Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

South Africa

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Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
South Africa
maŋsulinsi tiŋgbani, tingbani
Pahi laSouthern Africa Mali niŋ
Di pilli ni31 Silimin gɔli May 1910 Mali niŋ
Participant inBASIC countries Mali niŋ
Yu'gahindiliSuid-Afrikaner, South African, Sud-africaine, Sud-africain Mali niŋ
Tiŋgbani silimanational anthem of South Africa Mali niŋ
Kaliculture of South Africa Mali niŋ
TaachiUnity in Diversity Mali niŋ
Taachi sabbuǃke e: ǀxarra ǁke, Ex Unitate Vires, Inspiring new ways, Undod drwy Amrywiaeth Mali niŋ
Dunia yaɣiliAfrica Mali niŋ
TiŋaSouth Africa Mali niŋ
TinzuɣuPretoria, Bloemfontein, Cape Town Mali niŋ
Wakati luɣiliUTC+02:00, UTC+03:00, Africa/Johannesburg Mali niŋ
Be ni bee n pa kodoosheei zuɣuSouth Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean Mali niŋ
Tiŋgbaŋ yaɣili calinli29°0′0″S 24°0′0″E Mali niŋ
Coordinates of easternmost point26°51′32″S 32°53′27″E Mali niŋ
Coordinates of northernmost point22°7′40″S 29°39′30″E Mali niŋ
Coordinates of southernmost point34°50′5″S 20°0′0″E Mali niŋ
Coordinates of westernmost point28°38′0″S 16°27′15″E Mali niŋ
Highest pointMafadi Mali niŋ
Lowest pointIndian Ocean Mali niŋ
Din nyɛ gɔmnanti nyoliniparliamentary republic, representative democracy Mali niŋ
Office held by head of statePresident of South Africa Mali niŋ
Tiŋgban zuɣ'lanaCyril Ramaphosa Mali niŋ
Office held by head of governmentPresident of South Africa Mali niŋ
Tiŋgbani zuɣ'lanaCyril Ramaphosa Mali niŋ
Kpamba yaɣiliGovernment of South Africa Mali niŋ
Loo zalibu yaɣaParliament of South Africa Mali niŋ
Saliya dibu kpamba ban be tooniConstitutional Court of South Africa Mali niŋ
Central bankSouth African Reserve Bank Mali niŋ
Tingbani liɣirirand Mali niŋ
Yaɣa din laɣim tabaAisai Mali niŋ
Duhubu yaɣilileft Mali niŋ
Niɣilim buɣum polo puloku balishɛliEuroplug, AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types, BS 546, IEC 60906-1 Mali niŋ
TaɣiRepublic of South Africa (1961—1994) Mali niŋ
Ŋun bɔhim ŋa nyɛSouth African studies Mali niŋ
Lahabaya dundɔŋ din mali dihitabilihttps://www.gov.za/ Mali niŋ
HasitagiSouthAfrica Mali niŋ
Top-level Internet domain.za Mali niŋ
Tuutaflag of South África Mali niŋ
Coat of armsCoat of arms of South Africa Mali niŋ
Geography of topicgeography of South Africa Mali niŋ
Nahingbaŋfree country Mali niŋ
Taarihi bachikpani dalinlihistory of South Africa Mali niŋ
‎most populous urban areaJohannesburg Mali niŋ
Ziligi naba trafiki yaɣilileft Mali niŋ
Open data portalDataFirst Statistics South Africa, South Africa Data Portal Mali niŋ
Economy of topiceconomy of South Africa Mali niŋ
Demographics of topicdemographics of South Africa Mali niŋ
Mobile country code655 Mali niŋ
Tiŋgbani boligu zalikpana+27 Mali niŋ
Trunk prefix0 Mali niŋ
Zuɣusaa zuɣusaa tangalimia lamba112 Mali niŋ
GS1 tiŋgbani code600-601 Mali niŋ
Lansisi plati koodiZA Mali niŋ
Maritime lamba kalinli601 Mali niŋ
NCI Thesaurus IDC17151 Mali niŋ
Unicode bachinima🇿🇦 Mali niŋ
Category for maps or plansCategory:Maps of South Africa Mali niŋ
Commonwealth Sport country codeRSA Mali niŋ
Map
 

South Africa, ka sokam saɣi n-ti ni di yuli n boondi Republic of South Africa (RSA), nyɛla tiŋgbani shɛli din be Afrika wulin'luhili polo bahigu. Di tarisi dibaa awɔi shɛli din gili li di wulinluhili polo maa nyɛla maali tuh' kɔbisiyopɔin ni pihita ni awɔi (1,739 miles) zaŋ gbaai kulinoli din yuli booni South Atlantic mini Indian Ocean la[1][2][3]; zaŋ kpa di wulinpuhili polo, di bɔbi la tiŋsi kamani Namibia, Botswana, n-ti pahi Zimbabwe yaɣ'shɛŋa; zaŋ kpa di nudirigu polo zaŋ du wulinpuhili polo, di bɔbi la tiŋsi kamani Mozambique mini Eswatini;  ka nan yi bɔbi tiŋ yuli booni Lesotho n ti yi.[4]

Tiŋgbani maa galisim yiɣisila maali tuhi kɔbisinahi ni pisopɔin ni yini ni kɔbisinahi ni pihinahi ni anu (471,445 square miles), tiŋa maa mali la salo kamani tuhi tuhikɔbisiyɔbu ni ata (63 million people), dini n nyɛ tiŋkarili din pahiri ayɔbu Afrika tiŋgbani ni. Tiŋ'shɛli din nyɛ di tiŋzuɣu n nyɛ Pretoria, ka Cape Town mi, din nyɛ jintɔriba ni ʒi tiŋ'shɛli la mi nyɛ jintɔriba tiŋzuɣu, kamani Bloemfontein ni nyɛ tiŋgbani alikaale nima tiŋzuɣu shɛm la[5]. Tiŋ'shɛli din galisi, ka di niriba galisi n gari tiŋkam n-nyɛ Johannesburg, ka din paya nyɛ Cape Town, ka din gba paya nyɛ Durban.

