Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Simli

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Simli
taxon
Yaɣ sheliuseful plant, annual plant Mali niŋ
Di bukaatafodder, medicinal plant, vegetable, mɔli, cooking oil Mali niŋ
Yu'ŋmaaA. hypogaea Mali niŋ
Nangban yiŋga YuyaArachis hypogaea Mali niŋ
Yaɣili Kpamlispecies Mali niŋ
Lamba ZuliyaArachis Mali niŋ
This taxon is source ofpeanut, peanut protein, peanut flour, peanut shell, peanut oil Mali niŋ
NatureServe conservation statussecure Mali niŋ
Nahingbaŋphosphorescence Mali niŋ
Hardiness of plant2 Mali niŋ
Taxon rangeBeijing, China, Fujian, Tibet Autonomous Region, Guangdong Mali niŋ
Taxon author citationL. Mali niŋ
GRIN URLhttps://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=3785 Mali niŋ
Sequenced genome URLhttps://www.dnazoo.org/assemblies/Arachis_hypogaea Mali niŋ
E-Class

Simli[1]nyɛla binbela bee bimbila bal'shɛli, ka di kɔri ŋa dunia bɔba ni di yaɣa.[2] Di boonila di zaɣ' yini simli ka di zaɣ' bɔbigu mi nyɛ sima.[3][4][5] [4] Sima nyɛla bimbili shɛli ninsali nima ni kɔra dira. Di nyɛla bimbili shɛli bɛ ni kɔri pam mini bela bela bɔba ni yaɣa zaa[6] ka nyɛ bɛ ni lahi mali shɛli niŋdi kpam.[7] Di binwɔlli nyɛla din niŋdi tiŋgbani ni ka di zuɣu che ka tabibi baŋda Carl Linnaeus daa boli hypogaea ka di gbuuni nyɛ tiŋgbani gbunni.

Simli ŋɔ nyɛla din be tabibi daŋ yuli booni Fabaceae bee Leguminosae ka pirigili tooi booni "pea" daŋ.[8] Kamani bimbila kam din be di daŋ ŋɔ ni, di nyɛla din mali binshɛli di puuni ka di pahiri tam,[9] ka di che ka niriba pam kpaŋsi bimbilima kɔri ka taɣara

Pirimila di bi lu zahim di tabibi yuli ŋɔ zuɣu, di binwɔlli maa nyɛla din kpɛma pam di yi ti niŋ ka di bi. [10]

Peanuts


Sima bal' shɛli Silimiinsi ni boli "Arachis" nyɛla din yina South America, Aedes wulinluhili polo, zaŋ chaŋ Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, ni Brazil.[11] Sima balishɛli din nyɛ a. hypogaea nyɛla din yina sima balibu dibaa ayi puuni, dini n-nyɛ "A. duranensis" mini "A. ipaensis".[11][12][11][13][11][12]

Bɛ ni daa na mi li shɛm "archeological" zaŋ n-ti sim'bilim nyɛla[14] din daa piligi kamani yuun 7,600 nyaaŋa bee A. hypogaea nyɛ bɛ ni daa tuui kɔri shɛli .[15] Di nyɛla din daa be Peru, ni ka tulim daa bi galisi.[16] Di kɔbu nyɛla din daa piligi Mesoamerica pɔi ka daa paai Spanish. Ni ka "conquistadors" daa nya tlālcacahuatl. Bɛ daa piligi li kɔbu Europe tum 19th century ka bɛ ni daa nya li luɣishɛli nyɛ Spain, di gbaai bahindi Valencia ni ka bɛ daa kɔri li.[17] Europenima daabihi nyɛla ban daa wuligi simli ŋɔ gili duniya zaa ka di kɔbu gba nyɛ din daa yɛligi pahi. Bɛ daa zaŋ la sima ŋɔ zali di bimbiri kpee din be daŋ yini ni "Bambara groundnut" West Africa ka di gba sim'bilim nyɛ din niŋdi tiŋgbani.[18] Asia pukpariba nyɛla ban daa piligi li kɔbu ka ni pa nyɛ luɣishɛli ban kɔri sima ŋɔ pam duniya zaa.[19]

