] Bi kuli yina ni laabasu nima ni di soŋ paɣaba ka bi tooi baŋ saha sheli bini mali kulum pam ni saha sheli bi kulum ni boora ; ka di pii yuli bollii "fertility awareness".

Sorilim Yɛlgola

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Ovulation din bi zani tuhi bee din kanna ka naɣr nyela dini booni sheli "oligoovulation".[46] Di yi niŋ ka niri bi ovulatiria di boo ni ni "anovulation". Sorilim ni tooi kuli kanna viɛnyela ka ovulation pala din niŋ poi ni ka sobu maa naa yi pili. Paɣa shebi ni, di yi niŋ ka bi ningbina bahi gala maa, di yen pilila bibu nti zani soli; di zaa yoli estrogen nyela din yen be o doɣim surugu ni ka tooi nye din ni soŋ ka o so. [47]

Di yi niŋ ka sorilim ʒim ŋo bi galisi ( din bi paagi 10ml) , di booni li "hypomenorrhoea" . Di yi niŋ ka dabisi sheŋa din yen niŋ poi ka paɣa naa yi nya o sorilim bi paagi pishiniyini, di booni li "polymenorrhoea"; sorilim din kanna amaa ka mali yelgola kamini goli kam dini kana ka dabisa leei woli n nye "metorrhagia" . Sorilim din ʒim gari 80ml nyela "menorrhagia".[48] Sorilim din din kanna pam pam ( ka di ʒim gari 80ml) ka di ni kanna dabisi sheŋa woli n nye "menometrorrhagia"Di yi niŋ ka dabisi sheŋa di ni yen niŋ ka paɣa sorilim naa yi kana yaɣi pihitanaanu zuɣu, di boo ni li "oligomenorrhea". [49]Amenorrhoea nyela di yi niŋ ka di yaɣi chira ata [48]zaŋ chani chira ayobu [49]ka paɣa bi nya o sorilim ka mii ka puli . Sorilim din kanna ni biɛrim n nye dysmenorrhea.

Walgimsim beni pam zaŋkpa paɣaba sorilim polo. Yaɣa pam beni ka niri sorilim ni tooi miligi ka che dini simdi ni di nye shem.

Bachi Gbinni
Oligomenorrhea sorilim din dabisa bi zani tuhi
Hypomenorrhea Sorilim din dabisa bi galsi bee din ʒim yiri belabela
Polymenorrhea Sorilim din dabisa nye biɛɣu pishiniyini kam bee din bi paa lala
Hypermenorrhea Sorilim din ʒim galisi bee din dabisa yuura, ( din tooi nyuhiri taanchili awa kam , bee sorilim din kanna gari dabaa apoin)
Dysmenorrhea Sorilim din kanna ni biɛrim
Intermenstrual bleeding ʒi sheli din yira di yi ti niŋ ka sorilim saha na bi paagi
Amenorrhea sorilim din bi kanna zaa zaa


Di yi niŋ ka bin sheli beni n dam di ninsali hankali di gba ni tooi che ka lala niri ŋo sorilim che kan di na. [50]

Sorilim Biɛrim

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Sorilim biɛrili dini mi sheli "dysmenorrhoea" nyela sorilim sheli din kanna ni bierim ni saɣingu kahimbu . [51][52]Di piinila saha sheli sorilim maa yi ti kanna. [53]Di nahingbana nyela din yaɣiri dabaata . Biɛrim maa nyela din be saɣingi ni.[53] Di nahingbana sheŋa n lahi nye nyaanga biɛrim, binsaa ni tiri. [53]

Sorilim biɛrim ni tooi niŋ ka di pala daliri sheli n tahili na.[54] Binsheŋa din ni tooi tahi sorilim biɛrim na n nye fibroids, adenomyosis ni endometriosis.[54] Di nyela din zoogi ninvuɣ'sheba ban sorilim kanna pampam, ban sorilim kanna ka fohira , ban sorillim pili poi ni yuun pinaayi ni ban dii ka ningbina.[53] Saɣingu ni zahimbu tabibi sochibsi zuɣu , zaŋti ninvuɣ' sheba ban mali mama ka bi miini ba laɣinda ni tooi soŋ si n woligi binsheŋa din gba ni tooi tahi biɛrim maa na kamani puli din bi bili paɣa bidoɣir surugu ni, PID ni din pahi.[53]