Taarihi baŋdiba vihisi wuhiya, ni ninsal piligu birili piligila South Africa kamani  yuun tuh' tusa'ayi ni tuh' kɔbisinu (2.5 million years) saha la, ka saha gɔ ninsalinim mi daa pili ni ʒia tum yuun tuh' kɔbiga (100,000 years) saha la zaa. Ninvuɣ' shɛb ban daa ʒini nimaani tuuli n nyɛ Khoisan   n-ti pahi ninvuɣ' shɛb ban daa tɔɣisiri bal'shɛli bɛ ni booni Bantu la, ban daa yi Afrika nuzaa polo mini di sunsuuni polo n labina South Africa bɔŋbɔŋ la, yuun tuh'pishi hali ni yuun tuhili saha la (2,000 to 1,000 years ago). Di nudirigu polo, nam tiŋ din yuli booni Mapungubwe la daa pili la yuun tuhili ni kɔbisita la saha (13th century). Yuuni 1652 ka Dutch nim daa nam bɛ piligu Europe nim ʒia, luɣili yuli booni Table Bay, nimaani n daa lahi nyɛ Dutch Cape Colony la. British nim ni daa zaŋ yaa n kpe Cape Colony yuuni 1795 la, n-ti pahi bɛ ni daa tuhi Blaauwberg tɔbu yuuni 1806 la daa chɛmi ka bɛ deegi di sulinsi. Ʒia bɛɛ tiŋbani wurimansain niŋbu lala saha maa,  bɛ ni daa boli shɛli Mfecane la daa chemi ka Afrika nam zuliya nim pam pili, di puuni shɛli n nyɛ Zulu Kingdom.

Bɛ daa lahi dee la tiŋgbani maa yaɣ'shɛŋa m pahi bɛ sulinsini, tiŋbani maa ariziki  poloni yibu daa chɛ ka bɛ pili tuma duri mɛbu, ka di zuɣu chɛ ka niriba pili tiŋkpaŋsi polo zɔ n labina fondi maa ni. Tobu shɛli bɛ ni daa boli Second Boer War la ni daa tuhi, bɛ daa laɣim la Cape, Natal, Transvaal n-ti pahi Orange River Colony ka boli li Union South Africa, ka di lɛbi gomnanti sulinsi tiŋa, bɛ ni daa niŋ 1910 piibupiibu shɛli la nyaanga.

National Party nim ni daa deegi tiŋgbani maa gbubbu sulinsi yuuni 1948, bɛ daa zali la fukumsinim gbaŋsabila zuɣu ka nahidi ba, bɛ daa bɔli la lala yalli ŋɔ maa Apartheid system. African National Congress  laɣingu mini din pahi pahi daa tuhiri la lala yalli ŋɔ zuɣu tiŋ maa puuni ni di nyanga zaa ni suhudoo, yuuni 1980 sunsuuni polo zaa,  lala yalli maa yaa daa baligimi. Yuuni 1994, bɛ daa niŋ la salo maa zaa piibupiibu, ka lala zuɣu chɛ ka gbaŋ piɛla nahingu gbaŋsabila zuɣu baligi ka bɛ gba ni tooi zani toon'tali. Punpɔŋɔ, tiŋgbani maa zaa m pa yɛn laɣim m piigi jintɔriba ka bɛ mi piigi tiŋgbani zuɣulana (Parliamentary Republic).

South Africa nyɛla tiŋ'shɛli din waliwali di yi kana kaya ni taada polo, bala polo, jama polo, ka di chɛ ka bɛ boli li "sagani tiŋa" ballee saha shɛli Apartheid maa ni daa naagi maa, ka di buɣisiri bɛ biɛhisi kɔnkɔb,tali[6]. Di ni daa n yi polo kadama di nyɛla  tiŋ'shɛli din be sunsuuni di yi kana yaa polo, South Africa daa kuli kpalimmi gbubi di jilima, ka di chɛ ka bɛ mini laɣinsi kamani; BRICS+, African Union, SADC, SACU, Commonwealth n-ti pahi G20 nima tumda.[7]

Dina n nyɛ tiŋ'shɛli din na zoora, ka na yɔli pili nema malibu daabilim, dina n na mali ariziri din zooi pam Afrika daabilim puuni,[8][9] di mini Ethiopia n nyɛ UNESCO nima ni na piigi shɛba ka bɛ kpaɣintira tiŋ'shɛli din mali kaya nɛma ni nadaa nɛma din mali anfaani n ti duniya zaa zuɣu Afrika tiŋgbani ni,[10] ka lahi mali bin namda balibubalibu din biɛhisi yi di ko, binkɔbiri mini binnema zaa. Lala bɛ gbaŋsabila gaŋbu shɛli bɛ ni daa bɔli Apartheid la ni daa kuli che, bɛ gomnanti maa âdalichi bɛ sunsuuni daa kuli kpaŋsirimi ka bɛ gbaŋsabila maa gba biɛhisi pa tiri tooni.[11] Amaa tuunbiɛri, suhidoo kalinsi, fara, n-ti pahi ariziki fɔmbu daa kuli nyɛla din niŋ bayana, ka niriba kamani kɔbiga puuni vaabu pihita ni ayi (32%) ka tuma n tumda, yuuni 2024 saha la zaa,[12][13] ka biɛhigu niŋ soochi n-ti niriba kamani kɔbiga puuni ninvuɣ'pihinu ni ayɔbu(56%) yuuni 2014 la saha.[14] Bɛ ariziki maa ni daa be yaɣ'yini maa zuɣu, di daa chɛmi ka South Africa pahi dunia tiŋ'shɛŋa din ariziki be pirigi dede zuɣu.[15]

