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Bill Clinton

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Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe; bɛ daa dɔɣi o la silimin gɔli August biɛɣu pia ni awei dali, yuuni 1946 puuni) o nyɛla America lawyer ni siyaasa nira Ŋuna n daa nyɛ ŋun pahi 42nd president of the United States bin din gbaai yuuni 1993 hali ni yuuni 2001. O daa bela Democratic Party puuni amaa pɔi ni dina, o daa na nyɛla tingbani zuɣulana n-ti Arkansas bin din gbaai yuuni 1979 hali ni yuuni 1981 ni, ka daa lahi zaŋ tuɣi yuuni 1983 la ni hali ni yuuni 1992 puuni. Clinton, ŋun niiya bee alikawli daa nyɛ ŋun mali zaashee siyaasatali puuni "Third Way" political philosophy, ka o daa ti n lɛbi sokam ni mi so ni New Democrat la.

Bɛ daa dɔɣi ka wumsi Clinton la Arkansas. O ni daa n naai Georgetown University 1968 yuuni la puuni o daa tuɣimi n chaŋ Yale Law School, luɣ'shɛli o ni daa n nya o paɣa Hillary Rodham la. O ni daa n lahi naai law shukuru maa, Clinton daa labila Arkansas tingbani ni ka daa ti di bɛ piibu piibu n lɛbi bɛ ni boli so ni state attorney general dinbɔŋɔ nyaaŋa o daa lahi dila Arkansas tingbani zuɣulana buyi zaa. O daa zaŋla o namkuɣu maa n duhi bɛ tiŋa maa ni shikuru duu bɔhimbu ni wuhibu zuɣusaa ka daa n lɛbi chairman n-ti laɣingu shɛli bɛ ni boli ni National Governors Association la. Bɛ daa piila Clinton tingbani zuɣulana la yuuni 1992 election la puuni ka daa n che bɛ tingbani zuɣulana kuro ŋun daa nyɛ Republican Party la tingbani zuɣulana George H. W. Bush n ti tabili daabi'kuro ŋun yuli daa booni Ross Perot la. Ŋuna n daa nyɛ tuuli tingbani zuɣulana so bɛ daa dɔɣi bɛ ni boli shɛli ni Baby Boomer la yuma puuni.

Clinton daa nyɛla ŋun daa yuui o namkuɣu maa ni pam ni lɛbigimsim mini suhudoo America taarihi puuni. O daa nyɛla ŋun gɔri o nuu ka di daa wuhi ni o saɣi n ti bɛ ni boli shɛŋa ni North American Free Trade Agreement mini Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act nima la mara amaa ka daa bi ti laɣingu shɛli bɛ ni boli ni national health care reform la din soli. Yuuni 1990s la pirigili (sunsuuni) piligu ni o haŋkali zaŋ kpa siyaasatali polo daa maan n pahimi hali ka o daa n ti lahi n ka saha n ti o maŋmaŋa naɣila laɣinsi shɛŋa bɛ ni boli ni Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, State Children's Health Insurance Program n ti tabili so'chibisi shɛŋa din yɛn n doli ka biɛhigu niŋ soochi nima la gbana gɔribu mini di tabi sɔŋsi puuni ka o daa kpalim n be. O daa piila Ruth Bader Ginsburg mini Stephen Breyer n-niŋ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni U.S. Supreme Court la puuni. Tinduya mara puuni, Clinton daa tila U.S. soojanima soli Bosnian mini Kosovo wars puuni ka daa bahi n gɔri n-ti bɛ ni boli shɛli ni Dayton Peace agreement la. O daa lahi n ti soli ka bɛ ni boli shɛli ni expansion of NATO din daa be Eastern Europe la daa niŋ ka Warsaw Pact niriba la pam daa yina n kpe lala NATO maa o namkuɣu maa saha puuni. Clinton tinduya hankali parisi Middle East puuni daa ti che mi ka o gɔri bɛ ni boli shɛli ni Iraq Liberation Act la ka di daa n sɔŋ ka taɣi laɣinsi pam zaŋ kpa Saddam Hussein polo. O daa lahi n pahila ban daa n be Oslo I Accord mini Camp David Summit la nima puuni ni bɛ che ka bɛ ni boli shɛli ni Israeli–Palestinian peace process la niŋ n chaŋ tooni, ka daa n lahi n sɔŋ bɛ boli shɛba ni Northern Ireland peace process nima la gba.