Lala biɛrim ŋo nyela din dii bi zoogi ninnvuɣ'sheba ban toriti bi maŋ ni ni ninvuɣ'sheba ban daŋ doɣibu.[53] Tima din ni tooi soŋ n nye Non- Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) kamani Ibuprofen, mefenamic acid, doɣiri gandim gandim tima ni IUD sheŋa din mali pregestogen di ni. Vitamin B1 beei magnesium nyela din gba ni tooi soŋ . Shahira dii kani zaŋkpa acupuncture, yoga ni maŋ-ŋmiribu daanfaani nti sorilim biɛrim maa. Apolasa gba ni tooi soŋ di yi niŋ ka yelmuɣisiri sheli n tahira sorilim bierim ŋo na.

Laasabu wuhiya ni paɣaba kobigi puuni vaabu pihinu zan gbaagi pihiwoi n nye sorilim bierim ŋo ni nahindi sheba. Sorilim yeligola puuni, sorilim bierim ŋo n galisi paɣaba ni. Di piinila yuuni sheli paɣa ni yen tuui nya o sorilim. Di yi niŋ ka daliri sheli ka di nyaaŋa, bierim ŋo nyela din yen baligi di yi niŋ ka niri gbaari kpamli bee o yi doɣa. Estimates of the percentage of female adolescents and women of reproductive age affected are between 50% and 90%. It is the most common menstrual disorder. Typically, it starts within a year of the first menstrual period. When there is no underlying cause, often the pain improves with age or following having a child.

Maŋ kasi niŋbu sorilim saha

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Menstrual cup
Menstrual cup
Cloth menstrual pad
Cloth menstrual pad

Sorilim niɛma ( bini mi sheli "paɣtali kasi nema") nyela binsheŋa din nyuri sorilim ʒim . Niɛma pam nyela din beni- ka di sheŋa nye dini labiri sheli , ka sheŋa nye niri ni tooi lahi labi zaŋ sheli niŋ . Luɣ'sheli paɣaba ni mali yiko , binsheŋa bini mali taɣiri sorilim ʒim ŋo nyela bini maani sheŋa n kohira. Paɣaba ban sori , nyela ban gaani silimin taankyiya, ka shebi mi mali tampons bee capunima n taɣiri ʒim maa.


Binsheŋa bini mali taɣiri ʒim ŋo, ka di sim si ni bi labili bi yi niŋli naagi n nye:

  • Silimin taankyia ( dini mi sheli sanitary towels bee pads la) - Di nyela zaɣ waɣinli ka bi malili niŋdi peto ni sora , di malila binsheli din soŋdili ka di tabili peto maa vienyela . Bini mali bin sheŋa maani taankyiya ŋo puuni sheli n nye gumdi, ka di mali rubber di nyaaŋa.
  • Tampons - Di gba nyela zaɣ'mulima ka di nye gumdi ka bi zaŋ mali li , ka mali mi bila ka bi dihiri firiti paɣa tooni ni di nyu ʒim .


Binsheli dini ni tooi lahi labi niŋ n nye:

  • Sorilim copu bihi (menstrual cups) - copu bihi din nye din bala ka bi malili firiti paɣa tooni ni ti deei ʒim maa. Ka di simsi ni niri kpaagi ʒim maa bahi ka labi paɣi copu ma vienyela.
  • Sorilim taankyili- Lala taankyiya ŋo, gumdi , tani ka bi zaŋ mali li, di nyela bini she sheli , ka di paɣiri bahira di yi niŋ ka niri so li naagi.
  • Sorilim peto nima - di gba nyela bini zaŋ tani n she peto sheŋa ka di timsi di tooni ka ni tooi taɣi sorilim ʒim .