Sima nyɛla din daa kpɛ US saha shɛli bɛ ni daa na be deei bɛ maŋsulinsi ka nyɛ bɛ ni daa kɔri gariche ni. Lahabali din yina Bernard Romans wuhiya ni, sima nyɛla gbaŋsabila zaŋ n-ti Guinea ni daa zaŋ shɛli kpɛhina East Florida ka di daa piligi yɛligibu di ni.[20] Bin din gbaai yuuni 1870 bɛ daa na mali limi n-tiri binkɔbiri hali ka ninsalinima ni daa ti piligi li dibu yuuni1930s.[21]George Washington Carver (1864-1943) nyɛla ŋun daa kpaŋsiri niriba sima kɔbu American South din daa niŋ ka ni tam daa gbarigi din daa niŋ ka bɛ zaŋ di tam ŋɔ kɔ gumdi yuma ashɛm nyaaŋa.[22]

United States tuma duu zaŋ n-ti pukparilim nyɛla ban daa piligi tun'shɛli din yɛn kpaŋsi pukparilim mini ninsalinima sima zaŋ tum tuma 19th bahigu mini 20th cɛnturi piligu.[21] Sima kpam nyɛla bɛ ni daa piligi shɛli niŋbu United States tum yuuni 1890s. Di nyɛla din daa niŋ bayana din daa niŋ ka Beech-Nut kompani daa piligi li kɔhibu St. Louis World's Fair yuuni 1904.[23]


Peanut flower

Simli ŋɔ nyɛla bimbili shɛli din niŋdi yuun yini puuni ka nyɛ din waɣilim paai kamani cɛntimita pihita zaŋ chaŋ cɛntimita pihinu.[21] Di nyɛla din be tabibi daŋ yuli booni Fabaceae ka shɛba lahi booni Leguminosae, niriba pam nyɛla ban booni "pea" daŋ.[8] Kamani lala bimbila daŋ ŋɔ, simli din nyɛla din niŋdi di bimwalla tiŋgbani gbunni.[9]

Di puma maa nyɛla din waɣilim be kamani cɛntimita zaɣ'yini zaŋ chaŋ zaɣ'yini ni pirigili ka di puma maa kom nyɛ dɔzim.[13][21] Di nyɛla din be simli ŋɔ zuɣuzaa ka nyɛ din be di ni kamani dabisi yini zuɣu.[24]

Vihigu shɛŋa wuhiya ni sima ŋubbu pam nyɛla din taɣiri dɔri shɛŋa.[25][26] Amaa, vihigu maa bi ti shɛhiranima din yɛn niŋ ŋmahinli. US "Bindira mini tima baŋsim yaɣili", "Tabiibi shɛhira wuhiya amaa ka bi ti shɛhira ni di 1.5 dibu dabisili puli ni nyɛla din filimdi kpam ka ni tooi taɣi suhuni doro."[27]

Sima mali tima taɣimalisi binyɛra pam kamani binwɔla din pahi pahi.[26][28][29]

Bɛ mali sim maani kpam din duɣira.[30][31][32]

Daadamanima shɛba (vaabu 0.6%[33] ban nyɛ United States nima) lahabali wuhiya ni sima nyɛla din tahiri nina kumbu na. Pirimla bɛ ni mali sima pahiri m-maani bindira pam la, sima dibu yi yɛn che din niŋ tɔm pam. Bindiri shɛŋa bɛ ni mali su binyɛra ni lahabaya karimbu nyɛla din ni tooi sɔŋsi gu di dibu.[34]

Vihigu din jendi sima ni kpe Great Britain saha shɛli mini di ni kpe Israel sahashɛli wuhiya ni nira yi bi daŋ sima dibu o bilim ni nyɛla din ni tooi mali barina.[35][36]

Sima nyɛla bɛ ni lahi mali shɛli m-maani bihi kpaʒerima.[37] Sima doriti ni tooi lahi yina binwɔla din tiri kpama ni.[37]

United States shikuru shɛŋa mini luɣ'shɛŋa zaɣisila sima mini bɛ ni mali sim m-maani binyɛri shɛŋa zaa.[38][39][40] Amaa, dihitabili kani ni lala zaɣisibu ŋɔ kari di ni tiri dɔri shɛŋa. Yuuni 2015 vihigu din niŋ Canada bɛ nya waliginsim din be shikuru shɛŋa din zaɣisili mini ban saɣiti li sunsuuni.[41][42][43][44]

Roasted peanuts as snack food

Sima shɛbu n-nyɛ din niŋ bayana. Simkuma ni tooi she di wɔɣu ni be ka bɛ zaŋli pɔbi binshɛɣuni ka zaŋ tulim kamani 177 °C (351 °F) n-sheli kamani minti pinaanu zaŋ chaŋ minti pishi sunsuuni (di wɔɣu ni).

