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Noria

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Noria
Yaɣ sheliscoop wheel Mali niŋ
Pahi lairrigation system Mali niŋ
TiŋaIraq Mali niŋ
Tingbani shɛli din yinaIraq Mali niŋ
Intangible cultural heritage statusRepresentative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, National List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Iraq Mali niŋ
Described at URLhttps://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/01694, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/01694, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/01694 Mali niŋ
For other uses, see Noria (disambiguation).
The norias of Hama on the Orontes River in Syria (video).

noria (Arabic: ناعورة‎, nā‘ūra, plural نواعير nawāʿīr, nyɛla din yina Tɛmplet:Lang-syr, nā‘orā, lit. "growler") nyɛla hydropowered scoop wheel ka bɛ mali kpaɣiri kom kpɛhiriaqueduct zaɣa bihi ni, ka di daliri nyɛla irrigation bee di tuyi kom n-ti ʒilɛli ni mini tiŋkpansi.

Yuli mini di gbuni

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Etymology

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Siliminsili bachi ŋɔ noria nyɛla bɛn nyɛ shɛli Spanish noria din nyɛ Arabic nā‘ūra (ناعورة), ka di yina Arabic verb ka di gbuni nyɛ "groan" bee "grunt", ka di nyɛ kumsim shɛli din mali di yi ti niŋ ka lɛbigira .[1][2]

Noria versus saqiyah

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Bachi ŋɔ noria nyɛla bɛn mali shɛli n-tiri binshɛli din kpaɣiri kom ginda "wheel".[3] Binshɛli bɛn niŋ n-ti binkɔ'biri saqiyah bee saqiya.[4] Ti balli shɛŋa din ŋmani li nyɛla bɛn zaŋ pahi chain pumps. Amaa yuli shɛli din mali n-tiri "traditional water-raising devices" bɛn daa zaŋ di shɛŋa tumdi tuma Middle East, India, Spain n-ti pahi yaɣa shɛŋa nyɛ "loosely" mini "overlappingly". Al-Jazari's buku shɛli yala niriba pam ni nyɛla din laɣim water-driven wheel mini di ŋmali kam din kpaɣiri kom ka boli saqiya.[5][6] Spain, noria nyɛla bɛn mali shɛli n-tiri "wheels" balli kam, binkɔ'biri niŋ li bee "water current".[3]

Di tuma

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Hydrographic demonstration piece near the ancient noria of the barrio of La Montaña, Aranjuez

Noria nyɛla din tuma nyɛ kom kpaɣibu tiŋgbani zaŋ duu zuɣusaa, ka di mali yaa shɛli din nya mɔɣili maa zoobu ni.[3] Di nyɛla din mali undershot water wheel ka di mali "container" nim ka di kpaɣiri kom yirina mɔɣili ni kpɛhiri "aqueduct". Di biɛhigu nyɛla din chaŋ ti ŋmani saha ŋɔ hydraulic ram.[7]

Taarihi

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A noria running in Erlangen in southern Germany, on the river Regnitz
Remains of the medieval Albolafia noria in Cordoba, Spain (the wheel itself was reconstructed in the 20th century)

Paddle-driven water-lifting wheels nyɛla din daa yina ancient Egypt tum 4th century BC.[8] Lahabali din yina John Peter Oleson wuhiya ni, "compartmented wheel" mini hydraulic noria nyɛla din be Egypt tum 4th century BC, pɔi ka saqiyah daa kpɛ na di nyaaŋa.[citation needed] Lahabali ŋɔ nyɛla "archeological finds" din be Faiyum nim ni saɣi n-ti shɛli. Papyrus nyɛla din piligi 2nd century BC din be Faiyum ka nyɛ "water wheel" shɛli pukpariba ni mali kora, 2nd-century BC fresco din piligi Alexandria nyɛla din mali "compartmented saqiyah", n-ti pahi sabu zaŋ n-ti Callixenus of Rhodes nyɛla din mali saqiyah be Ptolemaic Kingdom, Pharaoh Ptolemy IV Philopator saha 3rd century BC.[9]