Di yuli maa ni yina luɣ'shɛli polo

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Lala yuli ŋɔ "South Africa" nyɛla bɛ yihi shɛli na tiŋa maa geographic biɛhigu luɣ'shɛli din m be southern tip of Africa la puuni na. Di ni daa n-niŋ ka bɛ yihi tiŋa ŋɔ na n naai, bɛ daa n-ti li mi di silimin yuli ka dɔi nyɛ Union of South Africa ka Unie van Zuid-Afrika mi nyɛ di yuli pH. puuni ka ŋan zaa nyɛ di wuhiri di pilli shee ni laɣim British colonies nima anahi ka bɛ niŋ nangbani yini shɛm. Tum yuuni 1961 la puuni ha, lala tiŋa ŋɔ silimin yuli bachinima daa nyɛla din n waɣa "Republic of South Africa" ka di Afrikaans yuli Republiek van Suid-Afrika la gba daa nyɛ lala. Tiŋa ŋɔ nyɛla din mali yu'gahinda bɛ ni boli shɛli 12 official languages la puuni.[16][17]

‎Mzansi, ka ŋa yina Xhosa puuni ka nyɛ bachinamdili uMzantsi ka di gbunni nyɛ "south", nyɛla yu'shɛli din yoli n-ti South Africa.[18][19] Tɔ amaa, Pan-Africanist siyaasa paatinima ban tooi m boodi li la "Azania".[20]

Taarihi

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Prehistoric archaeology

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Front of Maropeng at the Cradle of Humankind

South Africa nyɛla tiŋ shɛli din mali niriba ban mi kurunbuna ni ha taarihi ka lahi mali ninsalinima ni namin kpi n dɔni luɣi shɛŋa duniya yaanga zuɣu.[21][22][23] kpiimba taarihi baŋdiba daa nya kpiin kura pam ka ŋa be keeginimani luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni bɔli Gauteng la. Lala luɣa maani, UNESCO nima kali nɛma biɛhisi shɛɛ maa, nyɛla bɛ ni labi n boli shɛli "the Cradle of Humankind". Lala luɣa maa shɛŋa n nyɛ Sterkfontein luɣi shɛli ninsalinim kpatɔɣa ni galisi pam duniɣa yaanga zuɣu, n-ti pahi Swartkrans, Gondolin Cave, Kromdraai, Cooper's Cave ni Malapa. Raymond Dart n daa nyɛla tuuli ninsalinima kɔba ni yina luɣ'shɛli, Taung Child (din be Taung maa) yuuni 1924. Ka shɛŋa mi yina Makapansgat din be Limpopo yaɣili la; Cornelia ni Florisbad ka di be Free State yaɣili, ka Border Cave mi be KwaZulu-Natal yaɣili; ka Klasies River Caves be Eastern Cape yaɣili; n-ti pahi Pinnacle Point, Elandsfontein ni Die Kelders Cave ka di mi be Western Cape yaɣili.[24]

Lala baŋdiba daa saɣi ti ni laa ninsali kpima maa nyɛla ban daa be South Africa kamani yuun tuh'tusa ata din gari ha, Australopithecus africanus ni daa pili, ka zaŋ Australopithecus sediba n pa, ni Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, Homo rhodesiensis, Homo helmei, Homo naledi n-ti pahi punpɔŋɔ na ninsalinima (Homo sapiens). Saha ŋɔ ninsalinima daa ʒini la Afrika wulinluhili polo kamani yuma tuhi kɔb'pisopɔin (170,000). Vihigu baŋdiba daa nyɛ kuɣa nɛɛn maanda Vaal River valley la puuni.[25][26]

Khoisan niriba

Khoisan nyɛla daadaa maa niriba; Sān mini Khoekhoen n be Southern Africa. San nima daa nyɛla ban tooi nyɛ tɛhi laɣindiba ka Khoekhoen nima gba nyɛ *practiced pastoralism*.[27] Khoisan niriba ni tooi nyɛ ban daa pun daŋna n nyɛ saha mo niriba ni be Southern Africa pɔi yuma 150,000 la ha[28].be daa tooi nyɛla Bantu ni gbahiri shɛba yuma 1,500 mini 2,000 sunsuuni la ha[29].

Bantu yaligibu

Ban daa zini Bantu maa daa yaligiya pam zaŋ chaŋ West Africa yuuni 3,000 BCE.[30] Lala niriba ban be Bantu, ban daa nyɛ *iron-using agriculturists and herdsmen*, daa nyɛla ban be south din be Limpopo River polo (now the northern border with Botswana and Zimbabwe) bini din gbaai 4th bee 5th kurunbuna AD.[31]iron tumtumbiba ban daa daŋna KwaZulu-Natal Province daa mali nintiɣili hali ni zuŋɔ believed zaŋ gbaai 1050 AD. Wulin puhili nima maa ni daa nyɛ Xhosa nima, ban yɛl' tɔɣa daa nyɛ Khoisan nima. Xhosa maa daa paai la zahim mɔɣikarilila,zuŋo Eastern Cape Province ŋo. Bɛ ni daa go ni kana, lalanima maa daa gari punpoŋo niriba maa .a yi lihi Mpumalanga Province, a ni nya ka luɣ' kpila ni di tabtaba daa beni ka be bolli ni *Adam's Calendar*, ka Bakone na bori di yɛla, Northern Sotho niriba.[32][33]

