Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Tibili

Malimi soya nim ŋɔ niŋ
Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia

Tibili nyɛla daadam ningbuna puuni yaɣali. Dina ka binniɛŋ ka mali wumda.

tibili
class of anatomical entity
Yaɣ shelisubdivision of auriculotemporal part of head, particular anatomical entity, organ of hearing Mali niŋ
Pahi lazuɣu Mali niŋ
Di bukaatahearing Mali niŋ
Ŋun bɔhim ŋa nyɛaudiology Mali niŋ
NCI Thesaurus IDC12394 Mali niŋ
Unicode bachinima👂 Mali niŋ

Mammals puuni, bɛ buɣisi tibili ka di nyɛla din mali yaɣa diba ata: tib'shɛli din be sambanni, tib'shɛli din be sunsuuni, n ti pahi tib'shɛli din be puuni. Tib'shɛli din be sambanni maa nyɛla din mali pinna mini ear canal. Din zani ka di nyɛla tib'shɛli din be sambanni maa n kuli do polo ni ka sokam nyɛri li binkɔbiri pam puuni la, di kuli malila bachi shɛli bɛ ni mi "tibili" n zaŋdi tiri tib'shɛli din be sambann maa konko.[1] Tib'shɛli din be sunsuuni maa ʒila binshɛli bɛ ni mi bony labyrinth la, ka di ma structure shɛŋa din nyɛ structure kpana nn zaŋ ti sensi nim pam: semicircular canal, din chɛ ka nimbil' tooi balaansira di yi ti niŋ ka chandi chana, utricle mini saccule , din gba tiri balance di yi ti niŋ ka ninsalinim' bee binkobiri ʒi luɣ' yini; ni cochlea, di chɛ ka ti wumdi yɛltɔɣa. Bɛ malila earwax n zaŋ di nimdi tibili puuni, din kanna di dondi auricle puuni ( tibili yaɣ' shɛli sokam ni ni tooi nya). Vertibrates tiba kuli do' la symmetrically, be zuɣu yaɣa, din sɔŋdi sound localization. Tibili nyɛla din piini bee n yiri na pharyngeal pouch mini swelling bihi dibaayobu din developiri embryo piligu, ka be booni li otic placades, be ni yihi shɛli na ectoderm ni. Tibili nyɛla doriti pam ni ni tooi gbaai shɛli din kuli gbaai infection mini traumatic damage. Tiba doriti ni tooi chɛ ka a wumbu fa, balance disorders kamani vertigo, amaa doriti ŋɔ pam nyɛla din ni tooi yina zuɣ' puri dambu ni, bee neursl pathways din yina tibili puuni. Culture nim pam yuma ka ʒi zaŋdi tikpara n dihiri tibili nachiinsi.

Nahingbana

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Tibili malila yaɣa diba ata: tib' shɛli din be sambanni, tib' shɛli din be sunsuuni ni tib' shɛli din be puuni. [2]Tib' shɛli din be sambanni maa malila ear canal din nyɛ eardrum ni woligiri shɛli ka chɛri pɔhim ni pali tymoanic cavity shɛli din be tib' shɛli din be sunsuuni maa ni. Tib' shɛli din be sunsuuni maa malila kɔb' bihi ata ; ossicles, din ʒiri kumsim chana, ka nyɛ din tuɣi lɔŋ nasopharynx yaɣili, bia pharyngeal yoobu din be Eustachian tube ni. Tib' shɛli din be puuni maa malila otolith organs.[2]

Tibili din be kpaŋa

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Tibili din be kpaŋ' ŋɔ n-nyɛ tibili yaɣa shɛli din pɛɛ yi ka mali nimdi, tib’ voli, nti pahi tib’ voli bahigu.[3][4]

