Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Río Plátano Bisophere Korabea

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Río Plátano Bisophere Korabea
biosphere reserve, nature reserve
Pahi laMesoamerican Biological Corridor Mali niŋ
Di pilli ni1982 Mali niŋ
IUCN protected areas categoryIUCN category VI: Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources Mali niŋ
TiŋaHonduras Mali niŋ
Din be shɛli polonaMosquitia, Gracias a Dios Department Mali niŋ
Tiŋgbaŋ yaɣili calinli15°15′0″N 84°43′48″W, 15°36′0″N 84°48′0″W Mali niŋ
Nira zaŋtiMan and the Biosphere Programme Mali niŋ
Significant eventList of World Heritage in Danger, List of World Heritage in Danger Mali niŋ
Heritage designationWorld Heritage Site, Tentative World Heritage Site Mali niŋ
World Heritage soli(vii), (viii), (ix), (x) Mali niŋ
UNESCO Biosphere Reserve URLhttp://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?code=HON+01&mode=all Mali niŋ
E-Class

Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve nyɛla 5,250 km2 tingbani shɛli be ni chɛ n zali ka di be La Mosquitia yaɣili Caribbean coast, Honduras. Di tingbani ŋɔ pam dolisi la Río Plátano. Tiŋgbani shɛli bɛ ni gu ŋɔ mali la binniɛma ban dii lahi ka biɛhigu ni nti pahi Honduras yɔɣu din galisi. Tum yuuni 1982 ka di be World Heritage site nima ni. Yuuni 2011, UNESCO nima daa zaŋla di yuli pahi World Heritage in Danger puuni.[1] Di mali yɔri din be zoya zuɣu nivtiŋgbanni zaa, ka mali binkobiri ni tihi balibu, din be din ni gari 2000. Be ni gu di tingbani shɛli ŋɔ pahila Mesoamerican Biological Corridor din yi Mexico tooni polo gari Central America. Di mini tingbani din gu ŋɔ galisiya Honduras maa zaa yoli, binniɛma ban be din ni bela ka. Bɛ daa pun guli li ni so shɛŋa daa chaŋ viɛnyɛla, amaa be yi kpuɣi so pala din yɛn gbubi li saha ŋɔ ni dahinshɛli di nyɛla din nI soŋ li. Binyɛra pam labisiri li nyaaŋa pam saha ŋɔ, di shɛŋa n-nyɛ tohagu, tihi ŋmani ni niɣiri mori ŋubbu,zahima gbahi kohi ni yɔɣu din miri Las Marias.

1960 yuuni puuni, be daa yihi la tingbani ŋɔ ka bɔli li "Ciudad Blanca Archaeological Reserve", nyaanzum din daa yɛra n ginda ni tiŋ'kurila din yuli booni "la Ciudad Blanca" be la ni zuɣu ka be daa zaŋ lala yuli maa n-ti li. Din nyaaŋa, be daa labi taɣi di yuli maa ka bɔli li "Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve" yuuni 1980 puuni ka lahi zaŋ li pahi "World Heritage" nim la puuni yuuni 1982 puuni.[2]

"Department of Natural Renewable Resources" nim daa kpiɣila di gbib'bu ni maliŋ sɔya 1980 yuuni amaa ka daa lee zaŋ li tum tuma yuuni 1987 puuni. 1997 yuuni, be daa lahi ŋmaai 3250 km2 n-sɔŋ din dee yi ti niŋ ka be yɛn yɛligi tingbani maa. 1997 yuuni, German Development Bank nim daa kpuɣi sɔya din ni sɔŋ yɛligi tingbani maa ka di paai "Patuca" kuliga la ni Bosawas Biosphere Reserve din be Nicaragua la. Amaa tin ʒi sahashɛli ŋɔ, Germannim so'chib shɛŋa be ni kpuɣi la nyɛla din na be tooi niŋ.[3][4]