Mapungubwe

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Kamani yuuni 1220 la saha, Limpopo-Shashe Basin la puuni, ban daa mali baŋsim ka be K2 la daa yiya n labi Mapungubwe zoli la zuɣu, ni salo ban ʒini yaɣ'shɛŋa sin dɔlina ŋɔ. Sa'boligu buɣa daa nyɛla din niŋ talahi pam bɛ nanim gbaibu puuni. Ka sa'boligu buɣa ŋɔ biɛhisi shɛɛ daa kuli miri'miriba ka Ratho Kroonkop gba daa pahi. Yuuni 1250 saha zaa, ka tiŋ maa daa mali salo kamani tusa anu (5000) ka tiŋ maa zaa polo galisim nyɛ 30,000 km2 (11,500 square miles), ka bɛ ariziki zoora n jɛndi Indian Ocean daabilim la. Binyɛra pam ŋan be Mapungubwe la daa bɛ lahi chani venyala yuuni 1300 la, din nyaaŋa daa maa yila wlinpuhili polo din be Limpopo la ni chaŋ Zambezi, zaŋ kpa Zimbabwe polo.zoli maa daa zaniya ka Mapungubwe zama daa labi nyaanga.[34]

Portuguese vihibu

Yuuni 1487, Portuguese vihi' vihira la, Bartolomeu Dias, n daa nyɛ piligu Europe ninvuɣ'shɛba ban daa gɔri so'waɣinli n niŋdi vihigu maa zuɣu lana, bɛ daa yan chaŋ Afrika wulinluhili polo la.[35] Silimin goli December daba anahi dali, o daa paagi Walfisch Bay (bɛ ni pa booni shɛli Walvis Bay din be bɛ ni pa boondi shɛli Namibia la). Dina n daa nyɛ nudirigu polo waɣilim bahigu bɛ ni daa paai yuuni 1485 ni n gari ŋun namin chaŋ lala chandi kpee, ninvuɣ so ŋun wuhiri Portuguese nim soli Diogo Cão (daa yaɣila Cape ko noli maa wulinpuhili polo). Dias daa tuɣiya n kana Afrika wulinpuhili polo ko'noli maa ni. Silimini goli January daba anii dali yuuni 1488 nyanga, pɔhim daa taɣiba ka bɛ bɛ tooi tuɣi n chaŋ coast maa ni, o daa be lahi tooi nyari tingbani maa ka daa doli southernmost point Africa polo ka bɛ nyali. O daa paai eastern coast din be Africa la,o ni daa boli shɛli, Rio do Infante, din tooi nyɛ saha ŋo Groot River, Maygolini yuuni 1488. O ni daa labina, o daa nya cape maa, ka daa bolili Cabo das Tormentas ('Cape of Storms'). King John II daa labi n bolili point Cabo da Boa Esperança, bee Cape of Good Hope, di ni daa tiba ariziki East Indies maa zuɣu.[36] Dias' navigation napɔŋ daa nyɛla ŋun pa ninsala Luís de Camões puuni' yuuni 1572 epic poem, Os Lusíadas.

Dutch nim sulinsi ni biɛnibu

Yuuni 1595, Dutch nima daa niŋ be tuuli milinsi, bɛ mini kulunoli din be Afrika wulinluhili polo la sunsuuni. Portugal nim kompuuni ni tuma yaa ni daa gbarigira 17th century la saha, English mini Dutch daabihi daa zaŋla bɛ nyori n kpataba ni bɛ gba pahi nuu Portugal nim daabilim din mali nyori pam maa gbubbi ni. Bɛ daa dii bi boondi ninvuɣ'shɛb ban zani n ti British East India Company kom maa nolo waawaayili ni bɛ ti bo bɛ binbora yuuni 1601 la saha, amaa ka daa ti kana Ascension Island mini Saint Helena luɣi shɛli din da nyɛ faako shee la. Dutch suhu daa labina pɔi ni yuuni 1647, saha shɛli tum tumdila niriba ayi ban daa be Dutch East India Company maa ni daa yi cape chiri gbaliŋ la. Be daa miya ni nya kom ni nimdi bɛ niriba sheba sani.bɛ daa lahi kɔhi vegetables bahi ni.bɛ ni daa labina Holland, bɛ daa zaŋ lahabali ni ti cape kpamba ka di nyɛ "warehouse mini garden" din yɛn che ka bɛ tooi mali bɛ niɛma n sɔŋdi dini. Yuuni 1652, saha shɛli bɛ ni daa baŋ cape sea soli, Jan van Riebeeck daa kpala luɣishɛli bee zaashee Cape of Good Hope maa ni,din yɛn che ka di lebi Cape Town, Dutch East India Company nima maa zuɣu. Saha shɛli cape daa lebi la biɛhigu shee n ti ninvuɣ' gbaliŋ ban daa be vrijlieden, be ni lahi boli shɛli vrijburgers (lit. 'free citizens'), ŋun daa pun n nyɛ tuntumda Dutch overseas yaɣili la ni daa naai o tuma. Dutch daa bihi gba daa zaŋla dab'tuha na fledgling colony ka bɛ lee yina present-day Indonesia, Madagascar, ni eastern Africa.binyɛri shɛŋa daa niŋya vrijburgers, daba, ni ninvuɣ' kura.

Ŋo n daa zi bal'pala na, Cape Coloureds nima,daa di Dutch niriba mo shɛba ni kuli ni chefirisili zuɣu.

Zaba zaba daa kana South Africa's indigenous Khoisan niriba mini ban daa kana ni ti zibi Dutch sunsuuni di daa pilila 17th century ka daa ti lahi yiɣisi timsim yaha.

Dutch niriba zoobu daa tahi tɔbu na southwesterly migrating Xhosa nation, bɛ ni mi shɛli Xhosa Wars la, lala yaɣ' ayi maa daa zaŋ bɛ nyɔri ni kpa taba ka di nyɛla tingbani shɛli zuɣu din daa miri Great Fish River la.

Vrijburgers ban daa deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi pukpariba ni daa be tooni ka bɛ miba Boers la, ka bɛ daa kpuɣi biɛri shɛli din daa wuhiri ni trekboers nima ni tahili. Boers daa kpala *formed loose militias*, dina ka bɛ boli commandos, ka lee ni niŋ nangbanyini ni Khoisan niriba ni bɛ yihi repel Xhosa raids. Bɛ zaa daa gbaai bɛ kpalinkpaa zaba, bɛ ni daa ti biɛli tayiɣisi maa ni zali soli ka di daa dii lebi taarihi ni zaya n guli Nana kanna.

