Leopold sedar senghor
Léopold Sédar Senghor nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so silimin gɔli October dabaa awei dali, yuuni 1906 puuli ni ka o daa di o saɣim n naai silimin gɔli December, yuuni 2001 puuni. O daa nyɛla Senegalese sasabira,siyaasa, ni kaya ni taada baŋda. Ŋuni n daa lahi n-nyɛ tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣulana n-ti Senegal nima; ka daa n niŋ yuun'pishi gbana maa zuɣu, yuuni 1960 hali ni 1980 yuuni.
Senghor daa lahi n nyɛla Négritude kambon-tiŋa ni Africa siyaasa ŋun yu kaya ni Taada, gbansabila, ka daa lahi mali nuu kpaŋma n sɔŋ ka Africa mini French kpalanzuya gbini taba. Pirimila o suhu ni daa kuli n yu ni Africa mini French kpalanzuya gbini tabila zuɣu, o daa nyɛla ninvuɣ'so ŋun bo soya ka lala tiŋgbana ayi ŋɔ sabila mini daadama siyaasa talahi ni nyɛ shɛli zani di naba zuɣu ka daa zaŋ li n bo lɛbigimsim mini yaa n niŋ Africa ka o niiya daa nyɛmi ni di sɔŋ yaɣa ayi maa zaa.
Senghor ni daa lɛbi Senegal tingbani zuɣulana n naai, o daa yihi la o maŋa ka che Mamaduo Dia, ŋun daa nyɛ Senegal prime minister la ka kpɛhi o sarika yuma pia ni ayi, o ni daa kpahim ni Mamaduo Dio borimi ni o yiɣisi fitiina na tiŋa maa ni. Senghor daa lahi nyɛla ŋun kpari paati kam di be Senegal tingbani ni dunoli naɣila o yaɣili maa ko.
Vihigu pam wuhiya ni Senghor daa nyɛla 20th century yuuni la baŋdi kuɣinli ŋun daa tuhi n deei Senegalese Democratic Bloc party yuuni 1948 puuni. Ŋuni n daa n lahi n-nyɛ tuuli gbansabinli bɛ daa piigi n niŋ Académie française ka o daa di 1985 international Nonino pini gahindili la Italy.
Piligu (yuuni 1906-28)
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Bɛ daa dɔɣi Senghor la silimin gɔli October dabaa awei dali, yuuni 1906 Joal tingbani puuni din yaa kilometres kɔbiga ni pia n yi ka che Senegal tinzuɣu shɛli bɛ ni boli shɛli South of Dakar la. O ba yuli n daa booni Basile Diogoye Senghor amaa sokam daa lee n mi o la Basile jogoy Senghor. O daa nyɛla pukpar'so ŋun daa yulindi bourgeois Serer niriba la sima puu.[1] [2]Basile Senghor daa lahi nyɛla sokam ni mi ka o nyɛ ninvuɣ'timsili ŋun su niɣi tuha ni paliti. O bapira, bɛ ni boli so the king of Sine gba ni daa ti o pini shɛŋa la gba daa lahi sɔŋya n nabigi o buni maa pam. Gnilane Ndiémé Bakhoum n daa n-nyɛ Senghor ma yuli. Bɛ daa dɔɣi o la Djilor, dolodolo Yisanima tingbani puuni. O daa nyɛla Fulaani ŋun yi Tabor zuliya puuni na, musulimi, ka daa lahi nyɛ ŋun pahiri ata Senghor ba paɣ'ba puuni ni. O daa dɔɣila bihi ayɔbu ka bidibisi daa lee nyɛ bɛba ayi ko.
Senghor dɔɣim gbaŋ wuhiya ni bɛ daa dɔɣi o la silimin gɔli October dabaa awei dali yuuni 1906.[3] Dini bɔŋɔ wuhiya ni nagbankpeeni kani n-ti o dɔɣim gbaŋ maa ni yeli shɛli maa. O yuli din pahi ayi ŋɔ, Sédar yi la bɛ zuliya balli Serer ka wuhiri ni " o pala ninvuɣ'so bɛ ni tu ni bɛ yahi " bee " o nyɛla bɛ ni ku tooi n siŋ so ". O ba yuli din nyɛ Senghor la mi nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ Serer mini Séne din nyɛ bɛ ya tingbani shɛli yuli bɛ ni mi Rog Sene bachinima n laɣim taba n nam ka ghor bee gho la mi wuhiri ni o nyɛla bidibiga bee doo. Bɛ vihigu puuni Tukura Badiar Senghor ŋun daa nyɛ Serer bidib'kuŋ la ka léopold Sédar Senghor daa siɣi.