Fakari chemi ka paɣa sheba ku tooi nyaŋ da lala sorilim sabita yelbora ŋo. [55][56]Lala zuɣu bi malila bi maŋmaŋ tana n leeri taankyiya n gaana .[57][58] "Period Povery" ( bi tooi nyaŋdi n dari sorilim yeli bora) nyela duniya yaanga zuɣu yelmuɣisirili din nahindi paɣaba ni bipuɣinsi ban ka yiko ni bi da sorilim sabita neen bora.[59] N pahi, saɣiri bahibu sheei nyela din nye yelmuɣisira tingban sheŋa din lebigira ni, di saha di wuhiya ni paɣaba ka luɣ'sheli bi ni yen bahi taankyi sheŋa bini pun gani. [60]Taankyiya ŋo bahibu yiriŋ gba nyela din tahiri yeli muɣisira na , dama lala taankyiya ŋo nyela din ni toi ŋari baanjiriti, gotanima ni kosoya. [55]Vihigu din niŋ United Kingdom wuhiya ni paɣaba ban tumdi gariche ni tuma bi mali yeli muɣisira di yi kana sorilim sabita yelbora polo.[61]

Sorilim gubu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Due to hormonal contraception

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Half-used blister pack of a combined oral contraceptive. The white pills are placebos, mainly for the purpose of reminding the woman to continue taking the pills.

Progesterone bee progestins nyela bini mali binsheli n taɣiri sorilim ka di diri saha ka naan yi kanna paɣa ni. Bi yi vali lala progesterone bee progestins ŋo sorilim biɛɣu pshi dali, di tooi che ka sorilim gba di saha kamani biɛyu pishi ka naan yi kana, ka nye binsheli din che ka sorilim kanna dabaayi bee ata nyaanga di yi niŋ ka niri che lala tim maa valibu.[62]

Progestin bee progesterogen ŋo nyela doɣiri gandim gandim tima la puuni din pahi bini booni sheŋa "Hormonal contraceptives" la zuɣu. Lala hormonal contraceptives ŋo nyela din taɣiri sorilim ni kanna sham, dabisi sheŋa di ni yen kana, ʒim maa ni yiri shem nti pahi sorilim nahingbana. Hormonal contraception din niŋ bayaana n nye bini laɣim estrogen ni progestogen niŋ sheli ni la. Di bahi bahandi lala tim ŋo niya nyami ni di gu ka taɣi puli kpiɣibu la, dini lahi tooi zaŋ li n mali sorilim yeligola zali , kamani "polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS) , endometriosis , adenomyosis, sorilim kalinsi, sorilim biɛrim, sorilim zuɣuyaali taliga , sorilim din kanna pampam ni din pahi pahi.[63][64]

Combined birth control ŋo ni lahi tooi che ka sorilim yuui kandi na beei ka di kuli ŋmaa sorilim ŋo zaazaa, binsheli dini boli "menstrual suppression" (sorilim dihibu).[65] Paɣa sheba nyela ban kuli niŋdi lala ŋo domi di mali asama ,[66] ka shebi mi kuli bori ni bi kuli ŋmaa bi sorilim zaazaa. Bi ni tooi niŋ lala ŋo bi yi yaɣi placebo ti kpila din yen pahi che ka sorilim maa kana maa bee ka bi vali extended cycle combined oral contraceptives pill , dini daa tuui yihi sheli na United States yuuni 2000 saha la. "Placebo' ŋo nyela ti kpila sheŋa din ka estrogen maa mini pregestogen di puuni, ka di daliri nyami ni di soŋdi ka paɣa maa sorilim kana , biɛɣu pishiniyini ka bi vaani ti maŋa maa ka vali placebo maa ni dabaa ayopoin. Di yi niŋ ka niri je ni o sorilim kana zaa zaa o yen yaɣila placebo ŋo bahi. Di yi niŋ ka niri kuli vaani tima ŋo ka bi vaani placebo maa, di nyela dinni tooi gu sorilim kobigi puuni vaabu pihinii yuuni pulini.[67]