Kaya

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South African black majority na malila kalinli ban nyɛ tinkpaa nima ka galisi pam ni nyɛ nandaamba. Lala niriba ŋɔ ni ka kaya maa tooi beni pam; kamani gbansabila ni kana ni ti galisi fɔndi shɛm maa, a yi lihi kaya maa ni di lahi ka yaa. Ninvuɣ' shɛba ban na be di sunsuuni, ban na min kali maa yɛltɔɣa ka lee ŋmanila gban piɛla ka lee zoori gbansabila ni, Coloured mini Indian niriba, malila biɛhigu din ŋmani taba jilima tibu ni ni niriba ban yi Western Europe na, North America na ti pahi Australasia.

Nucheeni baŋsim (art)

South African nucheeni baŋsim nima ni nyɛ duniya zaa binkura, bɛ ni daa nya shɛŋa South African cave nima puuni ka di daa nyɛla kamani yuma 75,000 la ha. Khoisan bal'shɛŋa ban daa wali wali taba n chani n kperi South Africa kamani 10,000 BC saha maa be mini bɛ dahalali nucheeni baŋsim yina mi zuŋo cave nima maa peentibu nima ni. Be da nya sɔŋsim Bantu/Nguni niriba maa sani ban mali bɛ dahalali baŋsim zaŋ kpa nucheeni baŋsim balibu ni. Nucheeni baŋsim balibu nyɛla din nyɛ mines mini townships. Nucheeni baŋsim kpem din tooi mali binshɛɣu kam di yi nyɛla plastic strips hali ni bicycle yɛltɔɣa. Dutch daa niŋya n zaŋ fɔmmilim ni zaŋ ka bɛgbaazaŋ be baŋsim maa mini be gbanpiɛt ban nyɛ nucheeni baŋdiba ka bɛ lee ni doli yɛlmaŋli maa.bɛ daa taɣi ni kana ni ti kpuɣi ha European kaya nin di yi yuuni 1850s pina,ni ti pahi bɛ ni daa lɛhi sɔŋ ka bɛ leegi lso contributed to this eclectic mix which continues to evolve to this day.

Demographics

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

South African nyɛla tinŋgbani shɛli din mali salo kamani tuhikɔbisiyɔbu ni ayi (62 million people) yuuni 2022 la saha, ka bi nyɛla ban yi luɣa pam na n yɛrila tinŋsi, kaya, bala n ti pahi adiini balibu. Bi ni daa niŋ kalinli bahigu maa daa luya yuuni 2022 puuni ka bi daa yina ni  Buɣisi lala kalinli ŋɔ. United Nation world Population Prospects  yɛligu puuni daa wuhimi ni South Africa salo daa nyɛla 55.3 million yuuni 2015 puuni zanŋ maɣisi yuuni 1950, bi salo ni daa nyɛ 13.6 million la. Vihigu wuhiya ni South Africa nyɛla tinŋgbani shɛli  din mali salo paagi miliyoŋ anu (5 million)  n sohi n zn nima ni,  n ti pahi Zimbabwean niriba kamani miliyoŋ ata (3 million ) n bɛ tinŋ maa ni. Yɛtɔɣi bibihi daa nyɛla din yina silimi gɔli May piligi ni yuuni 2008.

Statistics South Afrika nim ŋɔ daa yɛlila salo maa ni bi noɣisi bi maŋ lala ninsalinim kalibu ŋɔ maa ni zanŋ chanŋ niŋgbɛŋ gbaŋ yaɣa a nu. Yuuni 2022 ninsalinima kalibu ŋɔ ni daa yihi ni yaɣa balibu,gbaŋssbila ( black African)  daa nyɛla kɔbiga puuni vaabu piɣinii ni yini, ban daa moɣa ka bi nyɛ Kɔbiga puuni 8.2%, gbaŋpɛila daa nyɛla kɔbiga puuni vaabu 7.3%, India nima mini Asian nima ka bi mi nyɛ 2.7% kɔbiga puuni  nti pahi ban daa ka yaɣali zuɣu ka bi mi nyɛ kɔbiga puuni vaabu 0.5%. Yuuni 1911 puuni, bi tuuli ninsalinima kalibu maa ni daa wuhiya ni gbaŋpɛila daa nyɛla kɔbiga puuni vaabu pishi ni ayi, amaa di daa nyɛla din boogi chanŋ kɔbiga puuni vaabu pia ni ayɔbu yuuni 1980.

Balla

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

South Africa malila balla pia bi ayi: dini n nyɛ Zulu, Xhosa, Afrikaans, silimisili, Pedi,[179] Tswana, Southern Sotho, Tsonga, Swazi, Venda, n ti pahi Southern Ndebele ( di pɛmi doli tuuli bali shɛli bini yɛra). N ti pahi South Africa buŋisi ti taba la ( sing language)  bini daa saɣi ti ni shɛli gba nyɛla balli shɛli maa yuuni 2023 ni la. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu di daa nyɛla din pahi ra anahi ko Bolivia, India mini Zimbabwe zuɣuka balli shɛŋa di pahi maa zaa nyɛ yim. Balli shɛŋa nyɛla bini yɛri shɛli n gari balli shɛŋa. Yuuni 2022  ninsalinima kalibu daa wuhi ya ni balla dibaa ata shɛli nyɛla bini too yɛri shɛli, dini n nyɛ Zulu kɔbiga puuni vaabu 22.4%, Xhosa kɔbiga puuni vaabu 16.6% ni Afrikaans mi gba kɔbiga puuni vaabu 10.6%. Silimisili ni kuli nyɛ sokam ni mi shɛli zaa yoli dini n pahira bu nu zuɣu balla maa ni, ban yɛrili kuli nyɛla kɔbiga puuni vaabu 8.7% South Africa ni yuuni 2022 la ni, di zaa yoli di nyɛla  bini too mali shɛli n tiri  lahabali tiri balla pam. Vihigu daa Tina yuuni 1991 ninsalinima kalibula puuni n wuhiri ni South Africa tinŋgbani ni niriba bi paagi pirigili n wumdi silimisili. Amaa di n daa nyɛ balli shɛli niriba ni yɛri pam sambanni Zulu din nyɛŋa.