Bɛ ni daa n labi n niŋ bɛ piibu piibu yuuni 1996 election la ni, Clinton n daa lahi n di ŋun daa zani n ti Republica nima ka o yuli daa booni Bob Dole la mini Reform Party nima la gba ni daa n pii so ka o yuli daa booni Perot la ka daa lan n lɛbi o tingbani zuɣulana yaha. O namkuɣu din daa n pahiri ayi maa ni din daa kuli nyɛla Clinton–Lewinsky scandal yɛltɔɣa din daa n pili 1995 yuuni la saha shɛli o ni daa zaŋ White House la ni Monica Lewinsky ŋun daa n nya o yum'pishi ni ayi lala saha maa ni n doni la yɛltɔɣa noli. Silimin gɔli January yuuni 1998 puuni lala yɛltɔɣa maa n daa n deei pɔhim zuɣu zaa yɛltɔɣa kpani.[1] Lala nyaa'zɔbu maa daa kuli n nabirigirimi hali ni yuuni maa bahigu ka daa n ti che silimin gɔli December ni saha shɛli bɛ ni boli Clinton was impeached ka di nyɛla bɛ mi boli shɛba ni House of Representatives nima la kɔbili ni ka lɛbi tuuli tingbani zuɣulana so bɛ ni daa n duhi kootu Andrew Johnson nyaaŋa. Gbaŋ'shɛŋa House maa ni daa n sabi zaŋ kpa o yɛli maa polo maa daa nyɛla din gili perjury ni Clinton ni daa n mali o namkuɣu maa n tumdi pɔhim pɔhim shɛm. 1999 yuuni la ni lala Clinton's impeachment trial maa daa pilila Senate puuni ka di daa ti n yina n wuhiri ni o ka hali'shɛŋa zaa bɛ bi daa n kali maa ni. Clinton namkuɣu maa yuma ata bahigu maa ni bɛ ni boli shɛba ni Congressional Budget Office nima la daa yina n ti yɛli ni bɛ nyala bɛ ni boli shɛli ni budget surplus la— din n daa na nyɛ tuuli ka bɛ wum yuuni 1969 la saha la ha.

Yuuni 2001 la ni ka Clinton daa yi namkuɣu maa puuni ka daa nyɛ ŋun zali yuli tingbani zuɣulananima kuɣu puuni ni. O tingbani zuɣulantali n du U.S. tingbani zuɣulanima zaa ni. Tɔ amaa o biɛhigu ni o biɛhi'yoli shɛŋa ni daa n gbubi maa daa che mi ka bɛ vihiri o pam. O namkuɣu maa ni yibu nyaaŋa, Clinton daa kpalim n diri feelanima la salonima puuni ni ninsalitali tuma nima ni. O kpala bɛ ni boli shɛli ni He created the Clinton Foundation la ni di sɔŋ n gu ka taɣi barinanima mini dɔriti kamani HIV/AIDS mini global warming nima la taɣibu. 2009 yuuni la puuni, bɛ daa pa o la yuli n boli o ni the United Nations special envoy to Haiti. Yuuni 2010 Haiti earthquake la nyaaŋa, Clinton daa yina mi n ti kpa bɛ ni boli shɛli ni Clinton Bush Haiti Fund la din daa nyɛ o mini George W. Bush ni Barack Obama nima ni daa n laɣim n kpa shɛli. O daa ti kpalim la Democratic Party siyaasatali puuni n bɔri niriba n tiri o paɣa yuuni 2008 mini bɛ ni boli shɛli ni yuuni 2016 presidential campaigns la puuni.