Bihili moɣisibu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Bii bihili moɣisibu nyela din che ka paɣi sorilim ŋmaari dabaa a sham, ka dalii nyami di chami ka ningbina maa bahiri binsheŋa dini boli "gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) ni luteinizing hormone (LH)" la.[68] Di yaa ni tooi che ka paɣaba ban moɣisiri bihim gala bi lahi bira , bee gala maa bira amaa ningbina maa bi bahiri li , bee ka sorilim kuli lahi nye din kanna. [69] Paɣa ningbina yi bi bahiri gali sheli din bi ŋo, nyela din zoogi paɣaba ban moɣisiri bihi saha kam ni.[70] Binsheli dini boli "prolactin" nyela ningbina maa ni bahiri sheli din gba yeen tooi pahi ka paɣa ŋun moɣisiri bii bihim bi nyari o sorilim . [71]Paɣaba ban moɣisiri bi bihi saha kam nyela ban sorilim labirina chira pinaanahi doɣim nyaanŋa. To amaa lala ŋo nyela din wali paɣaba sunsuni ka sheba sorilim nye din labiina chiraayi hali ka shebi mi gba sorilim ni tooi paagi chira pihiahinaayi pio ka naan yi labina.[72]

ʒilɛli ni kali

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Amra Padatik India, celebration of Menstrual Hygiene Day in India

Etymology and terminology

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Sorilim bachi nyela bin sheli din kpini goli. Srorilim siliminsili bachi "Menstration' nyala dini nya sheli Latin "mensis" din gbinni nye goli, din chaŋ n ti jendi saha kurili Greek "mene" din gba gbinni nye goli nti pahi siliminsili bachinima goli mini goli .[73]

Tuma duzuri sheŋa nyala ban pili bachi "menstruator" "ŋun sora" bolibu ka che "menstruating women" , din gbinni nye "Paɣa ŋun sora", binsheli bini kaa kuli booni tuum yuuni 2010.[74] Menstruator ŋo nyela bini booni bachi sheli ni bi niŋ paɣaba ban bi sori toɣino, paɣaba ban zaŋ bi maŋ lebi dabba ka na sora ni ninvuɣ'sheba ban bi bori ni bi boli bi maŋ paɣaba'. [75]Lala bachi ŋo nyela din mali nangban kpeeni tuma duzuri ban zabiri paɣa zuɣu sunsuni ; amaa, lala nima ŋo pam nyela ban saɣiti bachi maa ka yeli ni di zanti sokam , hali ban pa paɣaba ka sora.[75] Bi lahi zooya ka bi booni bachi ŋo "people who mesntruate" din gbinni nye "niriba ban sora".[76]

Taɣaada, yɛlchihira, ni sorilim lahibaya

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Adiininima pam nyala ban mali sorilim taɣaadanima , ŋmahinli: musulinsi nyala din moŋ paɣa ŋun sori ni o mini doo laɣim, al Kuraani puuni.[77] Baŋdiba ŋmela nangban kpeeni n yeri ni paɣaba ban sori nyela ban ka aliwalla, ni di zuɣu di bi simdi ni bi shihi al Kuraani . Yaha tiri, sorilim , paɣi ni doo laɣimbu ni dulim bee baanjira damdibu gba nyala din saɣindi niri aliwalla. [78]Judaism puuni, bi boonila paɣa ŋun sora Niddah ka di zuɣu moŋo ka che yeli sheŋa. ŋmahinli, Yahuudawa nima kundu Torah nyala din moŋ paɣa ŋun sori mini doo laɣimbu.[79] Hinduism puuni, paɣa yi ti sora, di wuhiya ni daɣiri be o ni, ka nye bini kuli tiri so zali kpana ka o dola.[80][81]