Tibili ŋɔ nyɛla din mali pɔbirigu din gɔŋ kpaŋa, ka di yuli nyɛ "helix", din gɔŋ puuni maa mi yuli n-nyɛ "antihelix", ka di yooi kpe tib’ voli puuni. Vo' shɛli din yirina tibili ŋɔ tuuli yuli n-nyɛ koncha. Tib’ voli ŋɔ waɣilim paai 1 inch (2.5 cm). Tib' voli ŋɔ tuuli nyɛla din mali jiligu, ka din pa di zuɣu mi gba mali kobili. Kobili ŋɔ ni be yaɣa shɛli ŋɔ yuli n-nyɛ "auditory bulla" ka din nam li n-nyɛ tympanic yaɣali kobili. Voli ŋɔ nyɛla din naari tibili puli ni, ka di gbaŋ din gili li ŋɔ mali bindi yɔɣu mini mari yɔɣu ka di namdi tib’ bina.[4] Tib' mari ŋɔ nyɛla din doli tib’ voli yiri, ka mali din niŋdi di maŋmaŋa kasi.[5][6][7][8]

Koba ayi n-nye din gbubbi tibili din be kpaŋ ŋɔ: puuni kobili mini kpaŋ' kobili. Binkob' shɛb’ ni, lala koba ŋɔ ni tooi taɣi tibili biɛhigu.[4] Salinim mi ni, lala koba ka muɣisiɣu shɛli tili.[9] Tibili koba ŋɔ yirila nini polo na, din lahi tiri tibili wumbu gbaŋ, nti pahi tibi’ pɔbirigu din be kpaŋa.[4]

Tibili ŋɔ nyɛla din mali jili’ gaŋa. Jiligu, din nye Darwin jiligu la, tooi beni saha shɛli, ka do’ helix gbunni tuhi tib’ nyoli binkobiri ni . Tibili gbunni nyɛla din mali fɔɣisibu mini kpam.[10] Tiba ni doya shɛm ŋɔ zuɣu cha mi ka soli beni ti li wumbu viɛnyɛla. Zuɣupuri baŋdili mi ka di nyɛla di zaŋdila kuŋ din yiri na tiba ayi ŋɔ sani paabu na saha mini di yaa maɣisiri taba voya din be puuni ka yooi ti tiba ayi ŋɔ zaa.[11]

Di tuma ni nyɛ shɛli

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Wumbu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Sound waves nyɛla din kpɛri tib'shɛli din be sambanni maa puuni, ka tib'shɛli din be sunsuuni maa mii gba modulate li, ka di yi chaŋ vestibulocochlear nerve shɛli din be tib'shɛli din be puuni maa ni. Nerve nyɛla din ʒiri information n chani temporal lobe zuɣupuri puuni, ni maani ka di registiri n leeri kumsi.

Tibili ni namdi shɛm

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

TIbili pilibu puuni, tibili maa piinimi ni yaɣa balibu dibaa ata: tibili puuni, tib'sunsuuni ni tibili zuɣusaa.[12] Lala tiba yaɣa ŋɔ zaa malila dini yirina shɛli: zuɣusaa, sunsuuni ni puuni.[13][14]

Tibili puuni

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
The otic placode on a developing embryo (about four weeks old)
The ear develops in the lower neck region and moves upwards as the mandible develops (six weeks).

Di bakoi dibaa ayi zaŋ chani ata ni, tibili maa purila yaɣa ata. Tibili puuni n-daŋdi nambu,[14] ka pili yɛligibu biɛɣu pishi ni ayi dali,[13] ka yirina zuɣu yaɣa dibaa ayi ni.[15] Ka naan yi nam ko~b'balli laasabu.[15][16]

Kamani biɛɣu pihita ayi ka dali maa, jili shɛŋa piini la nambu.[15][17] di purila buyi, di che ka tibili maa puuni ni tooi wum.[15]

Kamani biɛɣi pihita ni ata dali maa, tiba maa yaɣa maa piini la taba waligibu.[13]

Tibi voli nambu ni voya dibaa ata n-namda.[13][16] Di zaa malila di sɔŋdili ka di namda.[16] Ka mali din waligiri di zaa.[13]