Lala polo ŋɔ malila archeological site nim din yaɣi 200,[5] in ti pahi Christopher Columbus ni daa shee tiŋ'shɛli o ni daa tuui paai mainland din be Amerika la.[6][7] Lala polo shɛli be ni yihi sɔŋ ŋɔ lahi malila tiŋ'kura dabari, ni yili shɛŋa be ni be ni zaŋ kuɣa me, pala,, kuɣa ŋmabu ni din pahi.[8] Pɔli shɛŋa ti ni yɛli ŋɔ nim puuni biɛla ka be tooi gu, din nyɛ shɛm nyɛla tayiɣisi daa nyɛla ban zu binyɛra din ni ka di shɛŋa nyɛ din niŋ talahi n-ti "tourism". Di mini "archeological" dariza din be lala yaɣili nyɛla din galisi "reservation" maa puuni, reservation maa pumpɔŋɔ na zaŋla di zaɣa n-niŋ ni di gu ka chen taɣi bɔŋ maa.[9]

Kali ni wuhi shɛm, La Ciudad Blanca nyɛla din be rejin ŋɔ. Yuma din gari, kurumbuni binkura gbinyihi baŋdiba wuhiya ni nyɛli amaa bi so bi tooi yihi shɛhirili din ka daɣri li na ka baŋdiba pam mi ku zaya ni di na ʒin beni.[10]

Di nyɛla biɛhigu shee ti tiŋbihi ban kalinli paai 2,000 n ti pahi saamba ban galisi.[11]Ban be din ni nyɛla bali gahinda dibaa anahi: Miskito, Pech, Garifunas, n ti pahi ladino. Laɣinsi ban dii bi galisi, Pech, Garifunas, ni Miskito nyɛla ban be tuduu polo , n dolisi mɔɣili. Soya pam yoomi ti lala niraba ŋɔ ka bɛ ni tooi zaŋ di tiŋgbani ku bukaata nima,ka bɛ kpaŋsi li pukparilim zaŋ niŋ.[12] Pech kobu bela bela n yɛ din tooi viɛla. Bɛ ban galisi ŋɔ pam bela toondini polo.[13] Zuliya nima pam zabila lala tiŋgbani ŋɔ zuɣu . Saha ŋɔ ban zabiri tiŋgbani ŋɔ zuɣu pa tiŋbihi ka lee mali taarihi zabiri ban suli.


Yuuni 1996 lala yaɣili ŋɔ daa deei la World Heritage in Danger dalinli. Tiɛha din ni toi gbubi li, din daa pili tuma yuuni 2000, nti pahi yaɣi kara pubu, yaɣi bihi pubu, ni niya gahinda di ni tooi gu yaɣa.[14]Yaɣa kara din daa pun nyɛ, kali yaɣili, laɣin zuɣiri nima. Din damli pam, di bahi bahindi laɣingu yaɣili ŋɔ, shee la tiŋa yuuni 2006 ka di wuhi din turn ni di ku saha niŋ luɣa ŋɔ gulibu ni shɛm, ka di ni tooi yihi World Heritage in Danger din daa niŋ yuuni 2007.[15] Yuuni 2010 mini 2011 vihigu wuhi ya, ni bɛ ni daa bɔ n nyɛ binshɛŋa zaa daa nyɛla din yi polo, din yɛltɔɣa na kani saha ŋɔ. UNESCO daa yoli niŋ la vihigu yuuni (2011) zaŋ chaŋ Rio Plátano ka daa nya niŋsim nima din bɛ saɣi ti. Tima zun kpe ni, yɔɣu ŋma n ti niɣi ka bɛ ŋubi, zahima zu n gbabi ni moɣi kpansi tɔhagu gobu. Yuuni 2011, UNESCO nima daa kali li mi pahi dunia taara din mali nyɛvuli pɔhigu ni.[16]

