United States tiŋgbani zuɣulan'nima

Tiŋgbani zuɣulan'nima

List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.
No.^{[lower-alpha 1]}	Name (Birth–Death)	Term^[1]		Election	Vice President^[3]
1	George Washington (1732–1799) ^[4]	April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797	Unaffiliated	1788–1789 1792	John Adams^{[lower-alpha 3]}
2	John Adams (1735–1826) ^[6]	March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801	Federalist	1796	Thomas Jefferson^{[lower-alpha 4]}
3	Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) ^[8]	March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809	Democratic- Republican	1800 1804	Aaron Burr George Clinton
4	James Madison (1751–1836) ^[9]	March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817	Democratic- Republican	1808 1812	George Clinton^{[lower-alpha 5]} Vacant after April 20, 1812 Elbridge Gerry^{[lower-alpha 5]} Vacant after November 23, 1814
5	James Monroe (1758–1831) ^[11]	March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825	Democratic- Republican	1816 1820	Daniel D. Tompkins
6	John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) ^[12]	March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829	Democratic- Republican^{[lower-alpha 6]} National Republican	1824	John C. Calhoun^{[lower-alpha 7]}
7	Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) ^[15]	March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837	Democratic	1828 1832	John C. Calhoun^{[lower-alpha 8]} Vacant after December 28, 1832 Martin Van Buren
8	Martin Van Buren (1782–1862) ^[16]	March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841	Democratic	1836	Richard Mentor Johnson
9	William Henry Harrison (1773–1841) ^[17]	March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Whig	1840	John Tyler
10	John Tyler (1790–1862) ^[18]	April 4, 1841^{[lower-alpha 9]} – March 4, 1845	Whig^{[lower-alpha 10]} Unaffiliated	Tɛmplet:Endash	Vacant throughout presidency
11	James K. Polk (1795–1849) ^[21]	March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849	Democratic	1844	George M. Dallas
12	Zachary Taylor (1784–1850) ^[22]	March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Whig	1848	Millard Fillmore
13	Millard Fillmore (1800–1874) ^[23]	July 9, 1850^{[lower-alpha 11]} – March 4, 1853	Whig	Tɛmplet:Endash	Vacant throughout presidency
14	Franklin Pierce (1804–1869) ^[25]	March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857	Democratic	1852	William R. King^{[lower-alpha 5]} Vacant after April 18, 1853
15	James Buchanan (1791–1868) ^[26]	March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861	Democratic	1856	John C. Breckinridge
16	Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) ^[27]	March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Republican National Union^{[lower-alpha 12]}	1860 1864	Hannibal Hamlin Andrew Johnson
17	Andrew Johnson (1808–1875) ^[29]	April 15, 1865^{[lower-alpha 13]} – March 4, 1869	National Union^{[lower-alpha 14]} Democratic	Tɛmplet:Endash	Vacant throughout presidency
18	Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) ^[30]	March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877	Republican	1868 1872	Schuyler Colfax Henry Wilson^{[lower-alpha 5]} Vacant after November 22, 1875
19	Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893) ^[31]	March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881	Republican	1876	William A. Wheeler
20	James A. Garfield (1831–1881) ^[32]	March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Republican	1880	Chester A. Arthur
21	Chester A. Arthur (1829–1886) ^[33]	September 19, 1881^{[lower-alpha 15]} – March 4, 1885	Republican	Tɛmplet:Endash	Vacant throughout presidency
22	Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) ^[35]	March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889	Democratic	1884	Thomas A. Hendricks^{[lower-alpha 5]} Vacant after November 25, 1885
