List of Jewish heads of state and government

Pahimi soya
Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia

Din doli ŋɔ na nyɛla yuya n zaŋ ti tiŋgbana kpamba mini gɔmnanti nima ban mali Jewish taarihi.

Heads of state and government[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

  Denotes incumbent head of state or government.
Head of state or government Title Country In office from In office until Born in Jewish ancestry
Samuel ibn Nagrella Grand Vizier and Nagid Taifa of Granada, Al-Andalus 1027 1055 Cordoba, Al-Andalus Sephardic Jewish[1][2][3][4]
Yosef ibn Nagrella Grand Vizier and Nagid Taifa of Granada, Al-Andalus 1055 30 December 1066 Granada, Al-Andalus Sephardic Jewish[5][6][7][8]
Joseph Nasi Duke of Naxos Tɛmplet:Country data Ottoman Empire 1566 1579 Kingdom of Portugal Portuguese Jewish[9][10][11]
Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva Governor of the New Kingdom of León  New Kingdom of León 1580 1588 Mogadouro, Kingdom of Portugal Portuguese Jewish[12][13][14]
Gabriel Milan Governor of The Danish West Indies  The Danish West Indies 7 May 1684 5 July 1686 Glückstadt, Germany Sephardic Jewish[15][16]
Juan Lindo President of El Salvador  El Salvador 7 January 1841 1 February 1842 Tegucigalpa, Honduras Sephardic Jewish[17][18][19][20]
President of Honduras  Honduras 2 February 1847 1 February 1852
Benjamin Disraeli Prime Minister of the United Kingdom  United Kingdom 27 February 1868 1 December 1868 Bloomsbury, Middlesex, England, United Kingdom British Jewish, Italian Jewish[21][22][23][24]
20 February 1874 21 April 1880
Julius Vogel Premier of New Zealand Tɛmplet:Country data New Zealand 8 April 1873 6 July 1875 London, United Kingdom English Jewish[25][26][27][28]
15 February 1876 1 September 1876
Vaiben Louis Solomon Premier of South Australia Tɛmplet:Country data South Australia 1 December 1899 8 December 1899 Adelaide, South Australia Australian Jewish[29][30][31]
Matthew Nathan Governor of the Gold Coast Tɛmplet:Country data Gold Coast 17 December 1900 9 February 1904 London, United Kingdom English Jewish[32][33][34]
Governor of Hong Kong Tɛmplet:Country data British Hong Kong 29 July 1904 29 July 1907
Governor of Natal South Africa Colony of Natal 2 September 1907 23 December 1909
Alessandro Fortis Prime Minister of Italy Tɛmplet:Country data Kingdom of Italy 28 March 1905 8 February 1906 Forlì, Papal States Italian Jewish[35][36][37]
Luigi Luzzatti Prime Minister of Italy Tɛmplet:Country data Kingdom of Italy 31 March 1910 30 March 1911 Venice, Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia Italian Jewish[38][39][40]
Francisco Henríquez y Carvajal President of the Dominican Republic  Dominican Republic 31 July 1916 29 November 1916 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Dutch Jewish, Sephardic Jewish[41][42][43][44]
Yakov Sverdlov Chairman of All-Russian Central Executive Committee Tɛmplet:Country data Soviet Russia 21 November 1917 16 March 1919 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire Russian Jewish[45][46][47][48]
Abraham Schrameck Governor-general of French Madagascar  French Madagascar 1 August 1918 12 July 1919 Saint-Étienne, France French Jewish[49][50]
Lahabali kɔligu:Kurt Eisner.jpg Kurt Eisner Minister President of the People's State of Bavaria Tɛmplet:Country data Free State of Bavaria 8 November 1918 21 February 1919 Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia German Jewish[51][52][53]
Lahabali kɔligu:Herbert Samuel.jpg Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel High Commissioner for Palestine Tɛmplet:Country data Mandatory Palestine 1 July 1920 30 June 1925 Liverpool, England British Jewish[54][55][56]
Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading Viceroy and Governor-General of India Tɛmplet:Country data British India 2 April 1921 3 April 1926 London, England British Jewish[57][58][59]
Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics Prime Minister of Latvia Tɛmplet:Country data Latvia 19 June 1921 26 January 1923 Durbe, Latvia Latvian Jewish[60][61][62]
