United States tiŋgbani zuɣulan'nima

Tiŋgbani zuɣulan'nima[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.
No.^{[lower-alpha 1]}	Name (Birth–Death)	Term^[1]		Election	Vice President^[3]
1	George Washington (1732–1799) ^[4]	April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797	Unaffiliated	1788–1789 1792	John Adams^{[lower-alpha 3]}
2	John Adams (1735–1826) ^[6]	March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801	Federalist	1796	Thomas Jefferson^{[lower-alpha 4]}
3	Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) ^[8]	March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809	Democratic- Republican	1800 1804	Aaron Burr George Clinton
4	James Madison (1751–1836) ^[9]	March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817	Democratic- Republican	1808 1812	George Clinton^{[lower-alpha 5]} Vacant after April 20, 1812 Elbridge Gerry^{[lower-alpha 5]} Vacant after November 23, 1814
5	James Monroe (1758–1831) ^[11]	March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825	Democratic- Republican	1816 1820	Daniel D. Tompkins
6	John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) ^[12]	March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829	Democratic- Republican^{[lower-alpha 6]} National Republican	1824	John C. Calhoun^{[lower-alpha 7]}
7	Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) ^[15]	March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837	Democratic	1828 1832	John C. Calhoun^{[lower-alpha 8]} Vacant after December 28, 1832 Martin Van Buren
8	Martin Van Buren (1782–1862) ^[16]	March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841	Democratic	1836	Richard Mentor Johnson
9	William Henry Harrison (1773–1841) ^[17]	March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Whig	1840	John Tyler
10	John Tyler (1790–1862) ^[18]	April 4, 1841^{[lower-alpha 9]} – March 4, 1845	Whig^{[lower-alpha 10]} Unaffiliated	Tɛmplet:Endash	Vacant throughout presidency
11	James K. Polk (1795–1849) ^[21]	March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849	Democratic	1844	George M. Dallas
12	Zachary Taylor (1784–1850) ^[22]	March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Whig	1848	Millard Fillmore
13	Millard Fillmore (1800–1874) ^[23]	July 9, 1850^{[lower-alpha 11]} – March 4, 1853	Whig	Tɛmplet:Endash	Vacant throughout presidency
14	Franklin Pierce (1804–1869) ^[25]	March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857	Democratic	1852	William R. King^{[lower-alpha 5]} Vacant after April 18, 1853
15	James Buchanan (1791–1868) ^[26]	March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861	Democratic	1856	John C. Breckinridge
16	Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) ^[27]	March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Republican National Union^{[lower-alpha 12]}	1860 1864	Hannibal Hamlin Andrew Johnson
17	Andrew Johnson (1808–1875) ^[29]	April 15, 1865^{[lower-alpha 13]} – March 4, 1869	National Union^{[lower-alpha 14]} Democratic	Tɛmplet:Endash	Vacant throughout presidency
18	Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) ^[30]	March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877	Republican	1868 1872	Schuyler Colfax Henry Wilson^{[lower-alpha 5]} Vacant after November 22, 1875
19	Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893) ^[31]	March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881	Republican	1876	William A. Wheeler
20	James A. Garfield (1831–1881) ^[32]	March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Republican	1880	Chester A. Arthur
21	Chester A. Arthur (1829–1886) ^[33]	September 19, 1881^{[lower-alpha 15]} – March 4, 1885	Republican	Tɛmplet:Endash	Vacant throughout presidency
22	Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) ^[35]	March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889	Democratic	1884	Thomas A. Hendricks^{[lower-alpha 5]} Vacant after November 25, 1885