Sorilim baŋsim nyala bini kuli wuhiri sheli n pahi paɣaba ni dabba laɣimbu baŋsim karinzona ni slimintinsi ni, di bahi bahindi bipuɣinsi nyela ban bori ni bi manima wuhiriba lala sorilim ni paɣatali yela ŋo maa. [82]Sorilim lahabaya nyala zori ni ʒi ʒiini tali gba ni tooi diri sheli fiila , ka di gba ni tooi soŋ ka paɣaba ni dabba balaga fiila nye binsheli din mali dariza ka pa binsheli dini yen yuli ʒem.[83] Baŋsim sheli bini leri niriba zaŋ kpa sorilim polo n nyen wuhi bi gbaabu zaŋkpa di polo. [84]Bipuɣin sheba nyela ban soɣiri bi sorilim bee n kuli soɣiri nahingbani sheŋa din yen wuhi ni bi sori mi, tigban sheŋa sorilim ni nye din chihira. [84]Baŋsim ni lahibali wuligibu vienyela nyela din ni soŋ bihi ni bihi ban niŋ balaga ka bi bohim zaŋkpa bi sorilim polo. Karinzona nyala luɣu sheli bini ni tooi wuhi sorilim yeltoɣa.[85]Tuma duri gba nyela ban ni tooi le niribi baŋsim zaŋkpa sorilim polo.[85] Baŋsim bobu zaŋkpa sorilim, zoosim, ni balaga niŋbu nyela din bi yen tooi chani vienyela zaŋ ti bipuɣinsi ban yi luɣ'sheŋa lebigimsim ni bi zoogi pam. Lala ŋo chami ka bi mali hali shaŋa din dii bi niŋ zaŋ kpa sorilim polo.[86]

Paɣaba waligibu bi sorilim saha

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Awareness raising through education is taking place among women and girls to modify or eliminate the practice of chhaupadi in Nepal.

Kaya sheba ni, bi waligirila paɣaba di yi ti niŋ ka bi sora ka di chaŋ nti dalim bi dihimi tabili ni sorilim nyala din chihira. [87]Bi daliri nyami, bi lihila lala paɣaba ŋo ka bi ka sabita, bee ka bi mali chuuta be tɛhi mi ni bi ni tooi che ka yeltoɣa biɛyu paagin bimini ŋun niŋ niŋ gbina bi sorilim maa saha. Lala biehisi ŋo nyala din zoogi South Asia yaɣi sheŋa kamani India.[88] Yuuni 1983 vihigu daa wuhiya ni paɣaba daa nyela ban bi lahi tumdi dundoŋ ni tuma bi yi ti sora India tingbani ni[89]. Bini boli sheli "Chhaupadi " nyala bin sheli bini zoogi ka bi niŋdi Nepal wulinluhili yaɣili zaŋti Hindu paɣaba, ka di nyami di gurila paɣa maa ka chari yiŋ tuma saha sheli o yi ti sora. Lala saha ŋo bi lihiri la paɣaba ban sori ka bi nye daɣiri ka mali ba chani ka bi ti gberi suɣa ni. Di bahi bahindi Nepal kootu zuɣu daa zaliya ni di cheli chhaupadi yuuni 2005, bi kali ni taɣaada nyala din na dii bi taɣi zaa.[90] [91]Paɣaba ni bipuɣinsi ban kaya ni taɣaada gba niŋ di ŋoloŋo nyela ban waligiri lala bipuɣinsi ŋo nti niŋdi suɣa ni ka lala suɣa ŋo nye bini kuli niŋ sheli zali paɣaba di yi ti niŋ ka bi sora. Nepal gomnanti daa pa zaliya ni paɣa ŋun be o sorilim ni waligibu ŋo nyela taali din mali tibidarigibo tiŋ maa ni yuuni 2017 dini daa niŋ ka niribi daa kpi saha sheli bini daa kuli waligiba ba bi ko ka di yuugi, amaa "bi na kuli nyela ban waligiri paɣaba ni bipuɣinsi". [92]Ka kali ni taɣaada kam n lihi sorilim ka di nye zaɣ'biɛyu, Beng nima ban be Wesr Africa lihiya ka sorilim ʒim ŋo nye din mali dariza pam ka dihitabili ni di mali bukaata paɣa zoosim ni ballee zaŋ kpa bi doɣim polo.