28 June 1923 26 January 1924
Sir Isaac Isaacs Governor-General of Australia Tɛmplet:Country data Australia 21 January 1931 23 January 1936 Melbourne, Australia Polish Jewish[63][62][64][65]
Léon Blum Prime Minister of France  France 4 June 1936 22 June 1937 Paris, France French Jewish, Alsatian Jewish[66][67]
13 March 1938 10 April 1938
16 December 1946 22 January 1947
Léon Geismar Acting governor-general of French West Africa Tɛmplet:Country data French West Africa 14 July 1938 28 October 1938 Dambach-la-Ville, Alsace-Lorraine Alsatian Jewish[68]
David Ben-Gurion
 Prime Minister of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 17 May 1948 26 January 1954 Płońsk, Congress Poland, Russian Empire Israeli Jewish, Polish Jewish[69][70][71]
3 November 1955 26 June 1963
Chaim Weizmann President of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 17 February 1949 9 November 1952 Motal, Russian Empire Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Belarusian Jewish[72][73][74]
Andrew Cohen Governor of Uganda Uganda Protectorate January 1952 1957 Berkhamsted, United Kingdom British Jewish[75]
Yitzhak Ben-Zvi President of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 16 December 1952 23 April 1963 Poltava, Russian Empire Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Ukrainian Jewish[76][77][78][79]
René Mayer Prime Minister of France  France 8 January 1953 28 June 1953 Paris, France French Jewish[80][81]
Moshe Sharett Prime Minister of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 26 January 1954 3 November 1955 Kherson, Russian Empire Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Ukrainian Jewish[82][83][84][85][86]
Pierre Mendès France Prime Minister of France  France 18 June 1954 23 February 1955 Paris, France French Jewish, Portuguese Jewish[87][88][89]
David Marshall Chief Minister of Singapore Tɛmplet:Country data Singapore 6 April 1955 7 June 1956 Singapore, Straits Settlements Baghdadi Jewish[90][91]
Ernő Gerő General Secretary of the Hungarian Working People's Party Tɛmplet:Country data HPR 18 July 1956 25 October 1956 Terbegec, Austria-Hungary Hungarian Jewish[92]
Roy Welensky Prime Minister of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 2 November 1956 31 December 1963 Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia Lithuanian Jewish[93][94][95]
Zalman Shazar President of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 21 May 1963 24 May 1973 Mir, Minsk Governorate, Russian Empire Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Belarusian Jewish[96][97][98]
Levi Eshkol
 Prime Minister of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 26 June 1963 26 February 1969 Orativ, Russian Empire Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Ukrainian Jewish[99][100][101][102]
Joshua Hassan Chief Minister of Gibraltar Tɛmplet:Country data Gibraltar 11 August 1964 6 August 1969 Gibraltar Gibraltarian Jewish, Sephardic Jewish[103][104][105]
25 June 1972 8 December 1987
Max Delvalle President of Panama  Panama April 8, 1967 April 15, 1967 Panama City, Panama Panamanian Jewish,Portuguese Jewish[106][107]
Yigal Allon Acting Prime Minister of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 26 February 1969 17 March 1969 Kfar Tavor, Occupied Enemy Territory Administration Israeli Jewish, Belarusian Jewish[108][109][110]
Golda Meir Prime Minister of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 17 March 1969 3 June 1974 Kyiv, Russian Empire Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Ukrainian Jewish[111][112]
Bruno Kreisky Chancellor of Austria  Austria 21 April 1970 24 May 1983 Vienna, Austria-Hungary Austrian Jewish[113][114][115][116]
Ephraim Katzir President of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 24 May 1973 24 May 1978 Kyiv, Russian Empire Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Ukrainian Jewish[117][118][119]
Yitzhak Rabin Prime Minister of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 3 June 1974 20 June 1977 Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Ukrainian Jewish[120][121]