Sim'waara tooi be India, China, West Africa, ni southern United States.

Sim'kaha mini sim'maha mali waliginsim. Sim'maha nyɛla sima din yi puuni na ka na bi dɛli kuui. Sim'kaha bi duɣi amaa ka leei kuui.[45]

Peanut oil

Sima kpam nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli duɣiri bindira ka di mali ʒeɣu din viɛla.[46]

Peanut butter

Sim'moli nyɛla bindirgu ka bɛ mali sima maani li. Bɛ tooi mali binshɛŋa gabiri din ni ka di pahirili nyaɣisim. Tuma du'zuɣuri pam mali li m-maani binyɛri shɛŋa pahiri kamani chokileeti.[47] Shɛba ŋmaari sim'moli niŋdi paanu ni n-ŋubira.[48][49]

Sim'sim nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli pahiri bindira dabisim di duɣibu sheei.

Sima tiri alaafee yɛlibɔra paai kamani vaabu pisopɔin[50]

Sima niŋ bayana pam Peruvian mini co bindira ni. Kamani shɛhira, di be Peru bindirigu yuli booni "picante de cuy" puuni.[51]. Yaha di lahi be Peruvian tiŋgbani yuli booni Arequipa bindirigu yuli booni "ocopa" puuni.[52] Bɛ boonila lala bindira ŋɔ zaa "ajíes", din gbunni nyɛ "naanzu tula", kamani "ají de pollo" ni "ají de mariscos". [53]

Bɛ lahi mali sima maani toofiinima pam. Mexico tiŋgbani ni, di zooya pam ka bɛ mali li m-maani bindira balibu pam.[54]

Fried peanuts in the Philippines

Sima zooya pam Southeast Asia bindira ni, kamani Malaysia, Vietnam, ni Indonesia, ka bɛ mali li m-pahiri bindira viɛlim. Sima ni yɛn kpe Indonesia di yila Philippines kpe ni, luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni daa yihi di belim Mexico kuli bɛ ni daa be Spanish sulinsi ni.

Indonesia bindiri shɛŋa ni sima ni be n-nyɛ gado-gado, pecel, karedok, ni ketoprak.

Boiled groundnuts (peanuts)

Sima niŋdi pam Mali polo ni tinsi kamani Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Nigeria, ni Senegal; Sima zaa biɛhisi tooi ŋmanila taba.

Sima pahirila Mali nimdi kpa yuli booni "maafe" puuni. Ghana tiŋgbani ni, sim'moli nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli duɣiri ʒeri, "nkate nkwan".[55] Bɛ ni tooi lahi zaŋli pahi duɣi oto.[55]

Peanut plant.

Sima pahirila Malawi bindira pam ni, ni Zambia yaɣ'shɛŋa polo, ka lala bindira ŋɔ ŋmani taba pam lala tiŋgban ŋɔ ni. Bɛ lahi maani sim'moli din gburisi Uganda ka mali li n-diri shinkaafa. [56]

Fried curry peanuts

Georgia tiŋgbani m-be tooni ni sima kɔbu polo United States tiŋgbani ni, di sula vaabu pihinu yini ka tiŋgbani maa zaa sima ni. Yuuni 2014, pukpariba daa komi kpuɣi sima yiika tuhi kɔbisini ni pihiwɔi ni yini sima, ka di yihi liɣiri "2.4 billion pounds" na. Pukpari ŋun yuli daa du pam n-daa nyɛ Jimmy Carter ŋun yina Sumter County, Georgia ŋun daa niŋ tiŋgbani maa tiŋgbani zuɣulana U.S. yuuni 1976.[57]

United States mini Canada tiŋgbani ni, bɛ malila sima maani toofinima mini binmalisi shɛŋa.[58] United States tiŋgbani ni, sima bindira nyɛla niriba ni yuri shɛli pam.[59][60] Sim'moli n-nyɛ sima bindirgu din niŋ bayana.[61] Sima ʒeri nyɛla din be bindira kɔhibu shee.[62][63]Amerika tiŋgbani ni, ninsali yini kam diri sima paari kamani "2.7 kg (6 lb)" yuuni puli ni.[61]

Peanut production, 2020

(millions of tonnes)