Dihitabili ni paɣaba ban miri taba sorilim dabisa yen dolimi

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Goli nuu timbu sorilim ni

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Di bahi bahandi sorilim dabisa waɣilim chaŋ mi ti ti ŋmani goli dabisa la, pumpoŋo na lala binyera ayi ŋo ka shaɣani sheli ni taba. [93] Di dabisa ni chaŋ ti ŋmai taba maa nyala gamukatari.[94][95] Neesim bee laati ka nuu timbu paɣaba sorilim ni. Vihigu din gbaagi yuuni 1996 wuhiya ni binsheli ka ninsali sorilim dabisa mini goli dabisa puuni,[96] ; amaa dabisa din be goli puuni mini sorilim dabisa kalinli nyala yim.[97]

Paɣaba laɣim biɛni

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Yuuni 1971, vihigu daa yina wuhiya ni paɣaba yi laɣim bieni bi sorilim dabisa ti yen dolila taba bin sheli bini boli "menstrual synchrony". [98]Vihisi din niŋ lala vihigu nyaaŋa bohi bohisi zaŋkpa lala bini ŋo polo , ka yeli ni di zooya ka di bi niŋ yelimaŋli. [99]Yuuni 2013 vihigu daa yina ti yeli ni lala bini ŋo pala din niŋda.[100]

Tuma

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Tingbani sheŋa , ballee tiŋ sheŋa din be Asia, malila zalisi din che ka paɣaba ban nyari bi sorilim tooi naƔi tuma dabisi sheŋa bin sora.[101]Tingbani sheŋa din mali lala zalisi ŋo n nye Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia , ni South Korea. [102][103]Lala bin ŋo nyela niribi ni kuli ŋmeri nangban kpeeni ni di gbarigirila paɣaba, ni paɣaba pala ban ni tooi tum vienyela,[101] nti pahi ni lala zalisi ŋo bi niŋ adaalichi ti dabba ,[104] [105]nti pahi ni di chami gba ka dabba yuli ʒem paɣaba la nye binsheli din kpaŋsira.[102]

Binnɛma

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Binnema pam nyela ban mali estrous cycle , amaa ka bi zaa n sora. Sorilim nyela din niŋdi binneen sheŋa ban mini ninsalinima shifanima ŋmani taba kamani kpara.[106]