13 July 1992 4 November 1995
Menachem Begin Prime Minister of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 20 June 1977 10 October 1983 Brest, Russian Empire Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Belarusian Jewish[122][123][124][125]
Sir Zelman Cowen Governor-General of Australia Tɛmplet:Country data Australia 8 December 1977 29 July 1982 Melbourne, Australia Australian Jewish, Belarusian Jewish[126][127][128][129]
Yitzhak Navon President of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 24 May 1978 5 May 1983 Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine Israeli Jewish, Turkish Jewish, Moroccan Jewish[130][131][132][133]
Léon Kengo wa Dondo Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  Democratic Republic of the Congo 5 November 1982 31 October 1986 Libenge, Belgian Congo Polish Jewish[134][135]
26 November 1988 4 May 1990
6 July 1994 2 April 1997
Chaim Herzog President of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 5 May 1983 13 May 1993 Belfast, Ireland Israeli Jewish, Irish Jewish[136][137]
Yitzhak Shamir Prime Minister of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 10 October 1983 13 September 1984 Ruzhinoy, Russian Empire Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Belarusian Jewish[138][139][140][141]
20 October 1986 13 July 1992
Shimon Peres
 Prime Minister of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 13 September 1984 20 October 1986 Wiszniew, Poland Israeli Jewish, Polish Jewish, Belarusian Jewish[142][143][144][145]
22 November 1995 18 June 1996
President of Israel 15 July 2007 14 July 2014
Eric Arturo Delvalle President of Panama  Panama 28 September 1985 26 February 1988 Panama City, Panama Panamanian Jewish, Portuguese Jewish[146]
Henny Eman Prime Minister of Aruba  Aruba 1 January 1986 9 February 1989 Aruba Aruban Jewish[147][148]
29 July 1994 30 October 2001
Ruth Dreifuss Member of Swiss Federal Council  Switzerland 10 March 1993 31 December 2002 St. Gallen, Switzerland Swiss Jewish[149][150][151]
President of Switzerland 1 January 1999 31 December 1999
Ezer Weizman President of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 13 May 1993 13 July 2000 Tel Aviv, Mandatory Palestine Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Belarusian Jewish[72][73][74]
Efraín Goldenberg Prime Minister of Peru  Peru 17 February 1994 28 July 1995 Lima, Peru Peruvian Jewish, Romanian Jewish[152][153]
Benjamin Netanyahu Prime Minister of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 18 June 1996 6 July 1999 Tel Aviv, Israel Israeli Jewish, Polish Jewish[154][155]
31 March 2009 13 June 2021
29 December 2022 Incumbent
Janet Jagan Prime Minister of Guyana  Guyana 17 March 1997 19 December 1997 Chicago, Illinois, United States Guyanese Jewish, American Jewish[156][157][158]
President of Guyana 19 December 1997 11 August 1999
Sergey Kiriyenko Prime Minister of Russia Tɛmplet:Country data Russia 23 March 1998 23 Agust 1998 Sukhumi, Abkhaz ASSR, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union Russian Jewish, Georgian Jewish[159]
Ehud Barak
 Prime Minister of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 6 July 1999 7 March 2001 Mishmar HaSharon, Mandatory Palestine Israeli Jewish, Lithuanian Jewish[160][161]
Moshe Katsav President of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 1 August 2000 1 July 2007 Yazd, Iran Israeli Jewish, Persian Jewish[162][163]
Ariel Sharon
 Prime Minister of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 7 March 2001 14 April 2006 Kfar Malal, Mandatory Palestine Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Belarusian Jewish[164][165][166]
Ricardo Maduro President of Honduras  Honduras 27 January 2002 27 January 2006 Panama Honduran Jewish, Portuguese Jewish[167][168][169][170][171]
Zurab Zhvania Prime Minister of Georgia Tɛmplet:Country data Georgia 17 February 2004 3 February 2005 Tbilisi, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union Armenian Jewish[172][173][62]