Senghor ni daa paagi yuma anɛi, o daa pilila o karim duu bɔhimbu Senegal shukuru shɛli bɛ ni boli Ngasobil boarding school of Fathers of the Holy Spirit. Senghor daa chaŋ la Dakar n ti kpɛ seminary yuuni 1922. O daa lahi n kpɛla adeeini bɔhimbu shee ( secular institution ) ka bɛ daa ti kpahim ka yeli o ni adeeini tuma bi ŋmani o ka o daa n wum ka yi dini tɔi amaa di saha maa o daa n puni n niŋla zaŋa n niŋ French litiricha puuni ka di daa n sɔŋ o ka o di pini gahinda French, Latin, Greek, n ti pahi Algebra puuni. Din bɔŋɔ nyanŋa bɛ daa lahi n pahi o bɔɣu ni o tuɣi o shukuru France tingbani.
Yuma pia ni ayɔbu zonzongili
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Senghor yum'pia ni ayɔbu ŋɔ daa pili la 1928 yuuni o daa ni kpaɣi napɔŋ n yi Senegal ka zaŋ n chaŋ France la. O ni daa paai, o daa kpɛla Sorbonne n-ti pilli siliminsi ni boli shɛli post-secondary studies la dini tɔi amaa di daa bi niŋ dabaa ayi ni ata ka o daa cheli ka yi n labi bɛ ni boli shɛli Lycée Louis-le-Grand la ni o ti naai siliminŋa ni boli shɛli preparatory course for entrance to the École Normale Supérieure, din nyɛ a grand école. Di puuni, o daa chaŋ mi n-ti paai Henri Queffélec, Robert Verdier, n-ti pahi Georges Pompidou. Senghor daa lahi labisi o zaŋa n niŋ o grammer Agrégation o ni daa bi nya nasara bɛ zahimbu maa ni ka daa ti di din nasara o buyi ni.
Tuuli Tuma O ni Naai Shukuru
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Senghor daa deei la siliminŋa ni boli shɛli aggrégation in French Grammer la n yina bɛ ni boli shukuru shɛli University of Paris la ka daa di ti o soli ka o chaŋ bɛ ni boli shɛli universities of Tours and Paris la n-ti wuhi yuun'pia; yuuni 1935 halli ni 1945 yuuni.[4]
O daa pilli o wuhibu dabisa la lycée René-Descartes in Tour ka daa lahi wuhi lycée Marcellin-Berthelot nima mi Saint-Maur-des-Fosses near Paris. O daa lahi nyɛla ŋun bɔhim siliminŋa ni boli shɛli linguistics la Lilias Homburger sani o ni daa be École pratique des hautes études. O daa bɔhimdi mi ni asanzali niriba kamani Marcel Cohen, Marcel Mauss, n-ti pahi Paul Rivet; ŋun daa n-nyɛ the institut d'ethnologie de Paris la director. Senghor mini African diaspora ban gba daa chaŋ colonial capital ni bɛ ti bɔhim daa laɣim mi n naai noli ka ti yina ni yuli din booni "négritude" din wuhiri ni gaŋbu na nyɛla France nima tuma. Din bɔŋɔ daa taɣi la slur négre ninviɛla polo ka bɛ daa zaŋ n puhi ka paɣi gbansabila kaya ni taada n-ti pahi bɛ ninsalisili ka din bɔŋɔ daa sɔŋ Senghor pam zaŋ kpa o litiricha tuma mini kaya ni taada vihibu, ka naan n yi che di ni sɔŋ o shɛm zaŋ chaŋ o siyaasatali la polo ni o biɛhigu puuni zaa.[5]
Sooje Tuma