23	Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901) ^[36]	March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893	Republican	1888	Levi P. Morton
24	Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) ^[35]	March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897	Democratic	1892	Adlai Stevenson I
25	William McKinley (1843–1901) ^[37]	March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Republican	1896 1900	Garret Hobart^{[lower-alpha 5]} Vacant after November 21, 1899 Theodore Roosevelt
26	Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) ^[38]	September 14, 1901^{[lower-alpha 16]} – March 4, 1909	Republican	Tɛmplet:Endash 1904	Vacant through March 4, 1905 Charles W. Fairbanks
27	William Howard Taft (1857–1930) ^[40]	March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913	Republican	1908	James S. Sherman^{[lower-alpha 5]} Vacant after October 30, 1912
28	Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) ^[41]	March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921	Democratic	1912 1916	Thomas R. Marshall
29	Warren G. Harding (1865–1923) ^[42]	March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Republican	1920	Calvin Coolidge
30	Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933) ^[43]	August 2, 1923^{[lower-alpha 17]} – March 4, 1929	Republican	Tɛmplet:Endash 1924	Vacant through March 4, 1925 Charles G. Dawes
31	Herbert Hoover (1874–1964) ^[45]	March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933	Republican	1928	Charles Curtis
32	Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945) ^[46]	March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Democratic	1932 1936 1940 1944	John Nance Garner Henry A. Wallace Harry S. Truman
33	Harry S. Truman (1884–1972) ^[47]	April 12, 1945^{[lower-alpha 18]} – January 20, 1953	Democratic	Tɛmplet:Endash 1948	Vacant through January 20, 1949 Alben W. Barkley
34	Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969) ^[49]	January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961	Republican	1952 1956	Richard Nixon
35	John F. Kennedy (1917–1963) ^[50]	January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Democratic	1960	Lyndon B. Johnson
36	Lyndon B. Johnson (1908–1973) ^[51]	November 22, 1963^{[lower-alpha 19]} – January 20, 1969	Democratic	Tɛmplet:Endash 1964	Vacant through January 20, 1965 Hubert Humphrey
37	Richard Nixon (1913–1994) ^[53]	January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974^{[lower-alpha 8]}	Republican	1968 1972	Spiro Agnew^{[lower-alpha 8]} Vacant: October 10 – December 6, 1973 Gerald Ford^{[lower-alpha 20]}
38	Gerald Ford (1913–2006) ^[54]	August 9, 1974^{[lower-alpha 21]} – January 20, 1977	Republican	Tɛmplet:Endash	Vacant through December 19, 1974 Nelson Rockefeller^{[lower-alpha 20]}
39	Jimmy Carter (b. 1924) ^[55]	January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981	Democratic	1976	Walter Mondale
40	Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) ^[56]	January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989	Republican	1980 1984	George H. W. Bush
41	George H. W. Bush (1924–2018) ^[57]	January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993	Republican	1988	Dan Quayle
42	Bill Clinton (b. 1946) ^[58]	January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001	Democratic	1992 1996	Al Gore
43	George W. Bush (b. 1946) ^[59]	January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009	Republican	2000 2004	Dick Cheney
44	Barack Obama (b. 1961) ^[60]	January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017	Democratic	2008 2012	Joe Biden
45	Donald Trump (b. 1946) ^[61]	January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021	Republican	2016	Mike Pence
46	Joe Biden (b. 1942) ^[62]	January 20, 2021 – Incumbent	Democratic	2020	Kamala Harris