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Prime Minister of Peru  Peru 16 August 2005 27 July 2006 Lima, Peru German Jewish, Peruvian Jewish[174][173][62]
President of Peru 28 July 2016 23 March 2018
Ehud Olmert Prime Minister of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 14 April 2006 31 March 2009 Binyamina, Mandatory Palestine Israeli Jewish, Russian Jewish, Ukrainian Jewish[175]
Yehude Simon Prime Minister of Peru  Peru 14 October 2008 11 July 2009 Lima, Peru Peruvian Jewish[60][173][62]
John Key Prime Minister of New Zealand Tɛmplet:Country data New Zealand 19 November 2008 12 December 2016 Auckland, New Zealand Austrian Jewish[60][173][62][176]
Jan Fischer Prime Minister of the Czech Republic  Czech Republic 8 May 2009 13 July 2010 Prague, Czechoslovakia Czech Jewish[177][178][179]
Mike Eman Prime Minister of Aruba  Aruba 30 October 2009 17 November 2017 Oranjestad, Aruba Aruban Jewish[180][181]
Reuven Rivlin President of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 24 July 2014 7 July 2021 Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine Israeli Jewish, Austrian Jewish[182]
Volodymyr Groysman Acting Prime Minister of Ukraine Tɛmplet:Country data Ukraine 25 July 2014 31 July 2014 Vinnytsia, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union Ukrainian Jewish[183][184][185]
Prime Minister of Ukraine 14 April 2016 29 August 2019
Volodymyr Zelenskyy President of Ukraine Tɛmplet:Country data Ukraine 20 May 2019 Incumbent Kryvyi Rih, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union Ukrainian Jewish[183][186][187]
Egils Levits President of Latvia Tɛmplet:Country data Latvia 8 July 2019 8 July 2023 Riga, Latvian SSR, Soviet Union Latvian Jewish[188][189][190][191]
Sophie Wilmès Prime Minister of Belgium  Belgium 27 October 2019 1 October 2020 Ixelles, Brussels, Belgium Belgian Jewish[192][193][194][195][196]
Naftali Bennett Prime Minister of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 13 June 2021 30 June 2022 Haifa, Israel Israeli Jewish, American Jewish[197][198]
Isaac Herzog President of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 7 July 2021 Incumbent Tel Aviv, Israel Israeli Jewish, Irish Jewish[136][137]
Élisabeth Borne Prime Minister of France  France 16 May 2022 Incumbent Paris, France French Jewish, Belgian Jewish, Polish Jewish[199][200][201][202][203]
Yair Lapid Prime Minister of Israel Tɛmplet:Country data Israel 1 July 2022 22 December 2022 Tel Aviv, Israel Israeli Jewish, Hungarian Jewish[204][205]

Lihimi mpahi[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Kundivihira[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

  1. ↑ Samuel ibn Naghrillah.
  2. ↑ Samuel ha-Nagid (en).
  3. ↑ Samuel ha'Nagid.
  4. ↑ The Golden Age of Jewish Philosophy.
  5. ↑ ExecutedToday.com » 1066: Joseph ibn Naghrela (en).
  6. ↑ "1066: Massacre in Granada, Spain" (en). Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2012-12-30/ty-article/.premium/1066-massacre-in-granada-spain/0000017f-edd8-ddba-a37f-effe7bba0000.
  7. ↑ Joseph Ibn Nagrela — JewAge (en).
  8. ↑ Joseph HaLevi HaNagid Ibn Nagrela (en-US).
  9. ↑ Joseph Nasi (en).
  10. ↑ Joseph Nasi.
  11. ↑ Nasi, Joseph, Duke of Naxos.
  12. ↑ THe Family Carvajal.
  13. ↑ Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva, Gob. del Nuevo Reino de León (en-US).
  14. ↑ Carvajal, Luis de (1566–1596).
  15. ↑ Friedman, Lee M. (1922). "Gabriel Milan, the Jewish Governor of St. Thomas". Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society (28): 213–221. ISSN 0146-5511.
  16. ↑ Gabriel Milan - Biography (en).
  17. ↑ Arbell, Mordechai (16 August 2002). The World's Other Jewish President. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  18. ↑ Ehrlich, M. Avrum (2009). Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture (in English). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-873-6.
  19. ↑ Ukraine Elected A Jewish Comedian But Have Ya Heard About The Jews Who Ran Peru (en) (2019-04-23).