O biɛhigu ni daa n pili shɛm ni o tuma

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Bɛ ni n dɔɣi Clinton silimin gɔli August biɛɣu pia ni awei dali yuuni 1946 puuni la William Jefferson Blythe III n daa nyɛ o suuna yuli. Julia Chester Hospital din be Hope, Arkansas la ni ka bɛ daa n dɔɣi o.[2] O ba n daa nyɛ William Jefferson Blythe Jr., daabi'so ŋun daa n kɔŋ o nyavuli din daa n niŋ ka sarati daa n paai ba bɛ daa loori puuni la chira ata nyaaŋa pɔi ka o ma Virginia Dell Cassidy (bɛ ni daa n booni so ni Virginia Kelley la) daa naain n dɔɣi o.[3] Blythe daa na bi kpi o ni daa nya lala sarati maa naɣila o ni daa n ti lu biliga puuni ka kom gbiri o la ni ka o daa n kani. Silimin gɔli September dabaa anahi dali, yuuni 1943 puuni ka o ba mini o ma daa niŋ taba amiliya amaa lala bɛ amiliya maa daa nyɛla din bi lɔ n tam kanli zuɣu dominchi Blythe daa bi n zaɣisi o paɣa ŋun daa n pahiri anahi la.[4] Virginia ni daa n dɔɣi Bill n naai o daa gɔmi n chaŋ New Orleans tingbani ni ni o ti bɔhim nursing ka daa n che Bill Hope ka o daa be o ba ni o ma, Eldridge mini Edith Cassidy ban daa n mali nakohiduu la sani.[5] Saha shɛli southern United States nima la ni daa n pili bala gaŋbu la ni ka Clinton yab'doo mini o yab'paɣa gba daa pili bɛ nema kɔhibu sama n-tiri bala kam puuni niriba.[5][6][7][8][9] Yuuni 1950 la puuni ka Bill ma daa yi nursing shikuru maa n kuna ka o mini Roger Clinton Sr., ŋun daa n kɔhiri loorinima Hot Springs, Arkansas la ni tuzodoo, Earl T. Ricks la daa n ti lɔ taba amiliya.[5] Ka bɛ daŋ maa daa yi n labi Hot Springs yuuni 1950 la.[10]

Clinton's birthplace home in Hope, Arkansas

Di mini o ni zaŋdi o ba dataa maa ba yuli n lɛbi o ba yuli maa yoli naɣila o ni daa n ti nya yuum'pishi ni anu ni[11] ka ŋun o ba palo maa daa naain n yi pa pili o Clinton bolibu.[5] Clinton daa n buɣisiya ni o ba dataa maa daa nyɛla loto ŋmaara ni da'nyura so ŋun daa n mali o paɣa ni o tuzodoo Roger Clinton Jr. n nahindi saha kam puuni. O lala fetiina maa daa na baligila bɛ zuɣu saha shɛli Bill ni daa n paai yuuni pia ni anahi ka daa yi zani ni o mini o ba dataa zaŋ bɛ nyuri n kpa taba la ni amaa o daa bi che ba turi dina.[12] Bill ni ti n bahi che Roger Sr. taali n paŋ o ni biɛhi'shɛli o ni daa mali o beli o kum saha maa.[13][14]

Bɛ ni daa n kuli Hot Springs tingbani Clinton daa chaŋ la St. John's Catholic Elementary Shikuru, Ramble Elementary Shikuru, ni segregated Hot Springs High School, luɣ'shɛli o ni daa n-nyɛ toondana n-ti o shikuru bihi taba, ka daa nyɛ ŋun mali yurilim n ti karimbu, ka daa lahi n-nyɛ baaŋa.[5] Clinton daa pahila ban daa n be chorus la ni ka daa lahi n ŋmeri bɛ ni bo shɛli ni tenor saxophone la ka daa n ti di li bɛ ni boli di shɛli ni state band's saxophone section la ni. Saha shɛli ni o ni daa na n be bikura shikuru la ni, Clinton daa zaŋ la yuma ayi n be waa tuma puuni ka daa be bɛ bi boli shɛli ni jazz trio la ni. Bana ka bɛ daa boli ni The 3 Kings. Randy Goodrum ŋun daa n ti lɛbi bɛ ni boli so ni pianist la gba daa nyɛla ŋun pahi bɛ ni.[15]