"Undershot water wheel" mini overshot water wheel, zaa nyɛla binkɔ'biri mini water-driven zaa din ni ka nyɛ Hellenistic injinee nim ni daa mali shɛli tumdi bɛ tuma bin din gbaai 3rd mini 2nd century BC.[10] 1st century BC, Roman architect Vitruvius nyɛla ban buɣisiri tuma zaŋ n-ti noria.[11] 300 polo, Romans nyɛla ban daa yihi "wooden compartments" ka zaŋ noria kpɛhi.[12]

Islamic Golden Age saha, norias nyɛla bɛn daa deei shɛli classical antiquity musulimi injinee nim sani ,[13] ka bɛ niŋ kpaŋmaŋ taɣi li noria.[14][6] Kamani flywheel nyɛla bɛn mali shɛli deeri yaa "driven machine", ŋun daa mali nyɛ ibn Bassal (fl. 1038–1075) zaŋ n-ti al-Andalus.[15] Yuuni 1206, Ismail al-Jazari nyɛla ŋun daa kpɛhi carank zaŋ tum tuma noria mini saqiya ka di daa booi intermittency ka daa kpaŋsi di tuma.[16]

Musilimi injinee nim nyɛla ban daa zaŋ norias yihi kom kpɛhi aqueducts ka di ʒiri kom kpɛhiri tiŋsi ni mini puri ni.[13] 10th century, Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi's Al-Hawi nyɛla ŋun daa buɣisi noria tiŋgbani yuli booni Iraq ni di nyɛla din ni tooi kpaɣi 153,000 litres per hour, bee 2550 litres per minute. Din bɔŋɔ ŋmani la saha ŋɔ norias din be East Asia, din ni tooi kpaɣi 288,000 litres per hour, bee 4800 litres per minute.[17]

13th century naaibu ni Marinid sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf nyɛla ŋun daa miɛ enormous noria, ka shɛba booni li "Grand Noria", din che ka di tooi ti Mosara Garden pam, o daa niŋ li la tiŋ yuli booni Fez, Morocco.[18] Di miɛbu daa piligi la yuuni 1286 ka daa naai yuuni shɛli din daa paya na maa.[19] Ŋun daa niŋ noria nyɛ Andalusian injinee ŋun yuli booni Ibn al-Hajj, ka di buɣisibu nyɛ "26 metres in diameter" mini "2 metres wide".[20]Tɛmplet:R/superscript[18] "wheel" ŋɔ nyɛla bɛn daa zaŋ dari niŋ binshɛli amaa ka lee zaŋ copper pani dizuɣu.[18][20]Tɛmplet:R/superscript

Norias nim pam gba nyɛla bɛn daa miɛ shɛli Al-Andalus, musilisi adiini saha zaŋ n-ti Iberian Peninsula (8th-15th centuries), ka daa tuɣi miɛbu ni Christian Spanish injinee.[2] Niriba pam ni mi shɛli nyɛ Albolafia din be Cordoba, Guadalquivir River, n-ti pahi noria kurili din be Toledo mini Tagus River.[21][22] Lahabali din yina al-Idrisi wuhiya, ni Toledo noria nyɛla din daa bara ka ni tooi kpaɣi kom yina mɔɣili ni kpɛhi "aqueduct" gari 40 meters ka di naan yi ti tiŋ maa kom.[23] Norias mini din kam ŋmani li nyɛla bɛn mali shɛli Spain tumdi pukparilim tuma. Shinkaafa kobu shee Valencia nyɛla din daa mali 8000 norias, ka Mallorca mi mali gari 4000 animal-driven saqiyas ka bɛ daa mali tumdi hali ni 20th century piligu.[24][22]