  20. ↑ World Jewish Congress (EN).
  21. ↑ History of Benjamin Disraeli, the Earl of Beaconsfield (en).
  22. ↑ Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield.
  23. ↑ Benjamin Disraeli.
  24. ↑ Benjamin Disraeli (en).
  25. ↑ Julius Vogel (en).
  26. ↑ Julius Vogel - Biography (en).
  27. ↑ Julius Vogel: Business Politician By Raewyn Dalziel, 2013
  28. ↑ Six countries you would not believe had a Jewish Prime Minister (en-US) (2017-10-01).
  29. ↑ Donovan, Peter, "Solomon, Vaiben Louis (1853–1908)", Australian Dictionary of Biography (in English), Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 2023-02-24
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  31. ↑ Vaiben Solomon - Biography (he).
  32. ↑ Wilson, Paul D., "Nathan, Sir Matthew (1862–1939)", Australian Dictionary of Biography (in English), Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 2023-02-18
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  34. ↑ Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Matthew Nathan (NAT0557) (en-GB).
  35. ↑ Alessandro Fortis - politician.
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  37. ↑ World Jewish Congress (EN).
  38. ↑ Catalan, Tullia (2015-10-31). Portrait of Italian Jewish Life (1800s-1930s) (en-US).
  39. ↑ Luigi Luzzatti, Italian Jewish Statesman, Given State Funeral in Rome (en-US).
  40. ↑ Luzzatti, Luigi.
  41. ↑ Ehrlich, M. Avrum (2009). Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture (in English). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-873-6.
  42. ↑ Ukraine Elected A Jewish Comedian But Have Ya Heard About The Jews Who Ran Peru (en) (2019-04-23).
  43. ↑ Conte, Carolyn (2020-10-07). Celebrities you didn't know were Jewish and Hispanic (en-US).
  44. ↑ The Jews of the Dominican Republic.
  45. ↑ "1885: A Jew Becomes Leader of Russia, if Not for Long" (en). Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2015-06-03/ty-article/.premium/1885-jew-briefly-leads-russia/0000017f-e0f2-d38f-a57f-e6f21a810000.
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  47. ↑ Yakov Sverdlov.
  48. ↑ Yakov Sverdlov - Biography (he).
  49. ↑ David P. Boder Interviews Abraham Schrameck; August 21, 1946; Paris, France | Voices of the Holocaust.
  50. ↑ "France backs down on honoring an infamous anti-Semite. Many ask why he was being honored to begin with." (en-US). Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/france-backs-down-on-an-honoring-an-infamous-anti-semite-critics-are-asking-why-this-happened-at-all/2018/01/28/53f7b8a0-0409-11e8-bb03-722769454f82_story.html.
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  52. ↑ Kurt Eisner (en).
  53. ↑ "How a Socialist Revolution in Southeastern Germany Inspired Hitler » Mosaic" (en-US). Mosaic. https://mosaicmagazine.com/picks/history-ideas/2022/09/how-a-socialist-revolution-in-southeastern-germany-inspired-hitler/.
  54. ↑ Herbert Louis Samuel.
  55. ↑ Sir Herbert Samuel (en-US) (2012-03-05).
  56. ↑ The Samuel Family - הארכיון הציוני.
  57. ↑ The Jewish Museum.
  58. ↑ Rufus David Isaacs MP (ISA9542) | British Jews in The First World War (en-GB).
  59. ↑ Reading.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 Six countries you would not believe had a Jewish Prime Minister (en-US) (2017-10-01).
  61. ↑ Ilya Lensky: Jews were perceived as the least politically problematic minority in interwar Latvia – ICELDS (en-US).
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 62.4 62.5 Havardi, Jeremy. The next in a short line of Jewish prime ministers? (en-US).
  63. ↑ Green, David B. (11 February 2014). Australian Jurist, anti-Zionist Dies.
  64. ↑ Biography: Federation people: Isaac Isaacs (en).
  65. ↑ From Australia's Jewish Past: Sir Isaac Isaacs (en) (2022-05-17).
  66. ↑ Léon Blum (en).
  67. ↑ Leon Blum (en).