Lihim mpahi[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Noosi[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

↑ LOC; whitehouse.gov.
↑ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.
↑ LOC.
↑ McDonald (2000).
↑ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 197, 272; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
↑ Pencak (2000).
↑ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 274.
↑ Peterson (2000).
↑ Banning (2000).
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Neale (2004), p. 22.
↑ Ammon (2000).
↑ Hargreaves (2000).
↑ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.
↑ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280.
↑ Remini (2000).
↑ Cole (2000).
↑ Gutzman (2000).
↑ Shade (2000).
↑ Abbott (2013), p. 23.
↑ Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.
↑ Rawley (2000).
↑ Smith (2000).
↑ Anbinder (2000).
↑ Abbott (2005), p. 639.
↑ Gara (2000).
↑ Gienapp (2000).
↑ McPherson (b) (2000).
↑ McSeveney (1986), p. 139.
↑ ^29.0 ^29.1 ^29.2 Trefousse (2000).
↑ McPherson (a) (2000).
↑ Hoogenboom (2000).
↑ Peskin (2000).
↑ Reeves (2000).
↑ Greenberger (2017), pp. 174–175.
↑ ^35.0 ^35.1 Campbell (2000).
↑ Spetter (2000).
↑ Gould (a) (2000).
↑ Harbaugh (2000).
↑ Abbott (2005), p. 639–640.
↑ Gould (b) (2000).
↑ Ambrosius (2000).
↑ Hawley (2000).
↑ McCoy (2000).
↑ Senate.
↑ Hoff (a) (2000).
↑ Brinkley (2000).
↑ Hamby (2000).
↑ Abbott (2005), p. 636.
↑ Ambrose (2000).
↑ Parmet (2000).
↑ Gardner (2000).
↑ Abbott (2005), p. 633.
↑ Hoff (b) (2000).
↑ ^54.0 ^54.1 Greene (2013).
↑ whitehouse.gov (a).
↑ Schaller (2004).
↑ whitehouse.gov (b).
↑ whitehouse.gov (c).
↑ whitehouse.gov (d).
↑ whitehouse.gov (e).
↑ whitehouse.gov (f).
↑ whitehouse.gov (g).

Kundivihira[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Tuma din piigi[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

General

Guide to U.S. Elections. SAGE Publications. 2010. ISBN 978-1-60426-536-1.
Chronological List of Presidents, First Ladies, and Vice Presidents of the United States. Library of Congress.
Presidents. whitehouse.gov.

Expert studies

Abbott, Philip (2005). "Accidental Presidents: Death, Assassination, Resignation, and Democratic Succession.". Presidential Studies Quarterly 35 (4): 627–645. DOI:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2005.00269.x. ISSN 0360-4918.
Abbott, Philip (2013). "The First Bad President?: John Tyler". Bad Presidents. The Evolving American Presidency Series. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 23–42. doi:10.1057/9781137306593_2. ISBN 978-1-349-45513-3.
Cash, Jordan T. (2018). "The Isolated Presidency: John Tyler and Unilateral Presidential Power". American Political Thought 7: 26–56. DOI:10.1086/695644.
Dinnerstein, Leonard (1962). "The Accession of John Tyler to the Presidency.". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 70 (4): 447–458.
Epstein, Richard A. (2005). "Executive Power, the Commander in Chief, and the Militia Clause". Hofstra Law Review 34 (2). ISSN 0091-4029.
Goldman, Ralph Morris (1951). Party Chairmen and Party Faction, 1789–1900: A Theory of Executive Responsibility and Conflict Resolution. University of Chicago Press. OCLC 1243718246.
Houpt, David W. (2010). "Securing a Legacy". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 118 no. 1. Virginia Historical Society. Tɛmplet:ProQuest.
Matuz, Roger (2001). Complete American Presidents Sourcebook. UXL. ISBN 978-0-7876-4842-8. LCCN 00056794. OL 24722725M.
(2014) "Death in the White House: President William Henry Harrison's Atypical Pneumonia". Clinical Infectious Diseases 59 (7): 990–995. DOI:10.1093/cid/ciu470. PMID 24962997.
McSeveney, Samuel T. (1986). "Re-electing Lincoln: The Union Party Campaign and the Military Vote in Connecticut". Civil War History 32 (2): 139–158. DOI:10.1353/cwh.1986.0032.
Nardulli, Peter F., ed. (1992). The Constitution and American Political Development: An Institutional Perspective. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-01787-2.
Neale, Thomas H. (2004). Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession: Overview and Current Legislation. Congressional Research Service.
(1999) "The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment". Minnesota Law Review 83 (565). ISSN 0026-5535.
Rossiter, Clinton (1962). "Powers of the United States President and Congress". Pakistan Horizon 15 (2): 85–92.
(2003) "'The Contemporary Presidency': Postpresidential Influence in the Postmodern Era". Presidential Studies Quarterly 33 (1): 188–200.
Shugart, Matthew S. (2004). "Elections': The American Process of Selecting a President: A Comparative Perspective". Presidential Studies Quarterly 34 (3): 632–655. DOI:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00216.x.
Skau, George H. (1974). "Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Expansion of Presidential Power". Current History 66 (394): 246–275. DOI:10.1525/curh.1974.66.394.246.