Country Production
Tɛmplet:CHN 18.0
Tɛmplet:IND 10.0
 Nigeria 4.5
 United States 2.8
Tɛmplet:SDN 2.8
World 53.6
Source: FAOSTAT, United Nations[19]

Yuuni 2020, dunia zaa ni daa ko n-kpuɣi sim'shɛli daa yiɣisi la kpalinsi miliyɔŋ pihinu ni anahi, vaabu dibaa anii pahibu yuuni 2019 dini zuɣu.[19] China daa sula vaabu pihita ni anahi dunia zaa dini maa ni, ka India paya ni vaabu pishi yinika . Tiŋgbani shɛŋa ban gba daa kpaŋ bi maŋa n-nyɛ Nigeria, United States, ni Sudan.[19]

Tuma du'zuɣuri mali sima maani binyɛra balibu pam. Peenta, gbana polisibu, ni binnɛma tima mini din pahi pahi.

Dini mali afee yɛlibɔra pam la zuɣu, sima tooi sɔŋdi tuhiri dɔriti din yirina bindiri di m-pooi dɔriti ni. "Plumpy Nut", "MANA Nutrition",[64] ni "Medika Mamba"[65] nyɛla din mali alaafee ka tiri yaa ka lahi tibiri dɔriti pam."World Health Organization, UNICEF, Project Peanut Butter, ni Doctors Without Borders" nyɛla ban mali lala binyɛra ŋɔ n-sɔŋdi tiŋgbana din na bɔri sɔŋsim bihi.

Simli bimbili zuɣuzaa maa nyɛla bɛ ni tooi yunsi shɛli leei "silage".[66]

Di vari ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli tiri binkɔbiri ka bɛ ŋubira ka lahi mali pahiri tam. "Groundnut cake" nyɛla bindirigu zaŋ n-ti niɣi.[67] Di nyɛla bindiri shɛŋa din mali anfaani zaŋ n-ti binkɔbiri zaɣ'yini ka tiriba alaafee.[68] Di yi niŋ ka lala bindirigu ŋɔ bi nya zani suŋ di nyɛla binshɛli dɔro booni "aflatoxin" ni tooi kpɛ shɛli ni ka di nyɛ di ni tooi tahi "Aspergilus flavus" mini "Aspergilus parasiticus".[69] Lala bindirigu ŋɔ nyɛla din sɔŋdi binkɔbiri ka bɛ zoora ka nyɛ din mali kpam gba di puuni.[citation needed]

Sim'shɛŋa gba nyɛla bɛ ni tooi zaŋ shɛli leei bindirigu zaŋ n-ti binkɔbiri.[70]

Saha shɛŋa bɛ nyɛla ban nimdi sima ŋɔ ka di leeri zim pɔi ka bɛ mali li n-tiri binkɔbiri di gbaai bahindi binkɔbi shɛba ban puya anahinahi.[71]

Peanut pegs growing into the soil. The tip of the peg, once buried, swells and develops into a peanut fruit.

Sima nyɛla bɛ ni tooi kɔri shɛli tamkpaɣu zim ni din tam nyɛ pH zaŋ n-ti 5.9–7. Sima nyɛla din sɔŋdi tamkpaɣu kulim.[72] Lala zuɣu di nyɛla din kpa talahi bimbira taɣi gili biri ni. Yaha sima yam gba nyɛla din pahiri tam kulim ka boori dɔriti mini mɔri yɛligibu. Ŋmahinli Texas, sima din be yuma ata bimbila kɔn taɣi ni kawaana nyɛla din yɛn niŋ viɛnyɛla kamani kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihinu gari sim'shɛŋa din bi kɔri ka taɣiri ni kawaana.[72] Tabibi binyɛri shɛŋa mini tiŋgbani binneen bihi nyɛla din sɔŋ sima viɛnyɛla niŋbu .[72] Sima nyɛla din bori tulim bela di piligu zaŋ hali ni di niŋbu ni din yɛn che ka di tooi niŋ viɛnyɛla. Di nyɛla niri ni tooi kɔ shɛli ni kom din nyɛ 350 mm (14 in) ,[73] amaa di viɛnyɛla zaa nyɛla 500 mm (20 in).[74] Di doli la simli maa ni nya kom shɛm sanzali, lala tiŋgbani maa tam ni din kam pahi, sima ni tooi kɔn kpuɣi biɛɣ'pihiwɔi zaŋ chaŋ biɛɣ'kɔbigi ni pihita niri yi biri li nyaaŋa ka sim'shɛŋa din mabiligu nyɛ A. h. hypogaea nyɛ din zaŋdi biɛɣ'kɔbigi ni pishi zaŋ chaŋ biɛɣ'kɔbigi ni pihinu sunsuun .[73][75][76] Di mabiligu din nyɛ A. h. hypogaea nyɛ din niŋdi pam ka bɛ tooi kpaŋsiri niriba di kɔbu luɣishɛŋa saa ni miri yuura.