  68. ↑ Job, Françoise. « Léon Geismar, gouverneur des colonies [Dambach-la-Ville (Bas-Rhin), 15 juillet 1895 – Casablanca, 11 mai 1944] », Archives Juives, vol. vol. 38, no. 2, 2005, pp. 145-150.
  69. ↑ David Ben-Gurion (en).
  70. ↑ David Ben-Gurion's Early Years in Plonsk (en).
  71. ↑ David Ben-Gurion.
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 History (en).
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Chaim Weizmann (1874-1952).
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Chaim Weizmann (en).
  75. ↑ Browse In colonial leader, Judaism (en).
  76. ↑ Yitzhak Ben-Zvi.
  77. ↑ Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (1884 – 1963).
  78. ↑ Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (en).
  79. ↑ Yitzhak Ben-Zvi (en).
  80. ↑ Rene Mayer, Former Prime Minister of France, Dead at Age 77 (18 December 1972).
  81. ↑ Mayer, René.
  82. ↑ Moshe Sharett (en).
  83. ↑ Moshe Sharett (Shertok) (1894–1965).
  84. ↑ Moshe Sharett (en).
  85. ↑ Moshe Sharett (en-US).
  86. ↑ Moshe Sharett Visits the Jewish Brigade, 1945.
  87. ↑ Smith, J. Y. (1982-10-19). "Pierre Mendes-France Dies" (en-US). Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1982/10/19/pierre-mendes-france-dies/0436ff51-78a1-4b6f-a9a2-37027c98ce45/.
  88. ↑ Pierre Mendès-France (en).
  89. ↑ Pierre Mendes-France Dead at 75 (19 October 1982).
  90. ↑ David Saul Marshall (en).
  91. ↑ "1908: The Iraqi Jew Who Would Lead Singapore Is Born" (en). Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2015-03-12/ty-article/.premium/1908-iraqi-jew-who-would-lead-singapore-is-born/0000017f-e9fe-d639-af7f-e9ffa2550000.
  92. ↑ Behind the Headlines 30 Years After the Hungarian Revolution (en-US).
  93. ↑ Sir Roy Welensky (en).
  94. ↑ Welensky, Sir Roy.
  95. ↑ Sir Roy Welensky (en).
  96. ↑ Shneor Zalman Shazar (1889-1974).
  97. ↑ Zalman Shazar (en).
  98. ↑ Cultural relations.
  99. ↑ Levi Eshkol Is Born in Ukraine (en) (2022-10-25).
  100. ↑ Levi Eshkol (en).
  101. ↑ Levi Eshkol.
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  104. ↑ Gibraltar (en-US).
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  106. ↑ Max Shalom Delvalle.
  107. ↑ 8 Panamanian Jews get Spanish citizenship under law of return (en-US).
  108. ↑ Yigal Allon (en).
  109. ↑ Yigal Allon.
  110. ↑ Plunkett Lake Press.
  111. ↑ Cramer, Philissa. Kyiv-born Golda Meir becomes a symbol of hope for Ukrainians (en-US).
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  115. ↑ Shindler, Colin (2023-01-12). Kreisky, Israel and Jewish Identity book review: Will the real Bruno please stand up.
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  118. ↑ Lozhkin, Boris. Celebrating famous Jews from Ukraine: Ephraim Katzir (en-US).
  119. ↑ Ephraim Katzir (en).
  120. ↑ Steinberg, Jessica. Remembering Rabin in his father's hometown (en-US).
  121. ↑ Revisiting Rabin's ancestral home in Ukraine – 20 years after the assassination.
  122. ↑ Brest, Belarus.
  123. ↑ Begin remembered in Belarus hometown (en-US).
  124. ↑ Menachem Begin (en).
  125. ↑ Begin Menachem | אנשי סגולה (en-US).
  126. ↑ Starck, Nigel (2 January 2012). "Sir Zelman Cowen obituary". The Guardian. Arxivləşdirilib from [1] on 7 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020209/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/02/sir-zelman-cowen.
  127. ↑ Sir Zelman Cowen Full Story.
  128. ↑ Biography - Sir Zelman Cowen.