Presidential biographies

Ambrose, Stephen E. (2000). Eisenhower, Dwight David. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700094.
Ambrosius, Lloyd E. (2000). Wilson, Woodrow. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600726.
Ammon, Harry (2000). Monroe, James. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300338.
Anbinder, Tyler (2000). Fillmore, Millard. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400374.
Banning, Lance (2000). Madison, James. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300303.
Brinkley, Alan (2000). Roosevelt, Franklin Delano. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600567.
Campbell, Ballard C. (2000). Cleveland, Grover. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500144.
Cole, Donald B. (2000). Van Buren, Martin. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300507.
Gara, Larry (2000). Pierce, Franklin. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400788.
Gardner, Lloyd (2000). Johnson, Lyndon Baines. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700147.
Gienapp, William E. (2000). Buchanan, James. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400170.
Gould, Lewis L. (2000). McKinley, William. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500507.
Gould, Lewis L. (2000). Taft, William Howard. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600642.
Greenberger, Scott S. (2017). The Unexpected President: The Life and Times of Chester A. Arthur. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82390-9.
Greene, John Robert (2013). Ford, Gerald R., Jr.. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1501345.
Gutzman, K. R. Constantine (2000). Harrison, William Henry. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300211.
Hamby, Alonzo L. (2000). Truman, Harry S.. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700307.
Harbaugh, William H. (2000). Roosevelt, Theodore. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600569.
Hargreaves, Mary W. M. (2000). Adams, John Quincy. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300002.
Hawley, Ellis W. (2000). Harding, Warren Gamaliel. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600253.
Hoff, Joan (2000). Hoover, Herbert Clark. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600287.
Hoff, Joan (2000). Nixon, Richard Milhous. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700684.
Hoogenboom, Ari (2000). Hayes, Rutherford Birchard. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500331.
McCoy, Donald R. (2000). Coolidge, Calvin. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600109.
McDonald, Forrest (2000). Washington, George. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0200332.
McPherson, James M. (2000). Grant, Ulysses S.. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500291.
McPherson, James M. (2000). Lincoln, Abraham. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400631.
Parmet, 1917–22 November 1963) (2000). Kennedy, John Fitzgerald. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700152.
Pencak, William (2000). Adams, John. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0100007.
Peskin, Allan (2000). Garfield, James Abram. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500264.
Peterson, Merrill D. (2000). Jefferson, Thomas. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0200196.
Rawley, James A. (2000). Polk, James Knox. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400795.
Reeves, Thomas C. (2000). Arthur, Chester Alan. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500033.
Remini, Robert V. (2000). Jackson, Andrew. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300238.
Schaller, Michael (2004). Reagan, Ronald Wilson. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700791.
Shade, William G. (2000). Tyler, John. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0401004.
Smith, Elbert B. (2000). Taylor, Zachary. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400978.
Spetter, Allan Burton (2000). Harrison, Benjamin. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500320.
Trefousse, Hans L. (2000). Johnson, Andrew. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400566.
James Carter. whitehouse.gov.
George H. W. Bush. whitehouse.gov.
William J. Clinton. whitehouse.gov.
George W. Bush. whitehouse.gov.
Barack Obama. whitehouse.gov.
Donald Trump. whitehouse.gov.
Joe Biden. whitehouse.gov.