Kundivihira

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  1. ↑ Naden, Tony. 2014. Dagbani dictionary. Webonary.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Schuiling, Kerri Durnell; Likis, Frances E. (2013). Women's Gynecologic Health (in English). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7637-5637-6.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Menstruation and the menstrual cycle fact sheet | womenshealth.gov (2015-06-26).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 American Academy of Pediatrics (2006-11-01). "Menstruation in Girls and Adolescents: Using the Menstrual Cycle as a Vital Sign" (in en). Pediatrics 118 (5): 2245–2250. DOI:10.1542/peds.2006-2481. ISSN 0031-4005.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Menopause: Overview (2015-04-02).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Biggs, Wendy S. (2011-10-15). "Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder". American Family Physician 84 (8): 918–924. ISSN 1532-0650. PMID 22010771.
  7. ↑ Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | Office on Women's Health (en).
  8. ↑ Karapanou, Olga (2010-09-30). "Determinants of menarche". Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology : RB&E 8: 115. DOI:10.1186/1477-7827-8-115. ISSN 1477-7827. PMID 20920296.
  9. ↑ Alvergne, Alexandra (2018-06). "Is Female Health Cyclical? Evolutionary Perspectives on Menstruation". Trends in Ecology & Evolution 33 (6): 399–414. DOI:10.1016/j.tree.2018.03.006. ISSN 0169-5347.
  10. ↑ Bull, Jonathan R. (2019-08-27). "Real-world menstrual cycle characteristics of more than 600,000 menstrual cycles". NPJ Digital Medicine 2: 83. DOI:10.1038/s41746-019-0152-7. ISSN 2398-6352. PMID 31482137.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Chiazze, L. (1968-02-05). "The length and variability of the human menstrual cycle". JAMA 203 (6): 377–380. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 5694118.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Carlson, Karen J.; Eisenstat, Stephanie A.; Ziporyn, Terra Diane (2004). The new Harvard guide to women's health. Internet Archive. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01343-8.
  13. ↑ NHS Clinical Knowledge Summaries - Clinical topic - Menopause (2009-07-07).
  14. ↑ Mishra, Gita D. (2019-05). "EMAS position statement: Predictors of premature and early natural menopause". Maturitas 123: 82–88. DOI:10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.03.008. ISSN 0378-5122.
  15. ↑ Farage M (22 March 2013). The Vulva: Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology. CRC Press. pp. 155–158.
  16. ↑ Menstrual Blood Problems: Clots, Color, and Thickness (2011-09-23).
  17. ↑ Iron-deficiency is not something you get just for being a lady | Context and Variation, Scientific American Blog Network (2012-03-17).
  18. ↑ Kepczyk, Major Thomas (1999-01). "A Prospective, Multidisciplinary Evaluation of Premenopausal Women With Iron-Deficiency Anemia" (in en-US). Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology | ACG 94 (1): 109. DOI:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.00780.x. ISSN 0002-9270.
  19. ↑ Mansour, Diana (2021). "A Review of Clinical Guidelines on the Management of Iron Deficiency and Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Women with Heavy Menstrual Bleeding". Advances in Therapy 38 (1): 201–225. DOI:10.1007/s12325-020-01564-y. ISSN 0741-238X. PMID 33247314.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Gudipally, Pratyusha R.; Sharma, Gyanendra K. (2024), "Premenstrual Syndrome", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32809533, retrieved 2024-09-02
  21. ↑ Reed, Beverly G.; Carr, Bruce R. (2000), Feingold, Kenneth R.; Anawalt, Bradley; Blackman, Marc R.; Boyce, Alison (eds.), "The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of Ovulation", Endotext, South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc., PMID 25905282, retrieved 2024-09-02
  22. ↑ Appleton, Sarah M. (2018-03). "Premenstrual Syndrome: Evidence-based Evaluation and Treatment" (in en-US). Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 61 (1): 52. DOI:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000339. ISSN 0009-9201.
  23. ↑ Ferries-Rowe, Elizabeth (2020-11). "Primary Dysmenorrhea: Diagnosis and Therapy" (in en-US). Obstetrics & Gynecology 136 (5): 1047. DOI:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004096. ISSN 0029-7844.
  24. ↑ Period pain (en) (2017-10-19).
  25. ↑ Nagy, Hassan; Carlson, Karen; Khan, Moien AB (2024), "Dysmenorrhea", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32809669, retrieved 2024-09-02
  26. ↑ Baker, Fiona C. (2018-09). "Menstrual Cycle Effects on Sleep". Sleep Medicine Clinics 13 (3): 283–294. DOI:10.1016/j.jsmc.2018.04.002. ISSN 1556-407X.
  27. ↑ Maddern, Jessica (2020-10-06). "Pain in Endometriosis". Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 14: 590823. DOI:10.3389/fncel.2020.590823. ISSN 1662-5102. PMID 33132854.
  28. ↑ Matteson, Kristen A. (2019-09-01). "Menstrual Health as a Part of Preventive Health Care". Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 46 (3): 441–453. DOI:10.1016/j.ogc.2019.04.004. ISSN 0889-8545.