Department of Protected Areas & Wildlife, State Forestry Administration din be Honduras mara ka bɛ zaŋ gbubi li, ka nyɛri liɣiri soŋsim World Wildlife Fund mini ʒingama yili laɣinsi shɛba sani. Gɔmnanti laɣinsi ti tabili ʒingama laɣinsi zaa soŋdi la li mi ni di gbubbu soya . Di gubu ŋɔ niya nyɛla di guli ka chɛ saɣimbu,ka pahi lɛbiginsim.[17]


Lala gubu niya nima kuɣibu bori mi ni di chɛ ka tiŋgbanibŋɔ nima niŋ zaɣa ni bɛ tiŋgbani ka kpaŋsi pukparilim (lihi mi La Ruta Moskitia Ecotourism Alliance). Tiŋbihi kpaŋdi bɛ maŋ pam zaŋ chaŋ di gubu polo, din puni mini di tarisi zaa. Saha ŋɔ bɛ na mali la niya nima ni bɛ yihi so shɛŋa din tmyɛn soŋsi guli.


Lala niya nima ŋɔ nyɛla di neei tiŋgbani sulinsi mini di gubu. Vihhigu pam tu ni di niŋ baŋ dini mali bukaata shɛŋa mini muɣisigu shɛŋa din mali li.

Kaman ʒɛ yɛrisi bunahi n ʒiɛri pɔli shɛli be ni yihi n-sɔŋ maa yuunpia kam puuni. Pɔhimʒepliŋ biɛɣu din ʒɛri ni maa nyɛla din dɔli ko'pala n-kperi polo ŋɔ maa luɣuli kam.

Di maliŋ ni pukparilim sɔya dɔlila biɛŋ bihi din gili mɔɣili maa. Pɔhimʒepliŋ biɛɣu shɛli be ni booni Hurricane Mitch la daa ʒe 1998 yuuni la daa che ka be ni booni shɛli Patuca II hydroelectric facility mɛbu daa be tooi biɛbigi.

Yuuni puni di maligim lubu yaa nyɛla 2,850 mini 4,000 mm (112 and 157 in), ka ban be din ni kpahim ka di kani na wuuni.[18] Lala maasim ŋɔ nyɛla din soŋdi be yɔɣu ka di Mahi saha shɛli kam ka lahi soŋdi pukparilim .

Tuun pia kam zuɣuni tropical storms nyɛla din ʒɛri bunahi zuɣu .[19] Lala ʒɛɣu ŋɔ nyɛla din yori vuri yɔɣu maa ni ko soya din galisi la ni.

Tingbani maa nyɛla din kuli teegi yi La Moskitia moɣili noli n yi koma ma ni doli Río Plàtano hali ni zoya maa zuɣu. Buffer yaɣili maa nyɛla din Paulaya ni Sico vinvima ni pahi shɛli zuɣu ka nyɛ din kuli lahi yɛn teegi paa Patuca River. Naani nyɛla din kuli mali zoya pam, ka Pico Dama granite ni kuli laɣisi ti leegu zaɣkarili, ni Punta Piedra, din waɣil nyɛ 1,326m ( 4350ft) pahi di zuɣu. Di lahi nyɛla Rio Platano zaa ni kuli be shɛli, ni ko soya zaɣ'bihi.Yaɣili maa pam nyɛla zoya ni kuli gili shɛli. Moɣa maa nyɛla din kuli be zoya ma ni be luɣ'shɛŋa ni din ka luɣ'shɛŋa yaha. Di nyɛla din niŋ oxbows nima p dini yaɣiri tingbani din waligiri foothills ka che kulibona maa. Moɣili maa nyɛla din nam oxbow kulisi, marshes ni levees.

Tiŋ maa biɛhigu chami ka koli nyɛ din niŋ tom pam. Luɣi shɛŋa din be tiŋ maa ka koma kuli bɛ dini winter zaa nyɛla binbila ni be shɛli zuɣu.