Online sources

External links[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Media related to President of the United States at Wikimedia Commons
Tɛmplet:Wikiquote inline

Tɛmplet:US Presidents Tɛmplet:Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents Tɛmplet:US Chief Executives Lua bi niŋ dede:bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal')
A chirim ya: &It;ref> tuma maa yi laɣingu din yuli nyɛ "lower-alpha", ka lee bi saɣiritiri $It;references group ="lower-alpha"/> tuka maa bon nya

[FOOTNOTELOCwhitehouse.gov-2] LOC; whitehouse.gov.

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010257–258-4] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.

[FOOTNOTELOC-5] LOC.

[FOOTNOTEMcDonald2000-6] McDonald (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010197,_272Nardulli1992179-7] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 197, 272; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.

[FOOTNOTEPencak2000-9] Pencak (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010274-10] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 274.

[FOOTNOTEPeterson2000-12] Peterson (2000).

[FOOTNOTEBanning2000-13] Banning (2000).

[FOOTNOTENeale200422-14] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Neale (2004), p. 22.

[FOOTNOTEAmmon2000-16] Ammon (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHargreaves2000-17] Hargreaves (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010228Goldman1951159-18] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010892Houpt201026,_280-20] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280.

[FOOTNOTERemini2000-22] Remini (2000).

[FOOTNOTECole2000-24] Cole (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGutzman2000-25] Gutzman (2000).

[FOOTNOTEShade2000-26] Shade (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott201323-27] Abbott (2013), p. 23.

[FOOTNOTECash201834–36-29] Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.

[FOOTNOTERawley2000-31] Rawley (2000).

[FOOTNOTESmith2000-32] Smith (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAnbinder2000-33] Anbinder (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005639-34] Abbott (2005), p. 639.

[FOOTNOTEGara2000-36] Gara (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGienapp2000-37] Gienapp (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcPherson_(b)2000-38] McPherson (b) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcSeveney1986139-39] McSeveney (1986), p. 139.

[FOOTNOTETrefousse2000-41] 29.0 ^29.1 ^29.2 Trefousse (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcPherson_(a)2000-44] McPherson (a) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHoogenboom2000-45] Hoogenboom (2000).

[FOOTNOTEPeskin2000-46] Peskin (2000).

[FOOTNOTEReeves2000-47] Reeves (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGreenberger2017174–175-48] Greenberger (2017), pp. 174–175.

[FOOTNOTECampbell2000-50] 35.0 ^35.1 Campbell (2000).

[FOOTNOTESpetter2000-51] Spetter (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGould_(a)2000-52] Gould (a) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHarbaugh2000-53] Harbaugh (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005639–640-54] Abbott (2005), p. 639–640.

[FOOTNOTEGould_(b)2000-56] Gould (b) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAmbrosius2000-57] Ambrosius (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHawley2000-58] Hawley (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcCoy2000-59] McCoy (2000).

[FOOTNOTESenate-60] Senate.

[FOOTNOTEHoff_(a)2000-62] Hoff (a) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEBrinkley2000-63] Brinkley (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHamby2000-64] Hamby (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005636-65] Abbott (2005), p. 636.

[FOOTNOTEAmbrose2000-67] Ambrose (2000).

[FOOTNOTEParmet2000-68] Parmet (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGardner2000-69] Gardner (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005633-70] Abbott (2005), p. 633.

[FOOTNOTEHoff_(b)2000-72] Hoff (b) (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGreene2013-74] 54.0 ^54.1 Greene (2013).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(a)-76] whitehouse.gov (a).

[FOOTNOTESchaller2004-77] Schaller (2004).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(b)-78] whitehouse.gov (b).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(c)-79] whitehouse.gov (c).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(d)-80] whitehouse.gov (d).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(e)-81] whitehouse.gov (e).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(f)-82] whitehouse.gov (f).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(g)-83] whitehouse.gov (g).

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