Cultivation of peanut crop at the Indian Directorate of Groundnut Research (Junagadh, Gujarat, 2009)

Simli bimbili nyɛla din kuli niŋdi puma saha kam saha shɛli di yi ti piligi walla niŋbu ka lala zuɣu che ka sima ŋɔ shɛŋa bɛ bira hali di kpuɣibu saha yi ti paagi. Niri yi bori ni a kɔ sima nya pam di kpuɣibu saha ŋɔ nyɛ din kpa talahi. Di yi niŋ ka niri kɔ sima ka daŋli kpuɣibu pɔi ni di saha sima maa nyɛla din na bɛn bii, nirimi yi lahi yuugi di kpuɣibu din bili yaha.[77] Niri yi yɛn kɔn kpuɣi sima di bimbili maa zaa mini di gbunni wɔla maa zaa nyɛla bɛ ni yihiri shɛli na tankpaɣu ni.[77] Sim'pɔɣiri nyɛ pɔbi sim'bilim ŋɔ.

Bin'shɛŋa din tooi che ka sima bi niŋdi pam nyɛ sanzali mini tulim pam ti yaɣi .[78]

Harvest of peanuts (Bandjoun, Cameroon, 2016)

Sima kɔn kpuɣi nyɛla ʒibuyi.[79] Lɛbiginsim ni be luɣishɛŋa maa bɛ mali la maʒini nima sibiri sima ŋɔ. Maʒini ŋɔ nyɛla din yɛn ŋmaai din gbunni jila maa tariga ka yihi di mini tankpaɣu na. Di nyaaŋa bɛ yɛn che la sima ŋɔ sɔŋ dabaa ata zaŋ chaŋ dabaa anahi sunsuun ka di kuui pɔi ka bɛ naayi pɛli. Luɣishɛŋa lɛbiginsim ni na kani nuhi ka bɛ mali sibiri sima ŋɔ.[77] .

Sima nyɛla din binbela shɛli ŋan mali bukaatanima pam n-ti ninsalinima, binkɔbiri ni tingbani shɛli din mali kɔrili maa.

  1. Sima nyɛla din mali shɛli doori kpam
  2. Di nyɛla daadama ni ŋubiri binshɛli, di zaɣ'kaha, din chim, din waagi bee di din shɛ, ka di nyɛ bindirigu.

Di binniɛma mini dɔriti tuhibu bee taɣibu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Di yi ti niŋ ka simli bimbila nya sanzali saha shɛli di wɔla ŋɔ niŋda bee ka di bi niŋ naai, di nyɛla din yɛn gbaai dɔri shɛli beni bɛ booni li "mold Aspergilus flavours" ka di ni tooi che ka di bi niŋ viɛnyɛlla. Sim' shɛli sanzali ni zabi pam ni dɔro ni gbaai nyɛla din bi niŋ di paari dini di yɛn niŋ shɛm.[80] United States tuma duu zaŋ n-ti pukparilim nyɛla ban daa niŋ vihigu zaŋ chaŋ dɔro yi gbaai simli yaɣa kamani pinaanu nyɛla di ni yɛn saɣim simli maa zaa. Lala tuma duu ŋɔ nyɛla ban m-bo so shɛŋa bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm gu ka taɣi lala sima dɔriti ŋɔ.[81]Sim' shɛŋa bɛ ni nya ka dɔro mali nyɛla bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli niŋdi kpam din yɛn che ka bɛ yihi lala dɔro ŋɔ.[82]

Bimbili ŋɔ vari gba nyɛla dɔri shɛli beni ka bɛ booni li "Alternaria arachidis' ni tooi gbaai.[83]

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  12. 12.0 12.1 (October 1, 1996) "RFLP and Cytogenetic Evidence on the Origin and Evolution of Allotetraploid Domesticated Peanut, Arachis hypogaea (Leguminosae)". American Journal of Botany 83 (10): 1282–1291. DOI:10.2307/2446112.
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