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Senghor daa nyɛla ŋun kpe bɛ ni boli shɛli 3rd Colonial Infantry Regiment of the French army la yuuni 1939 puuni. O daa bi doli o shukuru bɔhimbu ni du n paai shɛm dinzuɣu o daa dɔla bɛ ni boli shɛli la private (2e Classe). Yuuni nyaaŋa, silimin gɔli June, yuuni 1940 puli ni, German nima shɛba ban daa chani n bori fitiina la daa nyɛla ban kpehi o sarika bɛ boli shɛli la Charité-sur-Loire bee Villabon la. Bɛ daa lahi yihi o mi ni maa ni tahi ti ni mi shɛli camps la ka daa naan yi ti pa tahi o bɛ ni mi shɛli Front Stalag 230 la Poitiers puuni. Lala Front Stalag 230 ŋɔ nima daa nyɛla ti ni mi shɛba colonial soojenima ni gbahi shɛba tɔbu ni. Tɔi, Senghor daa yɛliya ka di wuhiri ni lala German nima ŋɔ bɔrimi ni bɛ ti ku o n ti pahi o mini bɛ ni daa gbahi shɛba n pahi o zuɣu la bɛ ni daa kpɛhi ba nuuni din dahin shɛli maa amaa bɛ daa nyɛla ban di ba di nasara ka daa tɔ bɛ noyani ni "Vive la France, vive I'Afrique noire!" Din gbunni nyɛ Naawuni cheli France nima, Naawuni cheli gbansabila! French nima ŋɔ kpeema gba daa nyɛla ŋun yɛli soojenima ŋɔ ni bɛ ni boli bɛ binshɛli Aryan race mini German soojenima la nyɛla din yɛn di vi. Bɛ ni daa gbaai Senghor sarikanima taɣibu n ti yɛn naai yuma ayi ka o daa ti niŋ sarika puuni. Di puuni o daa bi che o taɣimalisi sabbu mini German bali ŋɔ bɔhimbu, din yɛn sɔŋ o ka o karim bɛ ni boli shɛli Geothe's taɣimalisi la viɛyelinga n jeli.[6] Bɛ daa ti na yihi o mi yuuni 1942 la puuni ni o yuli o daa alaafei zuɣu.[7]
O daa lahi nyɛla ŋun labi o wuhibu puuni o ni daa na be bɛ ni boli shɛli Nazi tuma la ni la.
Siyaasatali tuma:1945-1982
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Colonial France
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Senghor daa nyɛla ŋun tuhi ka bɛ ni boli shɛli African integration din be French Empire la nya naba n zani. O daa lihimi ka maŋsulinsi deei ti tiŋa bihi ŋɔ yɛn nyɛla din yɛn di saha ni fitiina ni amaa lebigimsim bo n ti Africa n niŋ bɛ ni boli shɛli federal French Empire la nyɛla din ni tooi so n sɔŋsi ka di chaŋ tooni.[8]
Bɛ ni daa to tobu maa n naai bɛ daa piila Senghor ka o lebi bɛ ni boli shɛli Dean of the Linguistics Department di mini École nationale de la France d'Outre-Mer din daa nyɛ zaashee shɛli o ni yɛn gbibi hali ka Senegal ti deei di maŋsulinsi yuuni 1960 puuni .[9] O ni daa kpuɣi napuŋ ni o chaŋ n ti bo kahigibu mini nineesim n-ti o taɣimalisi saha shɛli la, o daa ti chaŋmi n chirigi siliminsi ni boli so socialist la kpema n yuli daa booni Lamine Guèye, ŋun daa pahi Senghor hankali ni o di labisi o hankali n zaŋ kpa piibu piibu n ti bɛ ni boli shɛli Assemblée nationale française la. Senghor daa taɣi n deei o pahigu maa ka daa lebi siliminsi ni boli shɛli député ŋun yɛn bori lebigimsim n ti Sénégal-Mauritanie la, din ni daa niŋ ka bɛ ti siliminsi ni boli shɛba colonies la soli ni bɛ gba mali nuu jina puuni. Bɛ daa pii pii zaashehi konkɔba di ni daa niŋ ka ban lihiri ŋarim shɛli din be Dakar-Niger line nima niŋ tawaaye. Guéye daa nyɛla ŋun bi saɣi n ti bɛ taawaaye ŋɔ ka o daliri nyɛmi ni lala chandi ŋɔ ni tooi che ka bɛ ni boli shɛba colony la kɔŋ bɛ nigbuna dambu ka di ni tooi che ka bɛ ku lahi tooi n tum tum'shɛli. Senghor ni daa tabi n sɔŋ tum tumdiba ŋɔ naai, din daa nyɛla din sɔŋ o ka o nya tabi sɔŋ ti ni mi shɛba Senegalese nima la sani.[10]