Balli shɛŋa nyɛla bini daa yɛri shɛli kurunbuna, din nim n nyɛ Fanagalo, Khoe, Lobedu, Nama Northern Ndebele n ti pahi PhuthI. Balla din daa bi yoli kamani San mini Khoekhoe daa nyɛla niriba ba daa bɛ north yaɣa zanŋ labi Namibia mini Botswana n ti pahi yaɣa shɛŋa. Ninvuɣu shɛba ban daa yi bi ko  ka chɛ Bantu niriba ban pam daa nyɛ gbanŋ sabila ( black Africa)  maa South Africa daa malila bi Kali shɛli din waligiba dini n daa nyɛ tɔha laɣigu. Bi yihi ba mi ka lala kali maa tɛriba ni bi balli maa nyɛla din bɛ barina ni ka ni tooi kuli kpe. South Africa gbanŋ pɛila gba daa yɛri Europeans balla  kama Italian,Portuguese ( black angolans mini Mozambicans n daa yɛri li), Dutch, Germans ni Greek,  ka Indians South Africa shɛba mini ban yoli yi South Asian n kpena maa mi yɛri  Indian balla kama Gujarati, Hindi,Tamil, Telugu ni Urdu. French gba daa nyɛla balli shɛli ban daa yi Francophone Africa nim ni daa yɛri shɛli. Yuuni 2022 kalinli ŋɔ maa puuni daa lahi wuhi ni musilisi addini daa nyɛla di yisi vaabu 1.6% kɔbiga puuni salo mani, ka Hindus nyɛ vaabu 1.1% kɔbiga puuni, buɣu jɛmidiba gba daa nyɛala vaabu 7.8% kɔbigu puuni, 3.1% daa nyɛla ban ka adiini,  ka 1.1% mi nyɛ din pahi.

Adiini

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Yuuni 2022 maa ninsalinima kalibu maa ni vihigu daa yina n wuhi ni  kristiɛn daa nyɛla vaabu puuni 85.3% salo maa puuni, pam daa nyɛla ban bɛ yaɣa kura maa ni ka bɛla maa mi bɛ Catholic mini din pahi.  Yuuni 2021 kalibu maa puuni daa wuhiya ni kristiɛn maa balibu maa nyɛ Zion kritiɛn (11.1%), Pentecostal (charismatic) (8.2%), Catholic (7.1%), Methodist (6.8%), Dutch Reform (6.7%) ni Anglican (3.8%). Kristiɛn ban daa pahi maa n daa nyɛ ban daa nyɛ kritiɛn chɛchi din pahi maa zuɣu.

African - Initiated  Chɛchi nima n daa nyɛ kristiɛn laɣigu kara. Vihigu daa lahi nyɛla din wuhi ni ban daa yɛli ni bi ka adiini yaɣali maa daa nyɛla ban bɛ buɣu jɛmdiba yaɣali. Vihigu daa wuhiya ni bi mali la 200,000 tibira sabli baŋdiba ka kɔbiga puuni vaabu pihi tubu(60%) South Africa salo nim n daa chɛni bi saani n ti dɛiri tibbu, bi daa bolindi ba la Sangoma ( 'diviner') bɛ inyanga ('herbalist '). Tibira sabila nim ŋɔ daa laɣila bi yaanima tabibi yɛda mini tabibi yɛda n ti pahi tilahi kamani fauna, flora mini funga bini mi shɛŋa tim la ka di siŋdiba ka bi tibira. Niriba pam  daa nyɛla ban mali adiini bobiga, din n nyɛ bi daa laɣidi  kristiɛn mini n ti pahi bi kaya ni taɣada zuɣu.

South Africa musilinima maa daa nyɛla ninvuɣizɛhi mini  mini Indians. Bi daa nyɛla South Africa gbanŋsabila mini gbanŋpɛila ni pahi shɛba zuɣu ka niŋ tuuba n ti pahi ninvuɣi shɛba na daa yina Africa yaɣa zaa. South Africa musilinima daa boɣisi bi addini maa ni din n nyɛ addini shɛli din zoogi yom tinŋgbani maa ni, ni misilim gbanŋsabila daa kuli zorimi biɣikulo kam, shahara n nyɛ niriba 12,000 yuuni 1991 hali ni 74,700 yuuni 2004.

Jewish nim gba daa nyɛla ban bɛni ban daa yina Europeans Jews ni ban daa kana ka nyɛ ban pora europeans nima.Yuuni 1970s puuni bi daa nyɛla paagi 118,000, saha shɛli tini zɛya ŋɔ be nyɛla 75,000 zuŋɔ, ban kpalim maa daa malila saanba ban yina Israel.  Di zaa yoli kalinli maa daa nyɛla din chɛ ka Jewish nim do kalinli pish ni dunia zaa.