Molecular regulation

Binshɛŋa din che ka tibili puuni meri pam nyɛla "Pax", "Msx" mini "Otx". Din lahi che ka tibili puuni nɛmanɛma mɛri pam n-nyɛ "Dlx5/Dlx6, Otx1/Otx2" ni "Pax2", ka din mi sɔn`di di zaa nyɛ" Shh". Shh yirimina "notochord" puuni.[18]

Ti'sunsuuni

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Tib'sunsuuni maa zoorila gbana din be tuuli maa mini puuni maa sunsuuni.[15] Ka gba naan yi lahi namdi gban shɛŋa.[15][13] Di gbana dibaa ata maa zaa nambu piini la luɣ'yini.[15] Ka gbanshɛŋa zaa din tu ni di nam yi polo.[13][14]

Tibili zuɣusaa

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Kamali tibili puuni mini di sunsuuni, tibi voli zoorila zuɣusaa.[13][15] di zoorimi naari kamani bakoi pinaayi kani ni.[16] Tibili pula buta.[13][15][16] Tibili zuɣusaa maa zoorila gbunni. Ka naan yi zoori kuli di ni tu ni di kpa luɣ'shɛli polo.[12][17]

Zoobu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Bi lɛri tiba nyɛla din galis pam, hali n'gari zuɣu galisim gba zaŋ maɣisi ningbuna polo. tiba maa kuli zoorila yom zaŋ hali ni yuma awɔi nyaaŋa, ka pili yɛligibu (kamani "0.5 millimeters" yuuni puli ni) hali ni nyɛvuli bahigu, ka dɔbba dina tooi zoori yom pam.[19][20]

Tiba ni gahim shɛm

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Tiba nyɛla din be payapaya pam, ka di bi zooi ka niriba ayi tiba ni tooi ŋmani taba[21][22]

Ʒilɛli mini kaya ni taɣada

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Stretching of the earlobe and various cartilage piercings

Tiba nyɛla bɛ ni dihiri shɛli nachiinsi yuun tuha din gari la, ka di nyɛla bɛ chibirila tib'gbana aa voya. Nadaa mini ʒaamani kaya ni taɣada ni, nachintɛri nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli yɛligir tib'gbana. Tibi voya tiba chahibu nyɛla din niŋ bayana.[23]

Tiba dansi tibu daa nyɛla tibidarigibo sahashɛli ha – " Roman nima saha, shintoni daa yi niŋ ka di goobu ku tooi niŋ alaha, ŋun mali daŋ maa wuhirila ŋun niŋ li; Ŋun tum li maa yi bi yi polo sahashɛli di ni tu ni o yi polo, bɛ cherimi ka ŋun di shɛhira yɛli di ni nyɛ shɛma. Bɛ yi zaɣisi, kamani bɛ ni daa pun niŋdi shɛm, bɛ charimi ka ŋun mali daŋ maa dari bɛ tiba ka zaŋ bini kpahili maa bɛ yi na kuli zaɣisi. Dini n-nyɛ Faransi nima yɛltɔɣa "se faire tirer l’oreille", din gbunni nyɛ "n-darigi so tibili." [24]

Wulinluhili polo, Europe tib'waɣila zuliyanima (saha ŋɔ ni paai kamani vaabu dibaaa anu).[25] Apoleeshini di daa niŋ tuuli filim tibili galisim lahabali daa yila polo alaafee sabbu yaɣili sabbu ni "Ernst Dieffenbach" yuuni 1845, ka lahabali sabbu tuuli yina yuuni 1881.[26]

Tibi waɣila nyɛla binnamdi shɛŋa nahingbana salima ni.[27] Di nyɛla nahingbana din be nadaa Greece nima tuuli bɔmbu ni[28] ni nadaa Europe.[29]tibi waɣila nyɛla binnamda pam nahingbana,[30] kamani soonsi,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] Di nyɛla hahingbana ti binnɛma shɛba dabiɛm salima ni, kamani varisa.[39][40][41][42]

Georg von Békésy daa nyɛla "biophysicist" so bɛ ni daa dɔɣi Budapest, Hungary. Yuuni 1961, bɛ daa ti o "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" ka di nyɛla o ni daa niŋ vihigu shɛli zaŋ chaŋ binkɔbiri tiba polo la ni.[43]