Saha shɛli bɛ ni daa gbaari ni bɛ niŋ nangbanyini n laɣim n sabi bɛ ni boli shɛli French Constitution of 1946 la, Senghor daa nyɛla ŋun niŋ nimmɔhi n bahi siliminsi ni boli shɛli French citizenship n ti French tinsi maa zaa. Senegalese niriba anahi shɛba ban daa nyɛ communes nima la daa nyɛla ban lebi bɛ tiŋ'bihi tum 1916 yuuni la – ka Senghor daa yɛli ni di tu ni bɛ tirisili ka di paai France's tinsi maa zaa.[11] Senghor daa lahi yɛliya ni ti ni mi shɛli federal model din yɛn che ka Africa tingban'kam mali sulinsi di tingbani puuni n maan pahi lala federation ŋɔ yɛn pahimi ka bɛ ni boli shɛli French confederation la din guri ka taɣiri tinduya ni daabiligu la, n ti pahi lebigimsim ni gubu so'chibisi yeligi.[12][13] Senghor daa bi saɣi n ti bɛ ni boli shɛli indigenous nationalism la, o daa zami ni Africa tinsi na nyɛla din yɛn lebigi viɛyelinga federal model puuni din che ka tiŋ'kam mali di "negro-African personality" n ti pahi ti ni mi shɛli French experience and resources la.[14]
Taɣibu shɛŋa ŋan niŋ siyaasatali puuni
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Bɛ boli shɛba French Section of the Workers International (SFIO) nima la nyɛla ban daa bo sɔŋsim n ti bɛ ni boli shɛba social movement nima la zaŋ kpa laɣifu polo pam. Mamadou Dia n daa nyɛ ŋun kpuri bɛ ni boli shɛli Bloc démocratique sénégalais la ( yuuni 1948 la puuni).[15] Bɛ daa nyɛla ban di ti ni mi shɛli legislative elections din daa nyɛ yuuni 1951 la ka Guèye daa kɔŋ o kuɣa .[16] Senghor daa nyɛla ŋun pahi ban bɛ laɣim gbaai maa puuni ka nyɛ ŋun ŋmari gbaŋ n tiri bɛ ni boli shɛli Fourth Republic's constitution la.[17]
Bɛ daa labimi n niŋ piibu piibu ka daa labi n pii ti ni mi shɛli deputy la yuuni 1951 puuni, ŋuna n daa yɛn ʒeya n ti tinduya ni laɣin'si puuni. Senghor daa nyɛla bɛ ni pii so ka o lebi bɛ ni boli shɛli state secretary la n ti siliminsi ni boli shɛli council's president la din be Edgar Faure's tingbani zuɣulanatali puuni bin din gbaai silimin gɔli March dahin yini dali, yuuni 1955 puuni hali ni silimin gɔli February dahin yini dali, Yuuni 1956 ni. O daa nyɛla ŋun lebi bɛ ni boli shɛli mayor la n ti tiŋa din yuli booni Thiès, din be Senegal la silimin gɔli November, yuuni 1956 puuni n ti pahi o daa lahi nyɛla ŋun tiri hankali parisi minister n ti Michel Debré's tingbani zuɣulana bin din gbaai silimin gɔli July biɛɣu pishi ni ata dali, yuuni 1959 puuni hali ni silimin gɔli May biɛɣu pishi yini ka dali, yuuni 1961 ni. O daa lahi nyɛla ŋun pahi komitii shɛba ban tuma daa nyɛ ni bɛ ŋmari gbaŋ zaŋ kpa bɛ ni boli shɛli Fifth Republic's constitution la, ka daa lahi bɛ ni boli shɛli general councillor n ti Senegal. Ŋuni n daa lahi nyɛla ŋun ʒeya n ti frenchnima ni boli shɛli the Grand Conseil de l'Afrique Occidentale Francaise ka lahi nyɛ ŋun mali nuu tumbu jina duu din nyɛ Council of Europe la puuni.
