Ancient City of Aleppo

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Ancient City of Aleppo
old town, citadel
TiŋaSyria Mali niŋ
Din be shɛli polonaAleppo Mali niŋ
Tiŋgbaŋ yaɣili calinli36°11′0″N 37°9′0″E Mali niŋ
Significant eventlist of World Heritage in Danger, 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes Mali niŋ
Heritage designationWorld Heritage Site Mali niŋ
World Heritage soliWorld Heritage selection criterion (iii), World Heritage selection criterion (iv) Mali niŋ
Map

E-Class

Ancient City of Aleppo (Arabic: مدينة حلب القديمة, romanized: Madīnat Ḥalab al-Qadīma) nyɛla taarihi tiŋ sunsuni din be Aleppo, Syria. Pɔi ka Syrian Civil War tɔbu ŋme, tiŋgbani ŋɔ yaɣi shɛŋa daa bi nyɛri taɣibu tum din mɛ saha din gbaai12th zaŋ chaŋ 16th century. Di ni daa nyɛri linjima nima mini siyaasa dambu la zuɣu, be daa muɣisiri la ban be tiŋ ŋɔ ni ka be mɛri ya nima din ŋmani sarika nima ni yaɣa din za din za di gama zuɣu zaŋ chaŋ ninsalisili mini kohimma ni damma polo. Bɛ ni daa mali shɛli baŋdi yaɣili kam daa nyɛla bɛ daadiini mini bɛ zuliya.

Aleppo tiŋgbani kurili ŋɔ – n laɣim nyɛ tiŋkurili din be goma puunithe ni ya kura din ŋmani sarika nima ka be gɔma ŋɔ nyaaŋa ŋɔ – mali la tiŋgbani din yɛlim nyɛ "350 hectares (860 acres; 3.5 km2)," ka ban be din ni gari 120,000.[1]

Din wuhiri nimaani nyɛla ya kara, "covered souqs" mini daadaa caravanserais, daadaa tiŋkurili Aleppo daa pahilaUNESCO World Heritage Site ni yuuni 1986.[2]

Yaɣa pam din be Al-Madina Souq mini daadaa mɛhi din be tiŋkurili ŋɔ daa nyɛla din saɣim di ni daa niŋ ka Syria Arab Army mini ban tuhiri gɔmnanti n zaŋ ti Jabhat al-Nusra kpe taba ni la, din yuli boli Battle of Aleppo, "JN armed groups" ban daa ka nam ni daa yooi shɛli silimin gɔli 25 September yuuni 2012.[3] Silimin goli February 2014, "Islamic Front" ban daa ka nam ni daa yina ti zaya ni bani n daa wurim du shɛŋa din mali taarihi ni di ni di zali Syrian Army tiŋ kurili ŋɔ ni n ti pahi "the justice palace", "the Carlton hotel" ni tiŋa ŋɔ ni kaansili kura duri .[4][5][6]

Ancient City of Aleppo 30%[7] daa nyɛla din saɣim zabili ŋɔ ni.


Origins and founding[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Pattern of ancient Aleppo
Khusruwiyah Mosque, Khan al-Shouneh and Carlton Citadel Hotel were all destroyed during the battle of Aleppo

Queiq River nuzaa polo zoya dibaa anii daa gili la tiŋ'kurili ŋɔ n gili zo shɛli niŋ sunsuni, kastili (din daa na nyɛ jɛma binbini 2nd millennium BC saha) bɛ ni daa mɛ shɛli tama lala zoli ŋɔ zuɣu ka di ŋmani acropolis. Binkpuli ŋɔ pirigibu sunsuni ki pirigili nyɛla kamani 10 km (6 mi). Zoya ŋɔ n nyɛ Tell as-Sawda, Tell ʕāysha, Tell as-Sett, Tell al-Yāsmīn (Al-ʕaqaba), Tell al-Ansāri (Yārūqiyya), ʕan at-Tall, al-Jallūm, Baḥsīta.[8] Din deei tiŋgbani kamani 160 hectares (400 acres; 1.6 km2), Tiŋ kurili ŋɔ daa na biɛla gooni din galisim nyɛ 5 km (3 mi), Mamlukes ni daa mɛ shɛli. Tum di saha lala gooni ŋɔ lahi kani. Di mali la dunoya awɔi (5 ka bɛ guli viɛnyɛliŋga) ka boɣi titali gili li.[8]

Jdeydeh zaɣi palli ŋɔ zaŋti tiŋ'kurili were nyɛla Asori nima ni daa tuui mɛ shɛli 15th century tiŋ'kurili ŋɔ tuduu polo, Mongol ni daa yi Aleppo. Jdeydeh shɛhira maŋli din wuhiri "quartes" din ŋmani "cell" ka be Aleppo. Pirim la daabiligim mini lɛbiginsim zuɣu, "quarters" shɛŋa daa nyɛla din mɛ tiŋ'kurili ŋɔ gɔma nyaaŋa 15th mini 16th centuries saha.