23	Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901) ^[36]	March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893	Republican	1888	Levi P. Morton
24	Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) ^[35]	March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897	Democratic	1892	Adlai Stevenson I
25	William McKinley (1843–1901) ^[37]	March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Republican	1896 1900	Garret Hobart^{[lower-alpha 5]} Vacant after November 21, 1899 Theodore Roosevelt
26	Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) ^[38]	September 14, 1901^{[lower-alpha 16]} – March 4, 1909	Republican	Tɛmplet:Endash 1904	Vacant through March 4, 1905 Charles W. Fairbanks
27	William Howard Taft (1857–1930) ^[40]	March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913	Republican	1908	James S. Sherman^{[lower-alpha 5]} Vacant after October 30, 1912
28	Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) ^[41]	March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921	Democratic	1912 1916	Thomas R. Marshall
29	Warren G. Harding (1865–1923) ^[42]	March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Republican	1920	Calvin Coolidge
30	Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933) ^[43]	August 2, 1923^{[lower-alpha 17]} – March 4, 1929	Republican	Tɛmplet:Endash 1924	Vacant through March 4, 1925 Charles G. Dawes
31	Herbert Hoover (1874–1964) ^[45]	March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933	Republican	1928	Charles Curtis
32	Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945) ^[46]	March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Democratic	1932 1936 1940 1944	John Nance Garner Henry A. Wallace Harry S. Truman
33	Harry S. Truman (1884–1972) ^[47]	April 12, 1945^{[lower-alpha 18]} – January 20, 1953	Democratic	Tɛmplet:Endash 1948	Vacant through January 20, 1949 Alben W. Barkley
34	Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969) ^[49]	January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961	Republican	1952 1956	Richard Nixon
35	John F. Kennedy (1917–1963) ^[50]	January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Democratic	1960	Lyndon B. Johnson
36	Lyndon B. Johnson (1908–1973) ^[51]	November 22, 1963^{[lower-alpha 19]} – January 20, 1969	Democratic	Tɛmplet:Endash 1964	Vacant through January 20, 1965 Hubert Humphrey
37	Richard Nixon (1913–1994) ^[53]	January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974^{[lower-alpha 8]}	Republican	1968 1972	Spiro Agnew^{[lower-alpha 8]} Vacant: October 10 – December 6, 1973 Gerald Ford^{[lower-alpha 20]}
38	Gerald Ford (1913–2006) ^[54]	August 9, 1974^{[lower-alpha 21]} – January 20, 1977	Republican	Tɛmplet:Endash	Vacant through December 19, 1974 Nelson Rockefeller^{[lower-alpha 20]}
39	Jimmy Carter (b. 1924) ^[55]	January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981	Democratic	1976	Walter Mondale
40	Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) ^[56]	January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989	Republican	1980 1984	George H. W. Bush
41	George H. W. Bush (1924–2018) ^[57]	January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993	Republican	1988	Dan Quayle
42	Bill Clinton (b. 1946) ^[58]	January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001	Democratic	1992 1996	Al Gore
43	George W. Bush (b. 1946) ^[59]	January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009	Republican	2000 2004	Dick Cheney
44	Barack Obama (b. 1961) ^[60]	January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017	Democratic	2008 2012	Joe Biden
45	Donald Trump (b. 1946) ^[61]	January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021	Republican	2016	Mike Pence
46	Joe Biden (b. 1942) ^[62]	January 20, 2021 – Incumbent	Democratic	2020	Kamala Harris