Yuuni 1964 la puuni, Senghor daa nyɛla ŋun zaŋ o buku shɛli o ni boli Liberté la n wuhi salo. Lala buku ŋɔ nyɛla din ʒiri lahabaya, gbaŋ sabbu, n ti pahi lahabaya tuuli balibu balibu di puuni.[18]
Senegal
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Senghor daa nyɛla ŋun tabi n sɔŋ bɛ ni boli shɛli federalism la ni di pahi Africa maŋsulinsi tingbana puuni din yɛn nyɛ siliminsi ni boli shɛli "French Commonwealth" la yaɣ'shɛli,[19] ka daa lahi nyɛ ŋun bohimdi baŋsim din nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli degree la din yɛn che ka French nima pahi jina puuni:
In Africa, when children have grown up, they leave their parents' hut, and build a hut of their own by its side. Believe me, we don't want to leave the French compound. We have grown up in it, and it is good to be alive in it. We simply want to build our own huts.
— Speech by Senghor, 1957[20]
Dini daa niŋ ka lala bɛ ni boli shɛli federalism ŋɔ daa ti ka sɔŋsim n ti Africa tingbana la zuɣu Senghor daa yiɣisimi n zaŋ bɛ ni boli shɛba Modibo Keita, the Mali Federation n ti pahi zuɣulana kuro n ti French Sudan (din na mali yee Mali zuŋɔ) n pahi o maŋa zuɣu ni bɛ labi n kpuri shɛli .[19] Senghor n daa nyɛ zuɣulana n ti bɛ ni boli shɛli Federal Assembly la hali ni Yuuni 1960 yɛla ni daa ti bi lahi chani viɛyelinga n ti li.[21]
Dinbɔŋɔ nyaaŋa, Senghor nyɛla ŋun daa leegi tuuli tingbani zuɣulana n ti Republic of Senegal silimin gɔli September dabaa anu dali, yuuni 1960 puuni . Ŋuna n-nyɛ ŋun daa sabi Senegal nima national anthem. Ŋun daa nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli prime minister la, Mamadou Dia, n daa nyɛ ŋun n be Senegal nima tingbani lebigimsim so'chibisi bɔbu tooni, ka Senghor mi daa nyɛ ŋun yulindi bɛ mini tinduyani kpalaŋzuya gbunibu zuɣu. Niriba ayi daa nyɛla ban zaɣisi li yom yoma. Silimin gɔli December yuuni 1962 puuni , Mamadou Dia daa nyɛla bɛ mi kpɛhi so sarika dominchi bɛ daa kpahiya ka o mali nuu tumbu bɛ no boli shɛli coup d'état la puuni. O daa bela sarika puuni hali ni yuun'pia ni ayi. Dinbɔŋɔ nyaaŋa, Senghor daa nyɛla ŋun yooi bɛ ni boli shɛli an authoritarian presidential regime la din daa nyɛ luɣ'shɛli polo paati paati kam ni ni lahi ka yee.[22][23][24] Senghor daa nyɛla ŋun niŋ ba fukumsi pam Senegal tiŋa puuni ka daa kpuri bɛ ni boli shɛli the state-run newspaper Le Soleil la yuuni 1970 puuni.[25]
Silimin gɔli March biɛɣu pishi ni ayi dali, yuuni 1967 puuni, bɛ daa na nabiɛri ni bɛ di Senghor nyɛvuli amaa ka o daa lee n tiligi li.[26] Polin'kpema so ŋun daa niŋdi vihigu maa yuli n daa booni Moustapha Lô, o daa nyɛla ŋun zaŋ o kodibo n kpa tingbani zuɣulana saha shɛli o ni daa naai o waazu zaŋ kpa Tabaski polo la, tɔi amaa di daa nyɛla siliminsi ni yɛli shɛli ni did not fire. Sariya puuni, bɛ daa gbaaya ni di tu ka Lô pahi binkpima puuni ni dama taali shɛli o ni daa tum maa daa nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli treason la dini nyɛ bɛ daa ti ŋma o zuɣu silimin gɔli June biɛɣu pia ni anu dali, yuuni 1967 puuni. Di mini yɛltɔɣa maa daa be tabataba ni o daa bɔri ni o ku Senhor maa zaa yoli.[27]
