England

England

musical group

Tuma piligibu	1975
Laɣigu pilibu shee	Maidstone
Nuu tuunbaŋsim balibu	progressive rock
Record label	Arista Records
Tingbani shɛli din yina	United Kingdom
Lahabaya dundɔŋ din mali dihitabili	http://www.gardenshedmusic.com/

 

 From Wikidata

Royal coat of arms of the united kingdom

Roman Baths in Bath spa, England -July 2006

England nyɛla gbaŋpiɛla tiŋgbani titali m-be northwest Europe,di nyɛla United Kingdom tiŋgbani yaɣishɛli.England nyɛla tingbani shɛli din be United Kingdom.

England nyɛla tiŋa shɛli din be United Kingdom ni. Di be Great Britain tiŋgban zuɣu, ka di gbaai di yaɣili 62%, ka lahi mali tiŋsi kasi 100 gari din be di sani. England mini Scotland mali tiŋgbani shɛli din gbaai tooni northern polo, ka lahi mali tiŋgbani shɛli din gbaai Wales western polo, ka North Sea gili di east polo, English Channel gili di south polo, Celtic Sea gili di south-west polo, ka Irish Sea gili di west polo. Continental Europe be di south-east polo, ka Ireland be di west polo. Niriba daa kaligi 56,490,048 yuuni 2021 census ni, ka o tiŋzuɣu London mali niriba million 9.

Yaɣili ŋɔ bɛ ni boli shɛli England ni pili na nyɛla niriba ban nyɛ modern humans ni daa pili be din ni Upper Paleolithic saha. Di daa nya o yuli Angles nim sani, Germanic zuliya shɛba ban daa chaŋ be din ni 5th mini 6th centuries. England daa leei tiŋa yini 10th century ni ka di daa mali tɛhigu culture mini soli zuɣu dunia zaa Age of Discovery piligu 15th century nyaaŋa. England Kingdom, din daa lahi mali Wales 1535 nyaaŋa, daa bi lahi nyɛ tiŋa so ŋun zani o maŋa May dabaa yini 1707, ka Acts of Union daa laɣim li ni Scotland Kingdom, ka di leei Great Britain Kingdom.[9][10]

England n-nyɛ English yɛltɔɣa shee, English soli soli system (din daa leei tiŋsi pam common law system ni tuuli), association football, mini Anglican Christianity yaɣili; o parliamentary system of government lahi nyɛla tiŋsi pam ni deei shɛli. Industrial Revolution daa pili 18th-century England ni, ka di taɣi o tiŋa niŋ dunia tiŋa tuuli din daa industrialise. England mali university tuuli ayi English-speaking world ni: University of Oxford, bɛ ni daa pili 1096, mini University of Cambridge, bɛ ni daa pili 1209.[11]

England tiŋgbani nyɛla kulisi ni tiŋgbani fali, ka di pam be tɛha mini south. Kulisi din yi polo mini kulisi kpɛma be northern mini western polo, din puuni nyɛ Dartmoor, Lake District, Pennines, mini Shropshire Hills. London metropolitan area mali niriba million 15 gari yuuni 2025, ka di nyɛ United Kingdom metropolitan area din gari. England niriba 56.3 million nyɛla UK niriba 84%, ka pam be London, South East, mini tiŋsi din laɣim Midlands, North West, North East, mini Yorkshire ni, din kam daa leei industrial yaɣa kpɛma 19th century.[13]