  29. ↑ Else-Quest, Nicole M.; Hyde, Janet Shibley (2022). The psychology of women and gender: half the human experience + (Tenth edition ed.). Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC Melbourne: SAGE. ISBN 978-1-5443-9360-5. |edition= has extra text (help)
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Gudipally, Pratyusha R.; Sharma, Gyanendra K. (2024), "Premenstrual Syndrome", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32809533, retrieved 2024-09-02
  31. ↑ Mishra, Sanskriti; Elliott, Harold; Marwaha, Raman (2024), "Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30335340, retrieved 2024-09-02
  32. ↑ Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | Office on Women's Health (en).
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Tiranini, Lara (2022-04-28). "Recent advances in understanding/management of premenstrual dysphoric disorder/premenstrual syndrome". Faculty Reviews 11: 11. DOI:10.12703/r/11-11. ISSN 2732-432X. PMID 35574174.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Biggs, Wendy S. (2011-10-15). "Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder". American Family Physician 84 (8): 918–924. ISSN 1532-0650. PMID 22010771.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) fact sheet | womenshealth.gov (2015-06-28).
  36. ↑ Ju, Hong (2013-11-26). "The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dysmenorrhea". Epidemiologic Reviews 36 (1): 104–113. DOI:10.1093/epirev/mxt009. ISSN 1478-6729.
  37. ↑ Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | Office on Women's Health (en).
  38. ↑ Ectopic Pregnancy Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Latthe, Pallavi Manish (2014-10-21). "Dysmenorrhoea". BMJ Clinical Evidence 2014: 0813. ISSN 1752-8526. PMID 25338194.
  40. ↑ OLADOSU, Folabomi A. (2018-04). "NSAID resistance in dysmenorrhea: epidemiology, causes, and treatment". American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 218 (4): 390–400. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.108. ISSN 0002-9378. PMID 28888592.
  41. ↑ Reddy, Nihaal (2021-03-10). "The complex relationship between estrogen and migraines: a scoping review". Systematic Reviews 10: 72. DOI:10.1186/s13643-021-01618-4. ISSN 2046-4053. PMID 33691790.
  42. ↑ Herzog, Andrew G. (2008-03). "Catamenial epilepsy: Definition, prevalence pathophysiology and treatment". Seizure 17 (2): 151–159. DOI:10.1016/j.seizure.2007.11.014. ISSN 1059-1311.
  43. ↑ Levay S, Baldwin J, Baldwin J (2015). "Women's Bodies". Discovering Human Sexuality. Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc. p. 44. ISBN 9781605352756
  44. ↑ My Fertile Period | DuoFertility (2008-12-21).
  45. ↑ Creinin, Mitchell D. (2004-10). "How regular is regular? An analysis of menstrual cycle regularity". Contraception 70 (4): 289–292. DOI:10.1016/j.contraception.2004.04.012. ISSN 0010-7824.
  46. ↑ Understanding Oligoovulation (en).
  47. ↑ Weschler, Toni (2002). Taking charge of your fertility : the definitive guide to natural birth control, pregnancy achievement, and reproductive health. Internet Archive. New York : HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-039406-6.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 (2024-02-26) "Menstruation Disorders in Adolescents: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology".
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Oriel, Kathleen A. (1999-10-01). "Abnormal Uterine Bleeding" (in en-US). American Family Physician 60 (5): 1371–1380.
  50. ↑ Meczekalski, B. (2014). "Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea and its influence on women’s health". Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 37 (11): 1049–1056. DOI:10.1007/s40618-014-0169-3. ISSN 0391-4097. PMID 25201001.
  51. ↑ McKenna, Kathryn A. (2021-08-01). "Dysmenorrhea". American Family Physician 104 (2): 164–170. ISSN 1532-0650. PMID 34383437.
  52. ↑ Period Pain.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 53.5 Osayande, Amimi S. (2014-03-01). "Diagnosis and initial management of dysmenorrhea". American Family Physician 89 (5): 341–346. ISSN 1532-0650. PMID 24695505.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Menstruation and the menstrual cycle fact sheet | womenshealth.gov (2015-06-26).
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Kaur, Rajanbir (2018). "Menstrual Hygiene, Management, and Waste Disposal: Practices and Challenges Faced by Girls/Women of Developing Countries" (in en). Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2018. DOI:10.1155/2018/1730964. PMID 29675047.
  56. ↑ "Girls 'too poor' to buy sanitary protection missing school" (en-GB). BBC News. 2017-03-14. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39266056.
  57. ↑ Period of shame - The effects of menstrual hygiene management on rural women and girls' quality of life in Savannakhet, Laos | Lund University.
  58. ↑ House, Sarah (2013). "Menstrual Hygiene Matters: a resource for improving menstrual hygiene around the world". Reproductive Health Matters 21 (41): 257–259. ISSN 0968-8080.
  59. ↑ Period poverty | ActionAid UK (en).
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  93. ↑ Norris, David O.; Carr, James A. (2013-05-04). Vertebrate Endocrinology (in English). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-396465-6.
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