Dinbɔŋɔ nyaaŋa lahabali shɛli din daa yina silimin gɔli December piligu dali, yuuni 1980 puuni la,[28] daa che ka Senghor yi o nam kuɣu maa puuni di yuuni bahigu pɔi ka o saha din daa pahiri anu la daa naain naai. Abdou Diouf n daa nyɛ ŋun zani n lebi tingbani zuɣulana. Senghor ni daa be namni saha shɛli maa Senegal nima daa nyɛla ban daa saɣi n ti bɛ ni boli shɛli multi-party system (di daa nyɛla zuɣusɔŋ pɔhili n-ti yaɣa ata ko, bannima daa n-nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛba: socialist, communist n ti liberal).[29] O daa lahi nyɛla ŋun kpa bohimbu shɛli din mali niŋsim ka siliminsi boli li performing education system. Di mini bɛ daa deei bɛ maŋsulinsi maa zaa yoli, Senegal nima laɣ'zuɣu daa nyɛla din bi taɣi France tingbani, hali bali shɛli bɛ ni daa mali n niŋdi bɛ wuhibu ni bohimbu gba daa na kuli nyɛla French dinzuɣu Senghor daa dolila French siyaasa kpamba gbunani n daa gbibi tingbani maa.
Francophonie
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]O daa nyɛla ŋun pahi ka bɛ kpuri bɛ ni boli shɛli la Francophonie la luɣ'shɛli polo bɛ ni daa piigi o ka o lebi zuɣulana paa n ti bɛ ni boli shɛba High Council of the Francophonie nima la. Yuuni 1982 la puuni, o daa lahi nyɛla ŋun pahi ban daa kpa bɛ ni boli shɛli Association France and developing countries la ban niiya daa nyɛ ni bɛ labisi zaŋ n niŋ yɛl'muɣisira shɛŋa din paari tiŋa shɛŋa din na bori lebigimsim din yɛn che ka bɛ tooi n tabi sɔŋ.[30]
Global policy
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]O daa lahi nyɛla ŋun pahi ban gɔri bɛ laɣimgbaai gbaŋ la zuɣu ni bɛ laɣim n gbaai n sabi bɛ ni boli shɛli world constitution la.[31][32][33] Dinbɔŋɔ nyaaŋa, lahiʒibu titali daa nyɛla din niŋ, bɛ ni boli shɛba World Constituent Assembly nima la daa nyɛla ban laɣim n sabi ka daa lahi n saɣi ti bɛ ni boli shɛli Constitution for the Federation of Earthla.[34]
Kundivihira
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- ↑ Vaillant, Janet G. (1976). "Perspectives on Leopold Senghor and the Changing Face of Negritude". ASA Review of Books 2: 154–162. DOI:10.2307/532364. ISSN 0364-1686.
- ↑ Robert O., Collins. African History: Western African History. pp. P. 130.
|pages=has extra text (help) - ↑ Washington Ba, Sylvia (8th March, 2015.). The concept of Négritude in the poetry of Léopold Sédar Senghor. Princeton University Press. pp. P. 5. ISBN 978-1-400-86713-4.
|pages=has extra text (help); Check date values in:|year=(help) - ↑ The world book Encyclopedia, vol.17, world book 2000. ISBN 0-7166-0100-5 Check
|isbn=value: checksum (help). - ↑ Michelle, M. Wright (2004). Becoming Black: creating Identity in the African Diaspora. Duke University press.
- ↑ Martin, Meredith. The fate of Africa : from the hope of freedom to the heart of despair : a history of fifth years of independence (1st edition). p. 56. ISBN 1-58648-246-7.
- ↑ Stokes, Jamie. Encyclopedia of the people of Africa and Middle East, vol.1. Infobase Publishing 2009. ISBN 0-8160-7158-6 and 978-0-8160-7158-6 Check
|isbn=value: invalid character (help). - ↑ Cooper, Frederick (2014). Africa in the World: Capitalism, Empire, Nation-State (in English). Harvard University Press. pp. 7, 63. ISBN 978-0-674-36931-3.