Jangnari so daa beni ka o tiba ŋmani ninsali tiba ka bbe o nyaaŋa.[44][45][46]

Binkɔbiri ban pahi

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Primate ears
Human and crab-eating macaque
(Darwin's tubercle highlighted)
Pinnae of the bat

Tibili malila di yaɣ'shɛli din che ka kumsi kperi tib'bii puuni. Gurimbugurimbu din be tibili puuni nyɛla din tooi che ka binkɔbiri wumdi vuri din yirina binshɛŋa din ni tooi malil barina n-tiba sani na. Lala tibi gurima ŋɔ nyɛla binkɔbiri pam ni mali shɛli kamani zonsi mini binkɔbiri ban pahi.[47][48][49]

Binkɔb'kara shɛba kamani kpara mini ninsalinima dii ka tibi'kara, amaa di leei galisiya ni tooi nya.[50] Tib'jilli din ku tooi che ka tibili maa dama, di yi kuli nyɛ daliri kam zuɣu, di ka lala yiko ŋɔ. Din bɔŋɔ nyɛla shɛhira din yi polo binnɛma ban ŋmani taba ni. Ninsalinima ni, lala jila ŋɔ mali balinu, Ninvuɣ'shɛba beni n-ni tooi ŋmaligi bɛ tiba kpa yaɣ'shɛli polo, ka shɛba mi ni tooi bɔhim di niŋbu.[50] Lala binnɛma ŋɔ ni, bɛ zuɣuri ka bɛ ni tooi gbuligi n-labi kumi ni yirina shɛli polo, jansi pam ni ka yiko shɛli—yaɣ'shɛli yi kuli niŋ shɛli, di kpee ka yaɣ'dini maa niŋda.[51]

Binkɔb'shɛba ban tiba damdi puuni (kamani wahu), tibi yini kam ni tooi gbulisi tibili konkɔba n-wum kumsi. Lala binkɔbiri ŋɔ ŋuna, lala tiba ŋɔ sɔŋdi mi ka bɛ baŋdi kumsi ni yiri shɛli na.

Half-Lop Rabbit
Illustration by
Charles Darwin, 1868

Tibili maa, ka di ʒisoya pa zuɣisaa, n-nyɛ tiŋgbani binkɔbiri pam ningbuna yaɣ'shɛli din tiligiri bɛ ningbuna ni maasim bee tulim, kamani wɔbigu, yobaa, ni sooŋa.[52]

Ninnɛma ban ka nyaakɔb'dɔri

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Binkɔbiri ban mali nyaankɔb'dɔri ko m-mali tiba, amaa binkɔbiri ban ka nyaakɔb'dɔri pam mali bɛ ni mali shɛli wumdi vuri. Binneenbihi puuni, binfalafala n-ŋɔ ka bɛ mali wumdi vuri. Di tooi be bɛ zuɣuri ni bee luɣ'shɛŋa, di dolila bineenbili maa ni be binnɛma zuliya shɛli ni.[53] Binneenbihi shɛba lala din wumdi vuri ŋɔ nyɛla din wumdi pam, ka wumdi gari binkɔbiri shɛba. Paan-nyaŋ malila lala binyɛra ŋɔ o pulini yaɣa dibaa ayi. Zuɣusaa gbana din ŋmani kɔba laasabu zaɣ'bilifu ŋŋɔ n-gbubi li, amaa, pirimla di ni gɔhi taba maa zuɣu, di nyɛla din wumdi viɛŋyɛla. Tiba ŋɔ ka o mali wumdi o kppe chehibu, paan daa. Di dolila luɣ'shɛli paaŋa chahibu ni yirina, tiba maa kumsi wumbu malila balibu. [54]

Lala binyɛra ŋɔ ka binneenbihi pam mali wumdi kumsi. Kamani shɛhira, kpantinarinsi mini lela, malila kɔbir bɛ gbaya ni, ka bɛ mali li n-wumdi kumsi. Kahimpiɛri gba malila kɔbiri bɛ ni[55] ka di zuɣu che ka bɛ ni tooi wum kumsi.