Lihim mpahi

Noosi

↑ LOC; whitehouse.gov.
↑ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.
↑ LOC.
↑ McDonald (2000).
↑ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 197, 272; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
↑ Pencak (2000).
↑ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 274.
↑ Peterson (2000).
↑ Banning (2000).
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Neale (2004), p. 22.
↑ Ammon (2000).
↑ Hargreaves (2000).
↑ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.
↑ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280.
↑ Remini (2000).
↑ Cole (2000).
↑ Gutzman (2000).
↑ Shade (2000).
↑ Abbott (2013), p. 23.
↑ Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.
↑ Rawley (2000).
↑ Smith (2000).
↑ Anbinder (2000).
↑ Abbott (2005), p. 639.
↑ Gara (2000).
↑ Gienapp (2000).
↑ McPherson (b) (2000).
↑ McSeveney (1986), p. 139.
↑ ^29.0 ^29.1 ^29.2 Trefousse (2000).
↑ McPherson (a) (2000).
↑ Hoogenboom (2000).
↑ Peskin (2000).
↑ Reeves (2000).
↑ Greenberger (2017), pp. 174–175.
↑ ^35.0 ^35.1 Campbell (2000).
↑ Spetter (2000).
↑ Gould (a) (2000).
↑ Harbaugh (2000).
↑ Abbott (2005), p. 639–640.
↑ Gould (b) (2000).
↑ Ambrosius (2000).
↑ Hawley (2000).
↑ McCoy (2000).
↑ Senate.
↑ Hoff (a) (2000).
↑ Brinkley (2000).
↑ Hamby (2000).
↑ Abbott (2005), p. 636.
↑ Ambrose (2000).
↑ Parmet (2000).
↑ Gardner (2000).
↑ Abbott (2005), p. 633.
↑ Hoff (b) (2000).
↑ ^54.0 ^54.1 Greene (2013).
↑ whitehouse.gov (a).
↑ Schaller (2004).
↑ whitehouse.gov (b).
↑ whitehouse.gov (c).
↑ whitehouse.gov (d).
↑ whitehouse.gov (e).
↑ whitehouse.gov (f).
↑ whitehouse.gov (g).

Kundivihira

Tuma din piigi

General

Guide to U.S. Elections. SAGE Publications. 2010. ISBN 978-1-60426-536-1.
Chronological List of Presidents, First Ladies, and Vice Presidents of the United States. Library of Congress.
Presidents. whitehouse.gov.

Expert studies

Abbott, Philip (2005). "Accidental Presidents: Death, Assassination, Resignation, and Democratic Succession.". Presidential Studies Quarterly 35 (4): 627–645. DOI:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2005.00269.x. ISSN 0360-4918.
Abbott, Philip (2013). "The First Bad President?: John Tyler". Bad Presidents. The Evolving American Presidency Series. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 23–42. doi:10.1057/9781137306593_2. ISBN 978-1-349-45513-3.
Cash, Jordan T. (2018). "The Isolated Presidency: John Tyler and Unilateral Presidential Power". American Political Thought 7: 26–56. DOI:10.1086/695644.
Dinnerstein, Leonard (1962). "The Accession of John Tyler to the Presidency.". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 70 (4): 447–458.
Epstein, Richard A. (2005). "Executive Power, the Commander in Chief, and the Militia Clause". Hofstra Law Review 34 (2). ISSN 0091-4029.
Goldman, Ralph Morris (1951). Party Chairmen and Party Faction, 1789–1900: A Theory of Executive Responsibility and Conflict Resolution. University of Chicago Press. OCLC 1243718246.
Houpt, David W. (2010). "Securing a Legacy". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 118 no. 1. Virginia Historical Society. Tɛmplet:ProQuest.
Matuz, Roger (2001). Complete American Presidents Sourcebook. UXL. ISBN 978-0-7876-4842-8. LCCN 00056794. OL 24722725M.
(2014) "Death in the White House: President William Henry Harrison's Atypical Pneumonia". Clinical Infectious Diseases 59 (7): 990–995. DOI:10.1093/cid/ciu470. PMID 24962997.
McSeveney, Samuel T. (1986). "Re-electing Lincoln: The Union Party Campaign and the Military Vote in Connecticut". Civil War History 32 (2): 139–158. DOI:10.1353/cwh.1986.0032.
Nardulli, Peter F., ed. (1992). The Constitution and American Political Development: An Institutional Perspective. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-01787-2.
Neale, Thomas H. (2004). Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession: Overview and Current Legislation. Congressional Research Service.
(1999) "The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment". Minnesota Law Review 83 (565). ISSN 0026-5535.
Rossiter, Clinton (1962). "Powers of the United States President and Congress". Pakistan Horizon 15 (2): 85–92.
(2003) "'The Contemporary Presidency': Postpresidential Influence in the Postmodern Era". Presidential Studies Quarterly 33 (1): 188–200.
Shugart, Matthew S. (2004). "Elections': The American Process of Selecting a President: A Comparative Perspective". Presidential Studies Quarterly 34 (3): 632–655. DOI:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00216.x.
Skau, George H. (1974). "Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Expansion of Presidential Power". Current History 66 (394): 246–275. DOI:10.1525/curh.1974.66.394.246.