Yuuni 1961 la ni ka Clinton daa n pahi bɛ ni boli shɛli ni Hot Springs Chapter of the Order of DeMolay din daa nyɛ bi'pola laɣingu din tabi bɛ ni boli shɛli ni Freemasonry la ni amaa ŋun daa bi n lɛbi Freemason.[16] O daa yuya ni o daa lɛbi baaŋa kamani o ni daa n yɛli shɛm o ni daa n sabi lahabali shɛli zaŋ n kpa o maŋa ka boli li ni My Lifela ni:

Sometime in my sixteenth year, I decided I wanted to be in public life as an elected official. I loved music and thought I could be very good, but I knew I would never be John Coltrane or Stan Getz. I was interested in medicine and thought I could be a fine doctor, but I knew I would never be Michael DeBakey. But I knew I could be great in public service.[5]
Clinton in Hot Springs High School's 1963 yearbook

Clinton daa lahi mali la korisi ni o bɔhim bɛ ni boli shɛli ni law la o ni daa na n chani Hot Springs High. Di saha ka o daa zaŋ lala yeli maa ni o ŋme Roman senator Catiline ni daa n yɛli shɛm n zaŋ kpa di polo yuun'gbaliŋ nyaaŋa la nangbankpeeni din daa nyɛ yeri yeri o Latin bɔhimbu duu puuni.[17] O ni daa n labi n yuli o yɛltɔɣa zuɣu ni nimmɔhi n naai o daa nya ka di mali tuma o "feelanima dibu salo puuni n ti tabili o baŋsim siyaasatali ni" dini n-nyɛ o daa yɛli Latin karimba teacher Elizabeth Buck ni "ni di wuhi o mi ni o ti ni bahi n bɔhim law dahin shɛli".[18]

Clinton daa wuhi niŋsim shɛŋa din zaa daa n niŋ yuuni 1963 la o biɛhigu puuni buyi la ni daa n baŋsiri o ni binshɛli n daa nyɛ o ni daa n bɔri ni o lebi salo ni nira (public figure). Di puuni shɛli n-nyɛ o ni daa n zani bɛ ni boli shɛli ni Boys Nation senator la zaani ka daa n chaŋ White House ni ni o ti nya tingbani zuɣulana John F. Kennedy la.[12] Din daa n kpalim maa n daa nyɛ o ni daa zaŋ shɛli n yulindi Martin Luther King Jr.yuuni 1963 la "I Have a Dream" feela dibu talivisa zuɣu ka di daa yi n niŋdi o nyaɣisim hali ka o daa ti n bahi gbaai li n niŋ o zuɣu ni.[19]

O kolaji mini o law shikuru dabsa ni

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Georgetown University

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Clinton ran for president of the Student Council while attending the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University.

Clinton daa nya bɛ ni boli shɛli ni scholarships la ka daa zaŋ li n chaŋ School of Foreign Service din be Georgetown University din be Washington, D.C. la ni ka daa n ti deei bɛ ni boli shɛli ni Bachelor of Science la foreign service degree puuni yuuni 1968 la ni. Georgetown konko n daa nyɛ yunivasiti shɛli Clinton ni daa zaŋ o gbana n sabi ti.[20]