  129. ↑ Bernard Cowen (en-US).
  130. ↑ Timeline | Yitzhak Navon (en-US).
  131. ↑ "Remembering Yitzhak Navon, Israel's fifth president" (en-US). The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/remembering-yitzhak-navon-israels-fifth-president-432351.
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  133. ↑ Yitzhak Navon Stamp Sheet.
  134. ↑ Gérard Prunier, The Rwanda crisis: history of a genocide, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, London, 1995, p. 319 n16 ISBN 978-1-85065-372-1
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  136. ↑ 136.0 136.1 Chaim Herzog.
  137. ↑ 137.0 137.1 Berman, Lazar. Sinn Féin, Gaelic and boxing: Biden and Herzog connect over Irish heritage (en-US).
  138. ↑ Yitzḥak Shamir (en).
  139. ↑ Cultural relations.
  140. ↑ Yitzhak Shamir (en).
  141. ↑ A Son in the Land of Israel (en-US) (2022-01-19).
  142. ↑ His Life's Journey (en).
  143. ↑ Shimon Peres (1923-2016).
  144. ↑ Shimon Peres (en).
  145. ↑ Shimon Peres (en).
  146. ↑ Delvalle Levi Maduro, Eric Arturo | Encyclopedia.com.
  147. ↑ The Jewish community of Aruba, an idyllic island in the sun, Alan Hartstein (13 December 2016).
  148. ↑ Aruba (en-US).
  149. ↑ Breger, Jennifer (27 February 2009). Ruth Dreifuss.
  150. ↑ Ruth Dreifuss (en).
  151. ↑ Olson, Elizabeth (1998-12-27). "A First For Swiss: A Woman As President" (en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/27/world/a-first-for-swiss-a-woman-as-president.html.
  152. ↑ Jewish Peruvian Prime Minister Retains Identity As He Takes Top National Role (en-US).
  153. ↑ Ukraine Elected A Jewish Comedian But Have Ya Heard About The Jews Who Ran Peru (en) (2019-04-23).
  154. ↑ Benzion Netanyahu, 1910-2012, scholar and prime minister's mentor (en-US).
  155. ↑ Joffe, Lawrence (2012-05-01). "Benzion Netanyahu obituary" (en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/01/benzion-netanyahu.
  156. ↑ Green, David B. (16 December 2012). 1997: Jewish-American Woman Becomes President of Guyana. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  157. ↑ Janet Jagan (en).
  158. ↑ Janet Jagan (en).
  159. ↑ Oil and banking fuel the rise of Russian risk-taker (en).
  160. ↑ Ehud Barak (en).
  161. ↑ Edemariam, Aida (2018-05-25). "Ehud Barak on the crisis in Israel: 'Netanyahu has to resign'" (en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/25/ehud-barak-on-the-crisis-in-israel-netanyahu-has-to-resign.
  162. ↑ Moshe Katsav.
  163. ↑ "Israel's new president: Moshe Katsav" (en-GB). The Guardian. 2000-07-31. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jul/31/israel3.
  164. ↑ "Ariel Sharon's mark on history" (en-GB). BBC News. 2014-01-11. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-25593189.
  165. ↑ Ariel Sharon, controversial life of a soldier turned politician (en) (2014-01-03).
  166. ↑ Belarus museum opens exhibit about native son Ariel Sharon (en-US).
  167. ↑ JVL. Ricardo Maduro.
  168. ↑ Maduro, Ricardo.
  169. ↑ World Jewish Congress (EN).
  170. ↑ "The World's Other Jewish President" (en). Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/2002-08-16/ty-article/the-worlds-other-jewish-president/0000017f-dbc6-db22-a17f-fff721490000.
  171. ↑ Havardi, Jeremy. The next in a short line of Jewish prime ministers? (en-US).
  172. ↑ Jewish Community Mourns Sudden Loss of Georgian Prime Minister (2005-03-24).
  173. ↑ 173.0 173.1 173.2 173.3 Ukraine Elected A Jewish Comedian But Have Ya Heard About The Jews Who Ran Peru (en) (2019-04-23).