Presidential biographies

Ambrose, Stephen E. (2000). Eisenhower, Dwight David. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700094.
Ambrosius, Lloyd E. (2000). Wilson, Woodrow. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600726.
Ammon, Harry (2000). Monroe, James. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300338.
Anbinder, Tyler (2000). Fillmore, Millard. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400374.
Banning, Lance (2000). Madison, James. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300303.
Brinkley, Alan (2000). Roosevelt, Franklin Delano. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600567.
Campbell, Ballard C. (2000). Cleveland, Grover. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500144.
Cole, Donald B. (2000). Van Buren, Martin. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300507.
Gara, Larry (2000). Pierce, Franklin. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400788.
Gardner, Lloyd (2000). Johnson, Lyndon Baines. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700147.
Gienapp, William E. (2000). Buchanan, James. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400170.
Gould, Lewis L. (2000). McKinley, William. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500507.
Gould, Lewis L. (2000). Taft, William Howard. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600642.
Greenberger, Scott S. (2017). The Unexpected President: The Life and Times of Chester A. Arthur. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82390-9.
Greene, John Robert (2013). Ford, Gerald R., Jr.. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1501345.
Gutzman, K. R. Constantine (2000). Harrison, William Henry. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300211.
Hamby, Alonzo L. (2000). Truman, Harry S.. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700307.
Harbaugh, William H. (2000). Roosevelt, Theodore. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600569.
Hargreaves, Mary W. M. (2000). Adams, John Quincy. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300002.
Hawley, Ellis W. (2000). Harding, Warren Gamaliel. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600253.
Hoff, Joan (2000). Hoover, Herbert Clark. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600287.
Hoff, Joan (2000). Nixon, Richard Milhous. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700684.
Hoogenboom, Ari (2000). Hayes, Rutherford Birchard. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500331.
McCoy, Donald R. (2000). Coolidge, Calvin. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600109.
McDonald, Forrest (2000). Washington, George. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0200332.
McPherson, James M. (2000). Grant, Ulysses S.. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500291.
McPherson, James M. (2000). Lincoln, Abraham. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400631.
Parmet, 1917–22 November 1963) (2000). Kennedy, John Fitzgerald. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700152.
Pencak, William (2000). Adams, John. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0100007.
Peskin, Allan (2000). Garfield, James Abram. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500264.
Peterson, Merrill D. (2000). Jefferson, Thomas. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0200196.
Rawley, James A. (2000). Polk, James Knox. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400795.
Reeves, Thomas C. (2000). Arthur, Chester Alan. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500033.
Remini, Robert V. (2000). Jackson, Andrew. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300238.
Schaller, Michael (2004). Reagan, Ronald Wilson. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700791.
Shade, William G. (2000). Tyler, John. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0401004.
Smith, Elbert B. (2000). Taylor, Zachary. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400978.
Spetter, Allan Burton (2000). Harrison, Benjamin. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500320.
Trefousse, Hans L. (2000). Johnson, Andrew. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400566.
James Carter. whitehouse.gov.
George H. W. Bush. whitehouse.gov.
William J. Clinton. whitehouse.gov.
George W. Bush. whitehouse.gov.
Barack Obama. whitehouse.gov.
Donald Trump. whitehouse.gov.
Joe Biden. whitehouse.gov.