Yuuni 1964 mini 1965 yuuni la ni zaa, Clinton n daa n kuli nyɛ ŋun diri bɛ ni boli shɛli ni class presidentla bɛ shikuru ni.[21] Bin din gbaai yuuni 1964 la hali ni 1967 yuuni la ni ŋuna n daa na nyɛla bɛ ni boli shikuru bil'so ni intern la ka daa lahi n-nyɛ clerk n be Arkansas Senator J. William Fulbright tuma duu.[5] Ka naain n che o ni daa na n-nyɛ Alpha Phi Omega ŋun daa nyɛ bɛ ni boli so ni service fraternity la tuzodoo bɛ kolaji ni[22] ka bɛ daa n piigi o n-ti Phi Beta Kappa. O nyɛla ŋun pahi bɛ ni boli shɛba ni Kappa Kappa Psi honorary band fraternity nima la ni.[23]

Oxford

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Upon graduating from Georgetown in 1968, Clinton won a Rhodes Scholarship to University College, Oxford, where he initially read for a B.Phil. in philosophy, politics, and economics but transferred to a B.Litt. in politics and, ultimately, a B.Phil. in politics.[24] Clinton did not expect to return for the second year because of the draft and so he switched programs; this type of activity was common among other Rhodes Scholars from his cohort. He had received an offer to study at Yale Law School, and so he left early to return to the United States and did not receive a degree from Oxford.[12][25][26]

Saha shɛli Clinton ni daa n na chani Oxford, o daa laɣi la Frank Aller ŋun gba daa n-nyɛ America Rhodes Scholar la zɔri . Yuuni 1969 la ni, Aller daa nya draft gbaŋ din daa wuhiri ni bɛ mali mi bɛ tɔbubihi shili n zali n guhiri Vietnam War. Aller ni daa n ti ku o maŋa yuuni 1971 la ni daa nyɛla din n dam Clinton pam.[24][27] British nima sasabira ni feminist Sara Maitland daa n yɛliya zaŋ kpa Clinton polo, "N ni tooi n teei Bill mini Frank Aller ni daa n mali ma n chani pub din be Walton Street la ni yuuni 1969 wuuni la saha puuni ka yɛri ma zaŋ kpa lala Vietnam War maa. N daa ʒi di yɛltɔɣa shɛli ŋɔna, di saha ka Frank daa pili n buɣisiri n tiri ma bɛ ni daa n yɛn n zaŋ napalm n wabi daadama shɛm ka n daa pili kumsi. Bill daa yɛliya ni di bi tu ka niri ka suhupiɛlli. Lala saha maa n daa nyɛ n tuuli n ni daa baŋ ni liberal sensitivities konko pa la din yɛn n saɣi dinzuɣu di tu ni a niŋ binshɛli zaŋ kpa di polo".[24] Clinton daa pahili bɛ ni boli shɛba ni Oxford University Basketball Club nima la puuni ka gba daa ŋmeri n-tiri bɛ ni boli shɛba ni Oxford University's rugby union team nima la.[28]

Clinton ni daa na n-nyɛ tingbani zuɣulana yuuni 1994 saha ni la, bɛ daa n-ti o la bɛ ni boli shɛli ni Doctor of Civil Law degree mini a fellowship din daa nyɛ din yi University of Oxford na ka ŋanima zaa daa nyɛ pina shɛŋa bɛ daa n-ti o ni bɛ paɣa o ni nyɛ "a doughty ni o ni daa n kpaŋ o maŋa n-nyɛ ŋun daa nyɛ tuuli ŋun daa n be world peace bɔbu ni", ka daa n lahi nyɛ "ŋun daa n wumdi n tiri o paɣa haŋkali ", n ti pahi o ni daa n di "general applause saha shɛli o ni daa n gu ka taɣi bɛ ni boli shɛli ni gridlock din gba daa n taɣi agreed budget la".[25][29]