Kundivihira

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  1. ↑ Definition of ear - Oxford Dictionaries (British & World English) (2012-07-18).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Standring, Susan (2008). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (in English). Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-443-06684-9.
  3. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named GRAYS40TH_36
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. pp. 855–856. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0.
  5. ↑ Shmerling, Robert H. (2017-05-17). 3 reasons to leave earwax alone.
  6. ↑ Why Do I Have So Much Earwax? (2022-09-29).
  7. ↑ Earwax (2023-07-11).
  8. ↑ Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AM (2013). Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 848–849. ISBN 978-1-4511-8447-1.
  9. ↑ Stenström, J. Sten: Deformities of the ear; In: Grabb, W., C., Smith, J.S. (Edited): "Plastic Surgery", Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1979, ISBN 0-316-32269-5 (C), ISBN 0-316-32268-7 (P)
  10. ↑ Purves, D. (2007). Neuroscience (4th ed.). New York: Sinauer. pp. 332–336. ISBN 978-0-87893-697-7.
  11. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Moore, Keith L. (2009). Fundamentos de Anatomía con Orientación Clínica. pp. 1021–1035.
  12. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 Sadler, T.W. (2010). Embriología Médica. pp. 321–327.
  13. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Moore, Keith L. (2008). Embriología Clínica. pp. 477–482.
  14. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 Standring, Susan (2008). Borley, Neil R. (ed.). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (40 ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. Chapter 38. "Development of the ear", 651–653. ISBN 978-0-443-06684-9.
  15. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 UNSW Embryology. Hearing-Inner Ear Development. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  16. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Drake, Richard L.; Wayne, A.; Mitchell, Adam (2010). GRAY Anatomía para estudiantes. pp. 854–871.
  17. ↑ (2010) "A symphony of inner ear developmental control genes". BMC Genetics 11: 68. DOI:10.1186/1471-2156-11-68. PMID 20637105.
  18. ↑ Niemitz, Carsten (December 2007). "Human ears grow throughout the entire lifetime according to complicated and sexually dimorphic patterns--conclusions from a cross-sectional analysis". Anthropologischer Anzeiger; Bericht Uber Die Biologisch-Anthropologische Literatur 65 (4): 391–413. ISSN 0003-5548. PMID 18196763.
  19. ↑ Tan, R (1997-10-01). "Ear size as a predictor of chronological age". Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 25 (2): 187–191. DOI:10.1016/S0167-4943(97)00010-1. ISSN 0167-4943.
  20. ↑ Ears as effective as DNA in identifying people - new study (en-nz) (2023-07-14).
  21. ↑ Tangalakis-Lippert, Katherine (2023-03-19). Is Putin using a body double? Listen here: Skeptics say spotting a decoy is all in the ears. (en-US).
  22. ↑ Deborah S. Sarnoff; Robert H. Gotkin; Joan Swirsky (2002). Instant Beauty: Getting Gorgeous on Your Lunch Break. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-28697-X.
  23. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Alexandru2004
  24. ↑ Thomas, J. Regan (2010). Advanced Therapy in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (in English). PMPH-USA. p. 513. ISBN 978-1-60795-011-0.
  25. ↑ Miloro, Michael; Ghali, G.E.; Larsen, Peter; Waite, Peter (2004). "Chapter 71. Otoplastic surgery for the protruding ear.". Peterson's Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (in English). PMPH-USA. ISBN 978-1-55009-234-9.
  26. ↑ Theresa Bane (2013). Encyclopedia of Fairies in World Folklore and Mythology. McFarland. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-7864-7111-9.
  27. ↑ Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1850). The History of Ancient Art Among the Greeks. Chapman. p. 80.
  28. ↑ Alixe Bovey (2002). Monsters and Grotesques in Medieval Manuscripts. University of Toronto Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-8020-8512-2.