Baird's tapir
Brown-throated sloth

Bɛ ni gu ka taɣi yaɣishɛli ŋɔ mali la "tropical rainforest" din galisi ka be Honduras, ka di bela be Central America, di mali la Binniɛma ban dii lahi ka biɛhigu ni pam.[18] Vihigu pam na nyɛla din niŋdi zaŋ kpa binniɛma ban be nimaani polo, saha ŋɔ vihigu nyɛla din jɛndiri mori ni binkobiri.

Binkobiri ban sabi be kundu ni nyɛla balibu 39, ka noonsi mi nyɛ balibu kɔbisita ni pisopɔin ni ayopɔin (377) ka Binniɛma ban mi be kom ni mini duli kalinli nyɛla 126.[20] Noonsi n galisi lala yaɣyaɣili, nti pahi king vulture, harpy eagle, great curassow, crested guan, scarlet macaw, green macaw ni military macaw.

Collared peccary
Mantled howler

Balibu ban beni maa shɛba n nyɛ white-headed capuchin, mantled howler ni spider monkeys, brown-throated sloth, paca, kinkajou, coatimundi tayra, Central American otter, puma, collared peccary, white-lipped peccary n ti pahi red brocket.


Selva tropical de la Biosfera de rio plátano

Tihi ni mori din galisi n nyɛ mangrove "freshwater swamps marshes, sedge prairie, pine savanna, minj gallery forest". Di mali la mori balibu din ni gari balibu2,000 ,[20] amaa di bela ko n sabi sɔŋ ka di nyɛla din pahi maa na nyɛla zaɣipala ka chɛ bɛ ni na bɛ tooi nya shɛŋa.[19]

Jaguar

Mangrove balibu dibaa ayi n be teeku ŋɔ ni: di ni n nyɛ Brus Lagoon mini Iban Lagoon. Brus maa deei la polo kamani120 km2 n ti pahi brackish, ka Ibans deei polo din nyɛ 63 km2 ni ko viɛlli.[19] Mangroves nyɛla din mali darija ka bɛ kpɛma, dini n nyɛ din mali darija lala yaɣili ŋɔ.

Puma

Yaha, tiŋgbani ŋɔ nyɛla din mali prairie mini savannah din mali gohi pine ni kpukpala, ka di doli kom ni be din ni shɛm. Kom ŋɔ nangbani koɣa, di mali la yɔɣu din mahi ka zimsa, ka bɛ leei bi bɔhim li viɛnyɛla.[20]

Giant anteater
Collared peccary
Mantled howler

Rare and endangered species

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Lala binniɛma balibu ban din lahi ka biɛhigu ni: giant anteater, jaguar, ocelot, margay, Caribbean West Indian manatee, n ti pahi Central American ʒilɛli baŋsim lɛbu pori la Honduras tiŋgbani ni, ka di chɛ ka di niŋ tom pam ni di tooi gu ja taɣi lala yaɣili ŋɔ.[21] Fara galisim tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni mini bɛ ni bɛ tooi niŋdi vihigu maa zuɣu chɛ mi ka di gu ka taɣi niŋ tom . Di ni niŋ ka di gubu nyɛri naba zaani la, di niŋ la tɔm pam ni bɛ yɛli,amii,bɛ ni mali niya shɛŋa la shiri kuri bukaata maa. Mori ni binkobiri ŋɔ gubu, kamani yɔɣu maa, binniɛma ni be shɛli ka nyɛri bindira dira.

Binkobiri galisim ban be La Mosquitia teeku ni ŋɔ chɛ mi ka di yuli du ni nin liha polo,di mini ʒingama yili nima mali ninliha sheei lala yaɣili maa zaa yɔli[22] gɔmnanti ka niya shɛli din yan sɔŋ o ka zaŋli di anfaani.[23] Tiŋgbani nin liha sheei nyɛla din ni tooi gu tingbani ka chɛ fara, ka pahi tiŋgbani jilima, ka lahi nyɛ din ni tooi tahi ariziki na ka di zaŋ gu lala yaɣili ŋɔ. Saha ŋɔ bɛ yɔɣiri la Rio Plátano zaa kom kamani biɛɣu pia zaŋ chaŋ pia ni ayi sunsuni (10- to 12-day).