Shikuru

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Ninkura shikuru kalinli daa yiɣisila vaabu 95% kɔbiga puuni yuuni 2025 ni. Din  na pahara buyi zuɣu Africa, di daa nyɛla din do Seychelles nyɛɛŋa. South Africa shikuriti nyɛla din pirigi buta zuɣu, ka di piligiri primary shikuru,  ka junior high shikuru  nti pahi tertiary education din daa nyɛ ( academic)  university  ni university of technology. Shikuru bihi mali yuuni pia ni ayi niŋbu, di ni nyɛ du yini hali ni duri pia ni ayi ( grade 1 to grade 12), bi bolidi shɛli grade 0 bɛ grade R dini nyɛ shikuru  piligu n ti bi kam. Bi ni boli shɛli primary shikuru la nyɛ bini niŋdi yuuma ayɔpoi shɛli polo, ka high shikuru la mi yuuma anu. Bi ni boli zahambu shɛli National Senior Certificate la nyɛla bini sabiri shɛli yuun pia ni ayi maa nyɛŋa ka di nyɛ talahi South Africa karim zunŋ kara lani n yɛri la university. Universities shɛŋa di do polo ni nyɛla din pirigi buta zuɣu,  tuuli traditional universities ni maani ka bi bohidi karimbu ni sabu zanŋ chanŋ degree shahara gbanŋ polo, din pahira n nyɛ university of technology ( bi ni daa bolidi shɛli technikons la)  din tiri diploma mini degree zanŋ jɛndi nuni tum banŋsim polo n ti pahi comprehensive universities ban niŋdi yaɣa ayi ŋɔ zaa. South Africa mali universities balibu  pish ni ata, traditional universities pia ni yini, university of technology di baa ayɔbu n tipahi comprehensive universities gba zuɣu di baa ayɔbu. Bi lahi nyɛla ban mali karin zuŋ yaɣa shɛli bini boli FET ( Further Education and Training) ka di galisi n ti pahi TVET ( Technical and Vocational Education and Training)  collage nim zuɣu South Africa tingbani.

Apartheid saha, gbanŋ sabila shikuru nim daa nyɛla bini lɛhi zɛm shɛŋa, ka lahi bi tabiri soŋdili laɣiri polo, bi bohibu yaɣali maa daa nyɛla din waligi ka chɛ ban bala maa. Bi daa daa bohiditabibi yaɣa shɛli bini boli Bantu Education la ka  wuhiri ba banŋsim shɛli din yɛn chɛ ka bi yina n ti tumdi  kamani lɛbra nima.

Yuuni 2004 South Africa nima daa nyɛla ban labi n kpanŋsiri bi Tertiary education yaɣali, bi daa lɛbigira universities bihi maa karin zuŋ bohibu yaɣi kara, ka taɣiri lala Tertiary shikuriti maa n lɛbigi Universities. Zanŋ Chanŋ yuuni 2015, shikuru bihi kalinli din daa yisi 1.4 million n bɛ higher education la daa nyɛla bini suŋ shɛba zanŋ kpa laɣiri polo ka di nyɛmi bi daa na mi yɛli di yɛla yuuni 1999 puuni.

Alaafee

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

South Africa institution of Race  Relation daa yɛliya yuuni 2009 la ni, ni South Africa gbanŋ pɛila nyɛla ban nyɛvili yuri paagi yuun pihiyopoin ni yini ( 71) ka South Africa gbanŋ sabila mi niŋdi yuun pihinahi ni ani (48). Tinŋgbani maa alaafee g gbebu daa nyɛla din dira  9% GDP puuni.

Salo maa puuni vaabu 84% kɔbiga puuni nyɛla ban chani gomlanti asibiti ni n ti dɛri tibbu, amaa lala asibiti nim ŋɔ dii ka alaafee ma kɔbi tɔha maa zaa. 20% gba nyɛla ban chani asibiti shɛŋa din pa gomlanti dini ka 16% nyɛ ban bɛ medical aid shcemes puuni, ban kpalim maa nyɛla ban yori asibiti nim maa bi yi lɛhi bi daa alaafee zuɣu. Asibiti kara di baa ata din daa mali yaɣa n nyɛ Mediclinic, Life Healthcare n ti pahi  Netcare daa nyɛla ban gbibi asibiti din pa gomlanti dina 75% dabiligu. Yuuni 2008 vihigu daa wuhiya ni HIV / AIDS doro ŋɔ nyɛla din gbahiri yaɣa maa zaa; kalinli 13.6% n daa nyɛ gbanŋ sabila ban mali HIV doro ŋɔ ka kalinli 0.3% nyɛ gbanŋ oɛila ban mali li. Nivuɣu korma n daa nyɛ ban koori pam ka lala kpibu ŋɔ maa chɛ ka AIDS kpibisi zoogi, bi daa nyɛla ban alaafee gomlanti asibiti nim ni ni laɣiri sunŋsim. Vihigu wuhiya ni kpibisi kalinli yiŋsila 1,200,000 South Africa tinŋgbani.

HIV / AIDS

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]


Vihigu daa yina UNAIDS alaafee yɛligu puuni n wuhiri ni South Africa niriba paagi miliyoŋ di baa ayopoin (7 million)  mali HIV n gari dunia ŋɔ zaa tinŋsi. Yuuni 2018 ninviɣu shɛba ban daa mali HIV ninkura puuni kamani yuu pia ni anu hali ni yuu pihinahi ni awiɔ nyɛla ban kalinli zoora ka bi kalinlin yiŋsi 20.4% lala yuuni maa yaha ka  ninsalinima kalinli ban yiŋsi 71,000 nyɛla ban kɔŋ bi nyɛvili ka di nyɛla AIDS doro ŋɔ ni. Yuuni 2008 vihigu daa wuhiya ni HIV / AIDS doro ŋɔ nyɛla din gbahiri yaɣa maa zaa; kalinli 13.6% n daa nyɛ gbanŋ sabila ban mali HIV doro ŋɔ ka kalinli 0.3% nyɛ gbanŋ oɛila ban mali li. Nivuɣu korma n daa nyɛ ban koori pam ka lala kpibu ŋɔ maa chɛ ka AIDS kpibisi zoogi, bi daa nyɛla ban alaafee gomlanti asibiti nim ni ni laɣiri sunŋsim. Vihigu wuhiya ni kpibisi kalinli yiŋsila 1,200,000 South Africa tinŋgbani.