Yuli bɔhimbu

Lahi gbaai: Toponymy of England

"England" yuli yina Old English yuli Englaland, din gbunni nyɛ "Angles nim tiŋa". Angles nim daa nyɛla Germanic zuliya shɛba ban daa chaŋ be Great Britain Early Middle Ages. Bɛ yina Angeln yaɣili din zuŋɔ German state Schleswig-Holstein. Yuli tuuli bɛ ni sabi, "Engla londe", nyɛla 9th century naabu ni Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People Old English ni. Lala saha bɛ daa zaŋ li mi "tiŋa shɛli English nim ni be", ka di daa lahi jɛndi English nim ban be zuŋɔ south-east Scotland amaa saha shɛli din daa nyɛ English kingdom Northumbria yaɣili. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle sabi ya ni Domesday Book 1086 daa gbaai England zaa, di gbunni nyɛ English kingdom, amaa yuun shɛŋa nyaaŋa Chronicle daa lahi sabi ni King Malcolm III daa chaŋ "out of Scotlande into Lothian in Englaland", ka di daa zaŋ li o yuli tuuli gbunni.[14][15][16]

Angles nim yuli tuuli bɛ ni sabi nyɛla 1st-century tuma Tacitus ni sabi, Germania, ka Latin yuli Anglii be di ni. Zuliya yuli maa yuli yina shee nyɛla karimbanim ni jɛhira; bɛ shɛba yɛliya ni di yina Angeln peninsula nimmohi, din mali nimmohi. Di ni daa niŋ shɛm ka yuli din yina zuliya ŋɔ yuli, ka chɛ Saxons nim, daa leei bɛ ni boli tiŋa zaa ni li maa, bɛ bi mi, amaa di wuhirila di jɛndi Germanic nim Britain ni bɛ ni daa boli shɛba Angli Saxones bee English Saxons ni bɛ gaŋ ba continental Saxons (Eald-Seaxe) Old Saxony Germany ni. Scottish Gaelic ni, Saxon zuliya n-ti o yuli "England" (Sasunn); di gbaai mi, Welsh yuli English yɛltɔɣa n-nyɛ Saesneg. Yuli din mali nyɔhim England n-nyɛ Loegria, din gbaai Welsh yuli England, Lloegr, ka Arthurian taarihi daa chɛ ka di du. Albion lahi nyɛla yuli bɛ ni zaŋdi li England zuɣu yɛltɔɣa ni, amaa o gbunni tuuli nyɛla Britain tiŋgban zaa.[17][19][20][21]

Taarihi-History

Stonehenge, Neolithic monument

The Battersea Shield nyɛla binshɛɣu din mali tɛhigu Celtic art Britain ni nya shɛli.

Niriba ni be England ni tuuli dali ni wuhibu nyɛla Homo antecessor, din daa nyɛ yuun 780,000 gari. Proto-human kulisi tuuli bɛ ni nya England nyɛla yuun 500,000 gari. Bɛ mi ni modern humans daa be yaɣili ŋɔ Upper Paleolithic saha, amaa bɛ bi pili be yaɣili yini hali ni yuun 6,000 gari. Ice age naabu nyaaŋa bindirigu din gari pam kamani mammoths, bison mini woolly rhinoceros n daa kpalim. Yuun 11,000 gari, ice sheets ni daa pili naabu, niriba daa labi pam yaɣili; genetic bɔhimbu wuhiya ni bɛ yina Iberian Peninsula northern polo. Kom daa bi gari zuŋɔ ka Britain daa mali tiŋgbani shɛli din gbaai Ireland mini Eurasia. Kom ni daa yɛligi, di daa gaŋ Ireland yuun 10,000 gari ka lahi gaŋ Eurasia yuun 2,000 nyaaŋa. Neolithic fukumsi Iberian Peninsula daa kpe yaɣili ŋɔ yuun 4100 BC.[22][23][24][25][26]

Beaker culture daa kpe yuun 2,500 BC, ka na ni kom ni bindirigu saɣiŋa din mɛri ni lɔɣu, ni saɣiŋa shɛba bɛ ni zaŋdi smelt copper ores. Saha ŋɔ ka Neolithic binshɛŋa kpɛma kamani Stonehenge (phase III) mini Avebury daa mɛ. Bɛ ni daa yo tin mini copper, din daa pam yaɣili, Beaker culture niriba daa mɛ bronze, ka naan yi mɛ iron iron ores. Iron smelting piligu daa chɛ ka bɛ tooi mɛ plough shɛŋa din gari, ka chɛni fukumsi (kamani Celtic fields), ni tɔbu binshɛŋa din gari.[27][28]