Di yi di gbubi viɛnyɛla di di nyɛla din yɛn yihi anfaani na pam, pirim la di ni bi gbubi vinyɛla la zuɣu, di binkura yaɣa pam nyɛla din saɣim.[24] Ni yili nima mali sɔŋsim ti lala yaɣili ŋɔ, amaa din binkura yaɣili din bɛ nyɛ gubu la nyɛla din nyɛ dambu pam. Di ni niŋ ka di bi mɛ viɛnyɛla la zuɣu, di nyɔri yihibu na nyɛla din niŋ tɔm,di bahi bahindi yaɣishɛŋa din gubu tɔ.

Di mini bɛ ni yihili World Heritage in Danger dizai ni maa zaa yoli, di na nyɛla yaɣishɛli din nyɛri chuuta bela bela. Timba dɔkuɣuri tuma mini lɛbiginsim yɛla nyɛla din niŋ tɔm.

Honduras gɔmnanti nyɛla nyɛla ŋun Honduran Cooperation for Forestry Development tabiri sɔŋ di Honduras timba dɔkuɣiri malibu. Kuɣiri nyɛla bɛ ni ŋmari yihiri shɛli ni.[25] Honduras gɔmnanti feeli mi ni o zali zali zalikpana ka di gu ka chɛ tihi ŋmabu yiriŋ yiriŋ. Yɔɣu ŋɔ zaa ni tooi naai di yi niŋ ka lala tihi ŋmabu yiriŋ yiriŋ ŋɔ bi chɛ.

Tiŋ bihi ban be nimaani wuhiya ni kuɣisi kalinli boori la yɔɣu ŋɔ ni. Bɛ mi na bi tooi baŋ ban saɣindi lala yɔɣu ŋɔ.[25]

Lɛbiginsim kaŋsibu di puuni mini di kpaŋsi nyɛla din gbarigiri di gubu ni di taɣibu niya nima. Patuca II hydroelectric plant mɛbu Patuca kulibɔŋ ni nyɛla din tahi nangbankpeeni na. A hydroelectric plant niŋ gari nyɔɣibu waterway ni mɛ shɛli. Di lahi bori lɛbiginsim zaŋ chaŋ luɣishɛŋa polo di muɣisigu nima ni be. Lala yaɣili ŋɔ dii ka palisuma.

Pukparilim nyɛla din mali barina pam ti li. Di ni niŋ ka ninvuɣi biɛlim kalinli galisiri ni la zuɣu, lala ka bɛ pukparilim zooi. Di tiŋgbani mahili ŋɔ yaɣishɛli nyɛla din bɛ saɣi ti pukparilim, di borila vari ni lɛbiginsim saha kama ni di pukparilim niŋ yaa."Non-legal de facto ownership" nyɛla din mali zaba, saha shɛŋa zaba nyɛla din be pukpariba sunsuni bɛ pukparilim sheei.[18]

Pukpariba ŋɔ nyɛla ba nyɔri buɣim saɣindi tiŋgbani, ka di lahi saɣindi "savannah mini prairie land".[26] Di mini saha ŋɔ bɛ kpuɣi niya ni bɛ lɛ pukpariba baŋsim zaŋ chaŋ tiŋgbani saɣimbu polo,bɛ na nyɛla ban kuli be din ni. Tooni ha niya nima nyɛla di wuhi Pukpariba niya shɛŋa bɛ ni yɛn zaŋ gbubi tiŋgbani viɛnyɛla.

Yaakooro Nima/Refugeee

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Honduras mini din Nicaragua tiŋbaɣilinga fara chɛ mi ka yaakooro nima zori kuni bɛ ni gu yaɣishɛli ŋɔ ni,[27] ka di chɛ ka di gubu niŋ tɔm. Lala yaakoro nima ŋɔ kpɛri la di toondini polo, ka di tiŋbihi mini di yaakooro nima ŋɔ mali zaba. Di mini pukparilim ni ni tooi saɣim li maa zaa yoli, bɛ ninvuɣi biɛlim galisim ŋɔ gba mali la barina ti di saɣimbu.