HIV doro ŋɔ din lori niriba zanŋ chanŋ paɣa mini doo laɣibu shɛ ŋɔ mini AIDS  daa nyɛla lala saha naa zuɣu lana ŋun yuli daa bolidi Thabo Mbeki n ti pahi O alaafee yaɣali toondana Manto  MotsoalideMsimang daa nyɛla ban bi dihi dori ŋɔ tabili ka yɛli ni niriba ban kɔŋ bi nyɛviya maa darili nyɛmi ni bi diri bindiri maŋa n ti pahi fara zuɣu amaa ka HIV doro maa. Yuuni 2007 ni salo maa daa zaɣisi ka gomlanti daa yini ni O ti tuhi lala doro ŋɔ, yuuni 2009 pibupibu maa nyɛŋa  tinŋgbani zuɣulana Jacob Zuma Aaron Motsoaledi alaafee yaɣili toondana  n ti pahi , ka O daa po nti O gomalanti ni O ni kpaŋsi laɣiri sunŋsim zanŋ chanŋ HIV  tibiri sunŋ polo, ka zanŋ na hali ni yuuni 2025 South Africa ni nyɛla ban nyɛ taɣibu pam domi bi nyɛ tim din yuli bolindi antiretroviral drugs ka di nyɛ din kpaŋsiri HIV barinima nyɛviya kama 52.1 yuma hali ni 62.5 yuma

Kundivihira

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
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  13. ↑ Statistics South Africa on official unemployment rate in third quarter of 2024 | South African Government.
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  15. ↑ Francis, David (2019-11-02). "Poverty and inequality in South Africa: critical reflections". Development Southern Africa 36 (6): 788–802. DOI:10.1080/0376835X.2019.1666703. ISSN 0376-835X.
  16. ↑ The text.
  17. ↑ South African Sign Language is also an official language
  18. ↑ Livermon, Xavier (2008). "Sounds in the City". In Nuttall, Sarah; Mbembé, Achille (eds.). Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-8223-8121-1. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2016. Mzansi is another black urban vernacular term popular with the youth and standing for South Africa.
  19. ↑ Mzansi DiToloki. Deaf Federation of South Africa. “uMzantsi in Xhosa means 'south', Mzansi means this country, South Africa”
  20. ↑ Taylor, Darren. "South African Party Says Call Their Country 'Azania'" (en). VOA. https://www.voanews.com/a/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html.
  21. ↑ Singer, Ronald; Wymer, John (1982). The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River mouth in South Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-76103-9.
  22. ↑ Rightmire, G.Philip (2001-12). "New human teeth from Middle Stone Age deposits at Klasies River, South Africa". Journal of Human Evolution 41 (6): 535–544. DOI:10.1006/jhev.2001.0500. ISSN 0047-2484.
  23. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa (en).
  24. ↑ Marean, Curtis W. (2010-09). "Pinnacle Point Cave 13B (Western Cape Province, South Africa) in context: The Cape Floral kingdom, shellfish, and modern human origins" (in en). Journal of Human Evolution 59 (3-4): 425–443. DOI:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.011.
  25. ↑ Langer, William L. (1972). An encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern, chronologically arranged (5th ed., rev. and enl ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-13592-1.
  26. ↑ Leakey, Louis Seymour Bazett (1970). Stone Age Africa: An Outline of Prehistory in Africa (in English). Negro Universities Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-2022-5.
  27. ↑ Kim, Hie Lim (2014-12-04). "Khoisan hunter-gatherers have been the largest population throughout most of modern-human demographic history" (in en). Nature Communications 5 (1). DOI:10.1038/ncomms6692. ISSN 2041-1723.
  28. ↑ Pargeter, Justin (2016-07-19). "Primordialism and the ‘Pleistocene San’ of southern Africa". Antiquity 90 (352): 1072–1079. DOI:10.15184/aqy.2016.100. ISSN 0003-598X.
  29. ↑ Barnard, Alan (1992-02-28). Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-41188-2.
  30. ↑ Grollemund, Rebecca (2015-10-27). "Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (43): 13296–13301. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1503793112. ISSN 0027-8424.
  31. ↑ Whitelaw, Gavin (1994-01). "Towards an Early Iron Age worldview: some ideas from KwaZulu-Natal". Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 29-30 (1): 37–50. DOI:10.1080/00672709409511660. ISSN 0067-270X.
  32. ↑ (2016-03-15) "review of "Intercomparison of aerosol extinction profiles retrieved from MAX-DOAS measurements"". DOI:10.5194/amt-2015-358-rc1.
  33. ↑ (2020-11-16) "Static Testing of the Buffering Capacity of Geological Material from an Abandoned Mine in Mpumalanga, South Africa". SETWM-20, ACBES-20 & EEHSS-20 Nov. 16-17, 2020 Johannesburg (SA). DOI:10.17758/eares10.eap1120212.
  34. ↑ Chirikure, Shadreck; Delius, Peter; Esterhuysen, Amanda; Hall, Simon; Lekgoathi, Sekibakiba; Maulaudzi, Maanda; Neluvhalani, Vele; Ntsoane, Otsile; Pearce, David (2015-10-01). Mapungubwe Reconsidered: A Living Legacy: Exploring Beyond the Rise and Decline of the Mapungubwe State (in English). Real African Publishers Pty Ltd. ISBN 978-1-920655-06-8.
  35. ↑ Domville-Fife, Charles William ([n.d.]). The encyclopedia of the British Empire : the first encyclopedic record of the greatest empire in the history of the world. Robarts - University of Toronto. Bristol : Rankin. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ↑ (1899-10) "The Psychology of Reasoning, based on Experimental Researches in Hypnotism. By Alfred Binet. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co., 1899, pp. 191, 8vo. Price 3s. 6d.". Journal of Mental Science 45 (191): 790–791. DOI:10.1192/bjp.45.191.790-a. ISSN 0368-315X.
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