Iron Age saha, Celtic culture, din yina Hallstatt mini La Tène cultures, daa yina Central Europe. Brythonic daa nyɛla bɛ ni ŋmɛri yɛltɔɣa saha ŋɔ. Bɛ niŋsim daa nyɛla zuliya; Ptolemy's Geographia sani tiŋa ŋɔ mali zuliya 20. Kamani yaɣa shɛŋa din be Empire tooni, Britain daa mali daabiligu ni Romans. Julius Caesar Roman Republic daa bɔri ni o kpe ayi 55 BC; di bi nya nasara pam, amaa o daa tooi zaŋ Trinovantes kpɛma leei o so ŋun tiri o yɛda.

Piligu taarihi

Housesteads Roman fort, Northumberland, Roman England tooni

Romans daa kpɛ Britain yuuni 43 AD Emperor Claudius saha, ka daa di Britain pam, ka bɛ daa pahi li Roman Empire ni Britannia province. Tiŋa niriba ban daa bɔri ni bɛ zani n-ti li shɛba bɛ ni mi pam nyɛla Catuvellauni Caratacus ni daa ŋmɛri tooni. Nyaaŋa, Boudica, Iceni paɣa kpɛma, daa pili yɛbu, ka di naai ni Boudica kɔŋ o maŋa Watling Street tobu nyaaŋa. Roman Britain bɔhimbu yini sabira yɛliya ni yuun 43 AD hali ni 84 AD, Roman nim daa ku niriba 100,000 mini 250,000 sunsuuni niriba 2,000,000 puuni. Saha ŋɔ daa nyɛla Greco-Roman culture ni daa pa tiŋa ni Roman soli, Roman mɛbu, aqueducts, sewers, fukumsi binshɛŋa mini silk. 3rd century piligu, Emperor Septimius Severus daa kpi Eboracum (zuŋɔ York), ka bɛ daa boli Constantine ni o leei emperor 306 AD.[29][30][31][32][33]

Jɛhira be ni saha shɛli Christianity daa kpe; di bi gari 4th century, amaa di gari. Bede sani, bɛ daa timi Roman missionaries Eleutherius sani Britain kpɛma Lucius ni daa bɔhi 180 AD, ni bɛ chɛ Eastern mini Western sɔli shɛŋa daa gaŋdi church. Tuma shɛŋa Glastonbury ni jɛndi Joseph of Arimathea, ka shɛba lahi yɛli Lucius of Britain. Yuuni 410, Roman Empire gbiribu saha, Britain daa bi mali so ka Roman rule ni Roman army yina, ni bɛ ti guli continental Europe mini civil wars. Celtic Christian monastic mini missionary tuma daa yɛligi. Christianity saha ŋɔ daa mali Celtic culture tɛhigu, o niŋsim, soli, mini dini. "Congregations" shɛŋa daa be monastic community ni ka monastic kpamba daa gari zuliya kpamba, ka di bi gari Roman church hierarchical system.[34][35][36]

Middle Ages

Main article: England in the Middle Ages

Wuhiri fɔto: Ninvuɣu zuhi din mali binshɛɣu.

