Nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili
Yaɣ sheli | Biɛlimpahirili |
---|---|
Entry in abbreviations table | ਪ੍ਰਤ੍ਯ. |
Yaɣili | tooni biɛlimpahirili |
Yɛltɔɣa baŋsim puuni, nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili nyɛla biɛlimpahirili shɛli ŋa n tabiliri bachi nyabili bahigu. Shɛhira shɛŋa ŋavni tooi n yirina n-nyɛ case endings, ŋa n wuhiri bɛ ni boli shɛli ni grammatical case la bachinamda mini bachibuɣisira n ti pahi bachiniŋdili bahigu ŋa laɣimdi taba n namdi bachiniŋda. Nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira ni tooi n mali girama lahabali ŋa puuni (ŋa nyɛ bɛ ni yɛli ni shɛli inflectional endings) bee ŋa nyɛ lexical information (derivational/lexical nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira) la.[1] Bɛ ni boli shɛli ni inflection la n-nyɛ ŋa taɣiri bachi girama biɛhigu nahingbana bɛ ni boli shɛli ni di syntactic category la ni. Derivational nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira malila kpatuɣa ayi, ŋanima n-nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛŋa ni: class-changing derivation mini class-maintaining derivation la.
Bɛ ni boli shɛli ni Semitic yɛltɔɣa la bɔhimbu puuni, nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni affirmatives dominchi ŋanima ni tooi n taɣi bachinima biɛhigu. Indo-European nima wuhibu ni bɔhimbu puuni, waligimsim bela nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili mini bachi bahigu ni (nyami Proto-Indo-European root).
Bachi bahigu yaɣ'shɛli ŋa be mɔfim sumaŋa mini mɔfim tuɣirili sunsuuni yuli n booni suffixoid[2] bee semi-suffix[3] (Shɛhira, English -like bee German -freundlich "zosimili bee zosumtali").
Shɛhiranima
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Dagbani puuni
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Siliminsili ni
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- Girls—di puuni -s n-nyɛ ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili ka ŋa wuhiri zaɣ'bɔbigu.
- He makes—ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili n-nyɛ -s ka ŋa yɛri n-tiri bɛ yɛli shɛli ni third person singular present tense.
- It closed—ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili n-nyɛ -ed ka ŋa wuhiri niŋsim din pun niŋ n gari.
- It's brighter—ka ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili nyɛ -er ka ŋa wuhiri Comparative.
Faringa
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- De beaux jours—ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili n-nyɛ -x ka ŋa wuhiri galisim.
- Elle est passablement jolie —di nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili n-nyɛ -e ka ŋa buɣisiri paɣa biɛhiga bachibuɣirili puuni.
German
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- mein Computer—ŋa ni be shɛm maa che mi ka ŋa ka nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira ka bɛ ni boli shɛli ni nominative la ka nyɛ "unmarked"
- meines Computers—genitive case
- meinem Computer—dative case
- meinen Computer—accusative case
Russian
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- мой компьютер—ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira kalinsi bachinima ŋɔ ni wuhiri la di nominative ka ŋa nyɛ "unmarked"
- моего компьютера—genitive case
- моему компьютеру—dative case
- мой компьютер—accusative case
- за-туш-и-ть свечу—ŋa tuuli bachi maa malila -и- ka di nyɛ ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili ka -ть mii bahindili (infinitive form); bachi din pahiri ayi ka bahindiri ni -у (accusative case, singular, feminine).
- добр-о-жел-а-тель-н-ый—добр- bachi tuŋa bee jilkpeeni, -о- interfix, -жел- jilkpeeni, verbal -a- interfix, nominal -тель nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili, bachibuɣisirili -н- nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili, bachibuɣisirili -ый di bahigu (nominative case, singular, masculine).
- wárraidya "emu" — ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira kalinsi maa yi la ŋa girama kalinli ni na, zaɣ'gaŋsi, ka nyɛ "unmarked"
- wárraidyalbili "two emus" — dual
- wárraidyarri "emus" — zaɣ'bɔbigu
- wárraidyailyarranha "ŋa malila emus zaɣ'bɔbigu", "heaps of emus" — superplural[4]: Tɛmplet:R/where
Inflectional suffixes
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Bɛ ni boli shɛli ni Inflection la n-nyɛ ŋa taɣiri bachi girama biɛhigu bɛ ni boli shɛli ni di syntactic category la ni. Inflectional nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili ni bɛ ni lahi n booni shɛli ni desinence la ni ka bala pam tooi n baŋdi dinbɔŋɔ. Kamani Shɛhira ŋɔ ni:
- I was hoping the cloth wouldn't fade, but it has faded quite a bit (N di malila ni chinchini bi paligi tɔ amaa di pun paligi zaa).
Nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili ŋɔ -d zaŋla girama zalisi n taɣi bachi tuŋa ŋɔ fade ka ŋa wuhiri niŋsim din pun niŋ n gari.