Vietnam War opposition and draft controversy

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Lala Vietnam War ŋɔ saha maa ni bɛ daa n ti la Clinton bɛ ni boli shɛli ni educational draft deferments la o ni daa na n be England yuuni 1968 mini yuuni 1969 saha la ni.[30] O ni daa na n be Oxford puuni o daa nyɛla ŋun gba daa n tabi n sɔŋ Vietnam War protests la ni ka daa n laɣim Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam laɣingu maa puuni silimin gɔli October yuuni 1969 la ni.[5] O daa maani la shili ni o chaŋ law shikuru U.S. tingbani ni ka daa kuli n mi ni o ni kɔŋ o deferment. Clinton daa n mɔya pam ni o daa nya zaashee bɛ ni boli shɛŋa ni National Guard mini Air Force officer candidate school nima la ni ka daa bi nya nasara ka daa n chaŋ ni o ti n pahi Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) laɣingu shɛli din daa n be University of Arkansas la.[31][32]

O daa bi yu ni o pahi lala ROTC laɣingu nima maa zuɣu ka dinzuɣu daa che ka o daa n sabi gbaŋ n-ti lala laɣingu maa toondana n yɛli o ni ŋun gba bi bɔri ni tɔbu maa tuhi ni amaa ni o bi tiɛhi ni lala ROTC, National Guard, bee Reserve service nima ŋɔ kɔnko n ni tooi n sɔŋ ba Vietnam puuni . O daa lahi n yɛliya gbaŋ maa puuni ni o bi yɛn n ye yunifom di sɔŋsim puuni ni amaa o nyɛla ŋun daa yɛn n zaŋ o maŋa n-ti bɛ ni boli shɛli ni draft la ni ka n tuhi di yi niŋ ka bɛ piigi o ni o tabi sɔŋ ka bɛ tuhi ka tɔm n-nyɛ di yɛn che ka o "siyaasatali la nyɛ yaa biɛhigu puuni ".[33] Clinton daa sabiya ni bɛ piigi n ka o pahi lala draft maa ni ka daa n ti nya la di kalinli shɛli din galisi pam (311), ka di daa n wuhiri ni ban dɔɣim dabsa daa pun n beni la ka bɛ daa pili n-ti shɛŋa ka di gbaai Siliminsili puuni kalinli 1 hali ni 310 n daa nyɛ ban yɛn drafted ka naain n yi ti o ka di daa che ka o ka dihitabili ni bɛ ti ni n boli o. (Bɛ ni daa n kpuɣi ninvuɣ'shɛba di puuni daa yisila Siliminsili puuni kalinli din nyɛ 195 la.)[34]