Replica 7th-century ceremonial Sutton Hoo helmet Kingdom of East Anglia

Roman military ni daa yina, ka di chɛ ka Britain galim pagan, kom ni chani tɔbu nim continental Europe north-west, pam Saxons, Angles, Jutes mini Frisians ban daa ŋmɛri Roman province teeku. Bɛ daa pili be pam 5th mini 6th centuries, tuuli tiŋa east polo. Britons daa di bɛ Battle of Mount Badon daa chɛ ka bɛ chɛli saha, amaa bɛ daa labi di Britain tiŋgbani din mali fali ka chɛ Brittonic nim yaɣa kasi kulisi 6th century naabu. Tuma din sabi saha ŋɔ bi pam, ka di chɛ ka bɛ boli li Dark Age. Anglo-Saxon settlement Britain ni nyɛla jɛhira; karimbanim yɛliya ni di daa pam south mini east amaa bi pam north mini west, ka Celtic yɛltɔɣa na kuli be Anglo-Saxon control yaɣa. Roman Christianity daa taɣi Anglo-Saxon paganism, amaa bɛ daa labi na Rome missionaries Augustine tooni 597. Roman mini Celtic Christianity jɛhira daa naai Roman nasara Council of Whitby (664), din daa jɛndi tonsures mini Easter dabisili, amaa din gari nyɛ Roman mini Celtic authority, dini, mini sɔli gɔrisi.[35][37][38][39][36]

Settlement saha tiŋsi bɛ ni daa di daa ti zuliya pam, amaa 7th century, bɛ ni daa lahi nya yɛla, di daa laɣim kingdom pinaayi: Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, East Anglia, Essex, Kent mini Sussex. Yuun pampana, bɛ daa lahi laɣim li. 7th century daa nyɛla Northumbria mini Mercia gɔrisi, 8th century Mercia daa di. 9th century piligu Mercia daa chɛ Wessex. Yuuni maa naabu Danish nim tobu daa di north mini east England, ka di Northumbria, Mercia mini East Anglia. Wessex Alfred the Great sani daa kpalim, ka o nyaandoliba daa yɛligi Danelaw. Di daa chɛ England laɣimbu, tuuli Æthelstan 927 ka Eadred daa naai li 953. Scandinavian tobu paa 10th century naabu daa naai Sweyn Forkbeard 1013 ka o bia Cnut 1016, ka di leei North Sea Empire center din daa lahi mali Denmark mini Norway. Amma native royal dynasty daa labi Edward the Confessor 1042.[40][41]

King Henry V Agincourt tobu ni, 1415.

King Henry V Agincourt tobu ni, Saint Crispin's Day ni bɛ ni daa di French tobu din gari Hundred Years' War

Edward ni daa kpi January 1066, kpamli bɔbu daa chɛ tobu ayi; King Harold Godwinson ni daa di Stamford Bridge Norwegian tobu Harald Hardrada tooni September naabu, ka bɛ daa di o Hastings Duke William of Normandy 14 October, ka di chɛ Norman Conquest. Normans yina Scandinavia ka daa be Normandy 9th mini 10th centuries. Di daa chɛ ka English kpamba kɔŋ bɛ yɛla ka French nim deei, ka di taɣi English yɛltɔɣa.[42][43][44]

Nyaaŋa, House of Plantagenet Anjou daa deei English kpamli Henry II sani, ka pahi England Angevin Empire fiefs France ni Aquitaine. Bɛ daa di yuun ata, kpamba shɛba nyɛ Richard I, Edward I, Edward III mini Henry V. Saha ŋɔ daa mali taɣibu daabiligu mini soli, kamani Magna Carta, English soli charter so bɛ ni zaŋdi ti kpɛma nuu. Catholic monasticism daa yɛligi, ka di chɛ philosophers, ka Oxford mini Cambridge university daa pili kpɛma sɔŋbu. Wales daa leei Plantagenet fief 13th century ka Pope daa ti England monarchy Ireland. 14th century, Plantagenets mini House of Valois daa yɛli ni bɛ nyɛla France kpamli; bɛ ayi daa ŋmɛri Hundred Years' War. Black Death daa kpe England; di piligu 1348, ka di ku England niriba dabaa ayi.[45][46][47]

1453 mini 1487 sunsuuni, civil war bɛ ni boli War of the Roses daa be royal family yaɣa ayi, Yorkists mini Lancastrians sunsuuni. Yorkists daa kɔŋ kpamli Tudors, Lancastrians yaɣili Henry Tudor ni daa ŋmɛri tooni Welsh mini Breton tobu, ka di Bosworth Field tobu ni Yorkist kpɛma Richard III daa kpi.[49]