Saha ŋɔ, Honduran Corporation for Forestry Development mini Honduran Public Safety Force polices nyɛla din soŋdi ka bɛ guri ka taɣiri lala yaɣili ŋɔ[20] ka mali tahama ni di gu yaakooro nima ŋɔ kpɛbu ni. Di mini bɛ kpaŋmaŋ maa zaa yoli, yaakooro nima na kpɛri la ni. Bɛ ni bori ni bɛ gu taɣili la zuɣu,bɛ mali la niya ni bɛ yihi yaakooro nima ŋɔ ni.[18]

*La Mosquitia
  1. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/196/
  2. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Pl%C3%A1tano_Biosphere_Reserve#cite_ref-Preston_2-0
  3. https://web.archive.org/web/20080209010806/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/rioplata.html
  4. http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=HON+01
  5. Yde, Jens. "Review: [untitled]". American Antiquity. 23:2: 196.
  6. http://www.eoearth.org/article/R%C3%ADo_Pl%C3%A1tano_Biosphere_Reserve,_Honduras
  7. http://www.innovationnewsdaily.com/1240-lasers-helped-discover-lost-honduras-city.html Archived 2012-09-18 at the Wayback Machine
  8. https://whc.unesco.org/download.cfm?id_document=9013
  9. https://web.archive.org/web/20080422225616/http://botany.si.edu/projects/cpd/ma/ma15.htm
  10. http://www.tapirback.com/tapirgal/iucn-ssc/tsg/action97/ap97-10.htm
  11. http://www.tapirback.com/tapirgal/iucn-ssc/tsg/action97/ap97-10.htm
  12. http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2007/07/24/where-are-they-now.aspx
  13. http://www.american.edu/TED/honduras.htm 
  1. ↑ https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/196/
  2. ↑ Douglas Preston (May 6, 2013). "The El Dorado Machine". The New Yorker: 34–40.
  3. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20080209010806/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/rioplata.html
  4. ↑ http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/rioplata.html
  5. ↑ http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=HON+01
  6. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20080209010806/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/rioplata.html
  7. ↑ Archive copy.
  8. ↑ Yde, Jens. "Review: [untitled]". American Antiquity. 23:2: 196.
  9. ↑ http://www.eoearth.org/article/R%C3%ADo_Pl%C3%A1tano_Biosphere_Reserve,_Honduras
  10. ↑ Archive copy.
  11. ↑ http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=HON+01
  12. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20080209010806/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/rioplata.html
  13. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20080209010806/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/rioplata.html
  14. ↑ https://whc.unesco.org/download.cfm?id_document=9013
  15. ↑ Ohnesorge, Bettina. State of Conservation of the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site, Honduras, Central America. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  16. ↑ https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/196/
  17. ↑ http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=HON+01
  18. 1 2 3 4 A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named EOE
  19. 1 2 3 Herrera-MacBryde, Olga. CPD: Middle America, Site MA15. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  20. 1 2 3 4 A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named WCMC
  21. ↑ TAPIR SPECIALIST GROUP. Tapirs: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  22. ↑ Crockett, Carrie. "Where are they now?". Motley Fool. http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2007/07/24/where-are-they-now.aspx. İstifadə tarixi: 2008-04-01.
  23. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named EOE2
  24. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named WCMC2
  25. 1 2 TED Case Studies. Honduras and Deforestation. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  26. ↑ Youth, Howard (September 1, 1998). Green awakening in a poor country. Honduras: World Watch.
  27. ↑ Weinberg, Boll (October 15, 2003). "Indigenous Peoples, Civil Society under Attack in Colombia's Oil Zone". Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News.
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