  29. ↑ J. Peffer (2012). DragonArt Collector's Edition: Your Ultimate Guide to Drawing Fantasy Art. IMPACT. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4403-2417-8.
  30. ↑ Michael J. Tresca (2010). The Evolution of Fantasy Role-Playing Games. McFarland. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-7864-6009-0.
  31. ↑ David Okum (2006). Manga Fantasy Madness: Over 50 Basic Lessons for Drawing Warriors, Wizards, Monsters and more. IMPACT. p. 31. ISBN 1-60061-381-0.
  32. ↑ Sirona Knight (7 June 2005). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Elves and Fairies. DK Publishing. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-4406-9638-1.
  33. ↑ John Michael Greer (1 September 2011). Monsters. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-7387-1600-8.
  34. ↑ Christopher Hart (2008). Astonishing Fantasy Worlds: The Ultimate Guide to Drawing Adventure Fantasy Art. Watson-Guptill Publications. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-8230-1472-9.
  35. ↑ John Hamilton (1 August 2011). Elves and Fairies. ABDO. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-60453-215-9.
  36. ↑ Misha Kavka; Jenny Lawn; Mary Paul (2006). Gothic Nz: The Darker Side of Kiwi Culture. Otago University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-877372-23-0.
  37. ↑ Lisa Hopkins (1 January 2010). Screening the Gothic. University of Texas Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-292-77959-4.
  38. ↑ Noah William Isenberg (13 August 2013). Weimar Cinema: An Essential Guide to Classic Films of the Era. Columbia University Press. pp. 96–. ISBN 978-0-231-50385-3.
  39. ↑ Ken Gelder (2000). The Horror Reader. Psychology Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-415-21356-1.
  40. ↑ Henry Jenkins III; Tara McPherson; Jane Shattuc (2 January 2003). Hop on Pop: The Politics and Pleasures of Popular Culture. Duke University Press. p. 119. ISBN 0-8223-8350-0.
  41. ↑ William Irwin; Rebecca Housel; J. Jeremy Wisnewski (18 May 2009). X-Men and Philosophy: Astonishing Insight and Uncanny Argument in the Mutant X-Verse. John Wiley & Sons. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-470-73036-2.
  42. ↑ Stevens, S.S. (September 1972). "Georg von Békésy". Physics Today 25 (9): 78–80. DOI:10.1063/1.3071029.
  43. ↑ (1997) "Transplantation of chondrocytes utilizing a polymer-cell construct to produce tissue-engineered cartilage in the shape of a human ear". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 100 (2): 297–302; discussion 303–304. DOI:10.1097/00006534-199708000-00001. PMID 9252594.
  44. ↑ Goodyear, Dana. "The Stress Test". New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/02/29/the-stem-cell-scandal.
  45. ↑ Karin Sellberg, Lena Wånggren (2016). Corporeality and Culture: Bodies in Movement. Routledge. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-1-317-15924-7.
  46. ↑ (1998) "Bat Predation on Eared Moths: A Test of the Allotonic Frequency Hypothesis". Oikos 81 (1): 143–151. DOI:10.2307/3546476.
  47. ↑ The Bat's Ear as a Diffraction Grating.
  48. ↑ (2009) "Model predicts bat pinna ridges focus high frequencies to form narrow sensitivity beams". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125 (5): 3454–3459. DOI:10.1121/1.3097500. PMID 19425684.
  49. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Darwin, Charles (1871). The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. John Murray: London.
  50. ↑ Mr. St. George Mivart, Elementary Anatomy, 1873, p. 396. Two ears provide stereo imaging that the brain can use to develop a 3-dimensional sound field.
  51. ↑ (1994) "Thermoregulation in Rabbits". Rabbit Production in Hot Climates 8: 33–41.
  52. ↑ (1993) "What is an insect ear?". Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 86 (6): 677–682. DOI:10.1093/aesa/86.6.677.
  53. ↑ Piper, Ross (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press.
  54. ↑ Scoble, M.J. 1992. The Lepidoptera: Form, function, and diversity. Oxford University Press


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