Kundivihira

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  1. ↑ "Twenty years ago, the Drudge Report broke the Clinton-Lewinsky scandal". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/twenty-years-ago-the-drudge-report-broke-the-clinton-lewinsky-scandal/2018/01/09/3df90b7a-e0ec-11e7-89e8-edec16379010_story.html.
  2. ↑ Directory of Irish Genealogy: American Presidents with Irish Ancestors. Homepage.eircom.net (March 23, 2004).
  3. ↑ Biography of William J. Clinton. whitehouse.gov.
  4. ↑ Andrews, Edmund L. (June 21, 1993). "Clinton Reported to Have A Brother He Never Met". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/21/us/clinton-reported-to-have-a-brother-he-never-met.html.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Clinton, Bill (2004). My Life. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-3003-3.
  6. ↑ Chafe, William H. (2012). Bill and Hillary: The Politics of the Personal. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8090-9465-3.
  7. ↑ Landres, J. Shawn, ed. (1992). Bill Clinton: The Inside Story. New York: S.P.I. Books. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-1-5617-1177-2.
  8. ↑ Takiff, Michael (2010). A Complicated Man: The Life of Bill Clinton as Told by Those who Know Him. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-3001-2130-8.
  9. ↑ Flanagan, Sylvia P., ed. (September 8, 1997). "First Black Food Stamp Chief has Ties to President Clinton". Jet. Chicago: John N. Johnson. p. 10.
  10. ↑ Gormley, Ken (2010). The Death of American Virtue: Clinton vs. Starr. New York: Crown Publishers. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-307-40944-7.
  11. ↑ Oprah Talks to Bill Clinton. O, The Oprah Magazine (August 2004).
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Maraniss, David (1996). First in His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton. Touchstone. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-684-81890-0.
  13. ↑ Holmes, David (2012). The Faiths of the Postwar Presidents. From Truman to Obama. University of Georgia Press. p. 148. ISBN 9780820338620.
  14. ↑ Levin, Robert (1992). Bill Clinton. The Inside Story. University of Georgia Press. p. 52. ISBN 9781561711772.
  15. ↑ Levin, Robert (1992). Bill Clinton: The Inside Story. S.P.I. Books. pp. 26–29. ISBN 9781561711772.
  16. ↑ Bill Clinton's Hometown Homepage.
  17. ↑ Soni, Jimmy (June 25, 2013). "10 Things You Definitely Didn't Know About Bill Clinton". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/25/bill-clinton-facts_n_3497083.html.
  18. ↑ Maraniss, David (1996). First in His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton. Touchstone. p. 43.
  19. ↑ It All Began in a Place Called Hope (Archived whitehouse.gov Article). White House.
  20. ↑ Kiefer, Francine (May 29, 1998). "Clinton: The Early Years". The Christian Science Monitor. https://www.csmonitor.com/1998/0529/052998.us.us.3.html.
  21. ↑ Robert E. Levin (1992). Bill Clinton: The Inside Story. SP Books. pp. xxiv–xxv. ISBN 978-1-56171-177-2.
  22. ↑ About Leadership. APO.org.
  23. ↑ Prominent Members. Kappa Kappa Psi.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Hoffman, Matthew (October 11, 1992). "The Bill Clinton we knew at Oxford: Apart from smoking dope (and not inhaling), what else did he learn over here? College friends share their memories with Matthew Hoffman". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/the-bill-clinton-we-knew-at-oxford-apart-from-smoking-dope-and-not-inhaling-what-else-did-he-learn-1556769.html.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Dowd, Maureen (June 9, 1994). "Oxford Journal; Whereas, He Is an Old Boy, If a Young Chief, Honor Him". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/09/world/oxford-journal-whereas-he-is-an-old-boy-if-a-young-chief-honor-him.html.
  26. ↑ Hitchens, Christopher (December 4, 2010). "Chris or Christopher?". Hitch-22: A Memoir. London: Atlantic books. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-1-84354-922-2.
  27. ↑ Stanley, Alessandra (November 22, 1992). "Most Likely to Succeed". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/22/magazine/most-likely-to-succeed.html.
  28. ↑ Cain, Nick & Growden, Greg (2006). "21: Ten Peculiar Facts about Rugby". Rugby Union for Dummies (2 ed.). Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-470-03537-5.
  29. ↑ Eyal, Jonathan (June 8, 1994). "Doctor without a thesis: Bill Clinton gets an Oxford degree today, but Jonathan Eyal's verdict on his term's work is: a disaster". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/doctor-without-a-thesis-bill-clinton-gets-an-oxford-degree-today-but-jonathan-eyals-verdict-on-his-1421189.html.
  30. ↑ Neil A. Hamilton (2005). Presidents: A Biographical Dictionary. Infobase Publishing. p. 366. ISBN 978-1-4381-0816-2.
  31. ↑ Steven M. Gillon (2008). The Pact: Bill Clinton, Newt Gingrich, and the Rivalry that Defined a Generation. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-19-532278-1.
  32. ↑ Mikkelson, David (January 6, 2003). Was Bill Clinton a 'Felonious Draft Dodger'?.
  33. ↑ Clinton, Bill (February 13, 1992). "The 1992 Campaign; A Letter By Clinton On His Draft Deferment: 'A War I Opposed And Despised'". The New York Times. The Associated Press. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/13/us/1992-campaign-letter-clinton-his-draft-deferment-war-opposed-despised.html.
  34. ↑ Lauter, David (February 13, 1992). "Clinton Releases '69 Letter on ROTC and Draft Status". Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles). https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-02-13-mn-2993-story.html.
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