Kundivihira

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  1. ↑ (2015) "Technical and functional analysis of Albolafia waterwheel (Cordoba, Spain): 3D modeling, computational-fluid dynamics simulation and finite-element analysis". Energy Conversion and Management 92: 207–214. DOI:10.1016/j.enconman.2014.12.047.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Roldan, Jose; Moreno, Maria Fatima (2010). "Water engineering and management in Al-Andalus". In Cabrera, Enrique; Arregui, Francisco (eds.). Water Engineering and Management through Time: Learning from History. CRC Press. ISBN 9780203836736.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Glick, Thomas F. (2010). "noria". In Bjork, Robert E. (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198662624.
  4. ↑ Glick, Thomas F. (2010). "saqiya". In Bjork, Robert E. (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198662624.
  5. ↑ Casulleras, Josep (2014). "Mechanics and Engineering". In Kalin, Ibrahim (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199812578.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Dallal, Ahmad; Shefer-Mossensohn, Miri (2003). "Science, Medicine, and Technology". In Esposito, John L. (ed.). The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195125580.
  7. ↑ "Machines of the East". Ancient Discoveries. Season 3. Episode 10. History Channel. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
  8. ↑ Örjan Wikander (2008). "Chapter 6: Sources of Energy and Exploitation of Power". In John Peter Oleson (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World. Oxford University Press. pp. 141–2. ISBN 978-0-19-518731-1.
  9. ↑ de Miranda, Adriana (2007). Water architecture in the lands of Syria: the water-wheels. L'Erma di Bretschneider. pp. 38–9. ISBN 978-88-8265-433-7.
  10. ↑ Oleson 1984, pp. 325ff.; Oleson 2000, pp. 217–302; Donners, Waelkens & Deckers 2002, pp. 10−15; Wikander 2000, pp. 371−400
  11. ↑ Noria.
  12. ↑ Oleson 1984, pp. 337f., 366−368; Oleson 2000, pp. 235
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Donald Hill (1996), "Engineering", in Roshdi Rashed, Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Vol. 3, p. 751-795 [775].
  14. ↑ Thomas F. Glick (1977), "Noria Pots in Spain", Technology and Culture 18 (4), p. 644-650.
  15. ↑ Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, Flywheel Effect for a Saqiya.
  16. ↑ Donald Hill, "Engineering", in Roshdi Rashed (ed.), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Vol. 2, pp. 751-795 [776], Routledge, London and New York
  17. ↑ Donald Hill (1996). A history of engineering in classical and medieval times. Routledge. pp. 145–6. ISBN 0-415-15291-7.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Qantara - Grand noria of Fez al-Jadīd.
  19. ↑ Bressolette, Henri (2016). A la découverte de Fès. L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2343090221.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). Fès avant le protectorat : étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition.
  21. ↑ Torres Balbás, Leopoldo (1942). "La albolafia de Córdoba y la gran noria toledana". Al-Andalus 7: 461–469.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Qantara - Noria.
  23. ↑ de Miranda, Adriana (2007). Water architecture in the lands of Syria: the water-wheels. L'Erma di Bretschneider. p. 55. ISBN 978-88-8265-433-7.
  24. ↑ Idrisi, Zohor (2014). "Agricultural Sciences". In Kalin, Ibrahim (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199812578.

Further reading

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  • Donners, K.; Waelkens, M.; Deckers, J. (2002). Water Mills in the Area of Sagalassos: A Disappearing Ancient Technology. Anatolian Studies. 52. British Institute at Ankara. pp. 1–17. doi:10.2307/3643076. JSTOR 3643076. S2CID 163811541.
  • Oleson, John Peter (1984), Greek and Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting Devices: The History of a Technology, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 90-277-1693-5
  • Oleson, John Peter (2000), "Water-Lifting", in Wikander, Örjan (ed.), Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 217–302, ISBN 90-04-11123-9
  • Wikander, Örjan (2000), "The Water-Mill", in Wikander, Örjan (ed.), Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 371–400, ISBN 90-04-11123-9
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