Inflectional nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira bi taɣiri bachi maa bachi pubu inflection nyaaŋa .[5] Inflectional nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira ŋa be punpɔŋɔ na Siliminsili ni n-nyɛ:
Bachiniŋda
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- -s third person singular simple present indicative active
- -ed ŋa wuhiri la niŋsim din pun n niŋ gari ka lahi n-nyɛ past participle
- -t niŋsim din pun n niŋ gari (weak irregular)
- -ing present participle and gerund
- -en past participle (irregular)
Bachinamda
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- -s ŋa wuhiri zaɣ'bɔbigu kalinli
- -en zaɣ'bɔbigu (irregular)
Bachibuɣisira mini bachiniŋdipahira
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- -er comparative degree
- -est superlative degree
Derivation
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Bɛ bi boli shɛli ni derivational nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira malila yaɣa ayi: class-changing derivation mini class-maintaining derivation.[6] Ŋa Siliminsili ni nima n-nyɛ:
- -able/-ible (ŋa tooi n taɣiri bachiniŋda ka di lɛbiri bachi bachibuɣisira)
- -al /-ual (ŋa zooya ka di che ka bachinamda lɛbiri bachibuɣisira)
- -ant (ŋa taɣiri la bachiniŋda ka di lɛbiri bachinamda ka ŋa tooi n zooi ka di yɛri n-tiri ninsala)
- -ess (di nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni class-maintaining, ka ŋa bachi pubu kpalimdi bachinamdili puuni)
- -ful (ŋa zooi ka di yihiri bachinamda n labisiri bachibuɣisira ni)
- -fy (di yihiri la bachinamda n niŋ bachiniŋda puuni)
- -hood (di tooi n zooi ka di nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni class-maintaining, ka ŋa bachi pubu kpalimdi ni bachinamdili)
- -ise/-ize (di yihiri la bachinamda n niŋdi bachiniŋda ni)
- -ish (ŋa yihiri la bachinamda n chani bachibuɣisira ni bee ka di bi taɣi di bachi pubu ka che ka bachi kpalim bachibuɣisirili ni)
- -ism (di bi taɣiri bachi pubu, bachi maa kpalimdi la bachinamdili ni)
- -ist (ŋa bi taɣiri bachi pubu ka che ka bachi kpalimdi bachinamdili ni)
- -ity (di yihiri la bachibuɣisira n labiri bachinamda ni)
- -less (ŋa yihiri la bachinamda n niŋdi bachibuɣisira ni)
- -like (di yihiri la bachinamda n niŋdi bachibuɣisira ni)
- -logy/-ology (di bi taɣiri bachi pubu, bachi maa kpalimdi la bachinamdili ni)
- -ly (di yihiri la bachibuɣisira n niŋdi bachiniŋdipahira ni saha shɛŋa mii ni ka di yihiri bachinamda n niŋdi bachibuɣisira ni)
- -ment (di yihiri la bachiniŋda n niŋdi bachinamda ni)
- -ness (di yihiri la bachibuɣisira n niŋdi bachinamda ni)
- -oid (di yihiri la bachinamda n niŋdi bachibuɣisira ni)
- -tion/-ion/-ation (di yihiri la bachiniŋda n niŋdi bachinamda ni)
- -um (di ni tooi n be bachi shɛŋa ni n-nyɛ) museum; stadium; auditorium; aquarium; planetarium; medium
- -wise ŋa yila wīse ni na ("manner, way, condition, direction")
Altered pronunciation in English
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili tooi zooi ka ŋa taɣiri yee bee bachi kumsi din be bachi shɛli ŋa mali bɛ ni boli shɛli ni multi-syllable la ni n taɣiri bachi tuŋa maa kumsi hali hali gba di yi niŋ ka lala bachi tuŋa mɔfoloji nyɛ din bi taɣi.[7] Waligimsim din be bɛ ni noli shɛli ni "photograph" mini "photography" la nyɛla shɛhirili yini. Di puuni, bachikɔbili ŋɔ "-y" din bahindiri li maa wuhiya ni di tu ni ŋa darigi dinzuɣu di che mi ka piligu bachi ŋan n darigiri maa yi tuuli syllable ("pho-") n chaŋ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni antepenultimate ("-to-") la ni. Kumsi shɛŋa ŋa bi dairgiri la malila ŋa maŋmaŋa vaawul ka ŋa taɣiri n chani schwa ni. Ŋɔ ni tooi n-nyɛ yɛl'muɣisirili n-ti ba mali dyslexics dɔro la ka zaŋ n tabili bachi kumsi waligibu gba n pahi,[8] ka di lahi nyɛ yɛl'muɣisirili n-ti ban bɔhimdi lala bala maa.
Kundivihira
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- ↑ Mead, Jonathan (1993). Proceedings of the 11th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (in English). Center for the Study of Language (CSLI). ISBN 978-1-881526-12-4.
- ↑ Kremer, Marion. 1997. Person reference and gender in translation: a contrastive investigation of English and German. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, p. 69, note 11.
- ↑ Marchand, Hans. 1969. The categories and types of present-day English word-formation: A synchronic-diachronic approach. Munich: Beck, pp. 356 ff.
- ↑ Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 2020, Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond, Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199812790 / ISBN 9780199812776
- ↑ Jackson and Amvela (2000): Word, Meaning and Vocabulary; An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology. London, Athenaeum Press, p. 83
- ↑ Jackson and Amvela (2000): Word, Meaning and Vocabulary; An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology. London, Athenaeum Press, p. 88
- ↑ Nancy K. Lewkowicz, "Pronouncing Longer Words: Don't Begin at the Beginning". Journal of Reading, Vol. 29, No. 3 (Dec., 1985), 226–237.
- ↑ "Dyslexia Help: Success Starts Here". University of Michigan.