- ↑ Selected Poems of Leopold Sedar Senghor. CUP Archive.
- ↑ Jacques Louis Hymans. Léopold Sédar Senghor: an intellectual biography, Edinburgh University Press, 1971. 0852241194, 9780852241196.
- ↑ Cooper, Frederick (2014). Africa in the World: Capitalism, Empire, Nation-State (in English). Harvard University Press. pp. 72–73. ISBN 978-0-674-36931-3.
- ↑ Cooper, Frederick (2014). Africa in the World: Capitalism, Empire, Nation-State (in English). Harvard University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-674-36931-3.
- ↑ Burbank, Jane; Cooper, Frederick (2010). Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference (in English). Princeton University Press. p. 422. ISBN 978-0-691-12708-8.
- ↑ Cooper, Frederick (2014). Africa in the World: Capitalism, Empire, Nation-State (in English). Harvard University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-674-36931-3.
- ↑ Kras, Stefan (1999). "Senghor's Rise to Power 1948–1951. Early Roots of French Sub-Saharan Decolonisation" (in en). Itinerario 23 (1): 91–113. DOI:10.1017/S0165115300005453. ISSN 2041-2827.
- ↑ Gwendolen Margaret Carter, Charles F. Gallagher. African One-Party States, Cornell University Press, 1964.
- ↑ Duong, Kevin (2021). "Universal Suffrage as Decolonization" (in en). American Political Science Review 115 (2): 412–428. DOI:10.1017/S0003055420000994. ISSN 0003-0554.
- ↑ Hugues Azèrad, Peter Collier, Twentieth-century French poetry: a critical anthology, Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN 0-521-71398-6, ISBN 978-0-521-71398-6.
- 1 2 Cooper, Frederick (2018-01-24). The Politics of Decolonization in French and British West Africa (en). [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.111.
- ↑ Nugent, Paul (2004). Africa since Independence: A Comparative History. New York: Palgrave-MacMillan. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-333-68273-9.
- ↑ Africa Bureau (London, England). Africa Digest, Volume 8. Africa Publications Trust, 1960.
- ↑ Christof Heyns. Human Rights Law in Africa 1998, Vol. 3 of Human Rights Law in Africa. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2001. ISBN 90-411-1578-1, ISBN 978-90-411-1578-2.
- ↑ Cooper, Frederick (2014). Africa in the World: Capitalism, Empire, Nation-State (in English). Harvard University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-674-36931-3.
- ↑ The Senghor myth (en-US).
- ↑ Baggott Carter, Erin; Carter, Brett L. (2023). Propaganda in Autocracies: Institutions, Information, and the Politics of Belief. Cambridge University Press. pp. 85–86. doi:10.1017/9781009271226. ISBN 978-1-009-27122-6.
- ↑ Sheldon Gellar. Senegal: an African nation between Islam and the West, Westview Press, 1995. 0813310202, 9780813310206
- ↑ Mbow, Abdoulaye (30 April 2011). Retour sur la tentative d'assassinat de Senghor et le meurtre de Demba Diop en 1967 : Quand la peine de mort était encore une réalité au Sénégal (fr). L'OFFice.
- ↑ "President Leopold Senghor to Retire". Liberian Inaugural 3 December 1980: 8.
- ↑ Stephan Haggard, Steven Benjamin Webb, World Bank. Voting for reform: democracy, political liberalization, and economic adjustment. World Bank Publications, 1994. ISBN 0-19-520987-7, ISBN 978-0-19-520987-7.
- ↑ Hakim Adi, Marika Sherwood, Pan-African History: Political Figures from Africa and the Diaspora Since 1787, Routledge, 2003. ISBN 0-203-41780-1, ISBN 978-0-203-41780-5.
- ↑ Amerasinghe, Terence P. (2009). Emerging World Law, Volume 1 (in English). Institute for Economic Democracy. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-933567-16-7.
- ↑ Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961. American Foundation for the Blind.
- ↑ Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials. American Foundation for the Blind.
- ↑ Preparing earth constitution | Global Strategies & Solutions | The Encyclopedia of World Problems.