  174. ↑ Peru president, son of Jewish refugee, tells Trump he prefers 'bridges to walls' (26 February 2017). Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  175. ↑ Address by Prime Minister Ehud Olmert to Joint meeting of US Congress (2007-08-17).
  176. ↑ John Key.
  177. ↑ Spritzer, Dinah (2013-01-07). Czech 'Joe Lieberman' could be Europe's first Jewish president (en-US).
  178. ↑ "Jan Fischer: Europe's 1st Jewish president?" (en-US). The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/jewish-world/jewish-news/jan-fischer-europes-1st-jewish-president.
  179. ↑ Davidovich, Joshua. Jewish candidate knocked out of Czech presidential race (en-US).
  180. ↑ "Chabad couple detail life as members of Aruba's Jewish community" (en-US). The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/chabad-couple-detail-life-as-full-time-members-of-arubas-jewish-community-596215.
  181. ↑ World Jewish Congress (EN).
  182. ↑ "Rivlin family celebrates the birth of its 50,000th member" (en-US). The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/jewish-world/jewish-features/rivlin-family-celebrates-the-birth-of-its-50000th-member.
  183. ↑ 183.0 183.1 Higgins, Andrew (24 April 2019). "Ukraine's Newly Elected President Is Jewish. So Is Its Prime Minister. Not All Jews There Are Pleased.". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/24/world/europe/volodomyr-zelensky-ukraine-jewish-president.html. İstifadə tarixi: 25 April 2019.
  184. ↑ Browne, Gareth. Blankets won't save us from bombs: Ukraine's Jewish ex-PM pleads for Israel's help (en-US).
  185. ↑ Volodymyr Zelensky (en-gb).
  186. ↑ Kunza, John (2022-02-25). Who is Volodymyr Zelensky, the Jewish president of Ukraine? (en-US).
  187. ↑ Cramer, Philissa. 18 things to know about Jewish defender of Ukrainian democracy Volodymyr Zelensky (en-US).
  188. ↑ New Latvian president is second Jewish head of state outside Israel (en-ZA) (2019-07-25).
  189. ↑ Latvia's new president Levits sworn into office; parents are of Jewish origin (en-US).
  190. ↑ "Latvian President Egils Levits on his state visit to Israel" (en-US). The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-723545.
  191. ↑ Son of Jewish engineer elected president of Latvia (en-US).
  192. ↑ Sophie Wilmès becomes first Jewish and first woman Prime Minister of Belgium (en).
  193. ↑ Belgium Names First Rver Jewish Female Prime Minister.
  194. ↑ Belgium's first female prime minister is Jewish (en-US).
  195. ↑ "Belgian PM says being Jewish 'is an important element in my life'" (en-US). The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/belgian-pm-says-being-jewish-is-an-important-element-in-my-life-637367.
  196. ↑ Belgium's First Female and Jewish Prime Minister (en-US).
  197. ↑ Naftali Bennett.
  198. ↑ Zitser, Joshua. Naftali Bennett: The tech millionaire son of Berkeley 'left-wingers' who is poised to take over from Israel's Benjamin Netanyahu (en-US).
  199. ↑ "Élisabeth Borne: France's prime minister, Jewish political heavyweight" (en-US). The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/50-most-influential-jews/article-717711.
  200. ↑ Porter, Catherine; Breeden, Aurelien (2023-02-08). "The Harrowing Personal Story France's Prime Minister Rarely Tells" (en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/08/world/europe/france-prime-minister-elisabeth-borne.html.
  201. ↑ 2 women with Jewish backgrounds ascend to prominence in France (en-US) (2022-07-06).
  202. ↑ Horovitz, Michael. Macron names 1st French female PM in 30 years; her father was Polish Jewish refugee (en-US).
  203. ↑ Chrisafis, Angelique (2022-05-16). "Élisabeth Borne: a long-serving technocrat and 'woman of the left'" (en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/16/elisabeth-borne-a-long-serving-technocrat-and-woman-of-the-left.
  204. ↑ 5 Things to Know About Israel's New Prime Minister Yair Lapid (en) (2022-06-30).
  205. ↑ Yosef Lapid (2022-06-22).
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