Online sources

External links

Media related to President of the United States at Wikimedia Commons
Tɛmplet:Wikiquote inline

Tɛmplet:US Presidents Tɛmplet:Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents Tɛmplet:US Chief Executives Lua bi niŋ dede:bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal')
A chirim ya: &It;ref> tuma maa yi laɣingu din yuli nyɛ "lower-alpha", ka lee bi saɣiritiri $It;references group ="lower-alpha"/> tuka maa bon nya

[FOOTNOTELOCwhitehouse.gov-2] LOC; whitehouse.gov.

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010257–258-4] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.

[FOOTNOTELOC-5] LOC.

[FOOTNOTEMcDonald2000-6] McDonald (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010197,_272Nardulli1992179-7] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 197, 272; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.

[FOOTNOTEPencak2000-9] Pencak (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010274-10] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 274.

[FOOTNOTEPeterson2000-12] Peterson (2000).

[FOOTNOTEBanning2000-13] Banning (2000).

[FOOTNOTENeale200422-14] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Neale (2004), p. 22.

[FOOTNOTEAmmon2000-16] Ammon (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHargreaves2000-17] Hargreaves (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010228Goldman1951159-18] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010892Houpt201026,_280-20] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280.

[FOOTNOTERemini2000-22] Remini (2000).

[FOOTNOTECole2000-24] Cole (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGutzman2000-25] Gutzman (2000).

[FOOTNOTEShade2000-26] Shade (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott201323-27] Abbott (2013), p. 23.

[FOOTNOTECash201834–36-29] Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.

[FOOTNOTERawley2000-31] Rawley (2000).

[FOOTNOTESmith2000-32] Smith (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAnbinder2000-33] Anbinder (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005639-34] Abbott (2005), p. 639.

[FOOTNOTEGara2000-36] Gara (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGienapp2000-37] Gienapp (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcPherson_(b)2000-38] McPherson (b) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcSeveney1986139-39] McSeveney (1986), p. 139.

[FOOTNOTETrefousse2000-41] 29.0 ^29.1 ^29.2 Trefousse (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcPherson_(a)2000-44] McPherson (a) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHoogenboom2000-45] Hoogenboom (2000).

[FOOTNOTEPeskin2000-46] Peskin (2000).

[FOOTNOTEReeves2000-47] Reeves (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGreenberger2017174–175-48] Greenberger (2017), pp. 174–175.

[FOOTNOTECampbell2000-50] 35.0 ^35.1 Campbell (2000).

[FOOTNOTESpetter2000-51] Spetter (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGould_(a)2000-52] Gould (a) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHarbaugh2000-53] Harbaugh (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005639–640-54] Abbott (2005), p. 639–640.

[FOOTNOTEGould_(b)2000-56] Gould (b) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAmbrosius2000-57] Ambrosius (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHawley2000-58] Hawley (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcCoy2000-59] McCoy (2000).

[FOOTNOTESenate-60] Senate.

[FOOTNOTEHoff_(a)2000-62] Hoff (a) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEBrinkley2000-63] Brinkley (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHamby2000-64] Hamby (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005636-65] Abbott (2005), p. 636.

[FOOTNOTEAmbrose2000-67] Ambrose (2000).

[FOOTNOTEParmet2000-68] Parmet (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGardner2000-69] Gardner (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005633-70] Abbott (2005), p. 633.

[FOOTNOTEHoff_(b)2000-72] Hoff (b) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGreene2013-74] 54.0 ^54.1 Greene (2013).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(a)-76] whitehouse.gov (a).

[FOOTNOTESchaller2004-77] Schaller (2004).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(b)-78] whitehouse.gov (b).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(c)-79] whitehouse.gov (c).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(d)-80] whitehouse.gov (d).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(e)-81] whitehouse.gov (e).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(f)-82] whitehouse.gov (f).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(g)-83] whitehouse.gov (g).

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