Historical timeline[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Tum di kpabu yuuni, Aleppo daa na min be tiŋ sheŋa sulinsi ni n piɛ n doya ŋɔ:


Pre-history and pre-classical era[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Ancient Aleppo
Hadad Temple Inside Aleppo Citadel

Binkura vihigu baŋsim nima dii bi tooi chani Aleppo , di niŋ ka saha ŋɔ tiŋa ŋɔ deei lala tiŋ'kurili maa.

Early Bronze Age[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Aleppo nyɛla tiŋ sheli din daŋ kpe tarihi kundu nim puuni pɔi ni Damascus tiŋgani la.

Aleppo nyɛla din yi taarihi ni daa wuhiri tiŋa din mali bukaata ka daŋ Damascus na. Aleppo yɛltɔɣa tuuli nyɛla din ni tooi yina millennium BC din pahiri buta la ni din wuhiri Aleppo ni di nyʋla Armi, tiŋ'karili din baɣi Ebla . Armi nyɛla bɛ ni baŋ shɛli ka di mali ʒɛmani Tell Bazi.[9] Giovanni Pettinato buɣisiri la Armi ni "Ebla's alter ego". Naram-Sin of Akkad (bee o yabdoo Sargon) saɣim Ebla mini Arman zaa 23rd century BC saha.[10][11]

Middle Bronze Age[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Old Babylonian saha, Aleppo's yuli daa yina mi nyɛ Ḥalab (Ḥalba) tuili.[11] Aleppo n daa nyɛ Amorite dynasty of Yamḥad. Yamḥad (ca. 1800-1600 BC) nanima tiŋa, din yuli daa lahi nyɛ 'land of Ḥalab,' n daa nyɛ din mali kpɛŋ di saha.[12]

Hittites ŋun daa be Mursilis I sulinsi ni daa saɣim Yamhad, 16th century BC saha. Amaa, Aleppo daa pili tuma Syria din daa Hittite yaa gbarigi lala yaɣli ŋɔi.[11]

Late Bronze Age[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Bɛ ni daa mali tiŋgbani ŋɔ kpɛŋ kuri bukaata la zuɣu , Parshatatar, ŋun nyɛ naa zaŋti Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni, daa fami su Aleppo yuuni 15th century BC. Tooni ha, Aleppo daa nyɛ di maŋa Mitanni mini the Hittites ni Egypt tabi zabbu la saha.[11]

Hittite Suppiluliumas I daa nyaŋ Mitanni ka deei Aleppo yuuni 14th century BC. Aleppo mali la cultic anfaani zaŋ ti Hittites pirim la di ni nyɛ jɛma sheei zaŋti Storm-God la.[11]

Iron Age[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Hittite nanima biɛhigu sheei ŋɔ ni daa wuri 12th century BC, Aleppo daa pahila Syro-Hittite kingdom of Palistin,[13] ka ti naan yi pahi Aramaean Syro-Hittite kingdom of Bit Agusi (din mali di tiŋ'zuɣu Arpad),[14] di daa bela lala yaɣili ŋɔ hali ka Assyrians ti naan yi fa li 9th century BC saha, ka di daa pahi Neo-Assyrian Empire zaŋ hali ni 7th century BC saha, pɔi ka naan yi ti kpɛ Neo-Babylonians Achamenid Persians nuuni.

Classical antiquity[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Alexander the Great daa deei la tiŋa ŋɔ yuuni 333 BC. Seleucus Nicator daa zali la Hellenic ya nima lala yaɣili ŋɔ 301-286 BC saha. O daa boli li mi Beroea (Βέροια), Beroea din be Macedon yuli.

Northern Syria n daa nyɛ daba babu laɣimbu sheei, ka nyɛ Hellenistic kali din be Seleucid Empire. Ka mani Hellenized tiŋsi din be Seleucid kingdom, Beroea daa naan tooi nyɛ di nyɛ maŋsulinsi, ka tiŋ maa laɣimbu sheei bee boulē din Hellenes.[15]

Beroea daa bela Seleucid sulinsi ni kamani yuun kɔbisita (300 years) pɔi Seleucid dynasty sulinsi nyaaŋa ka bɛ daa zaŋ li ti Pompey 64 BC saha, din saha ka bɛ daa leei Roman province. Rome's ni daa be nima daa chɛ mi ka Syria zani ni naba zuɣu gari century dibaa ata.[15]

Beroea is mentioned in 2 Macc. 13:3.

Medieval period and the expansion of the city[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

The throne hall of the citadel restored during the Mamluk period

Sassanid naa Khosrow I daa ʒɛmi ka nyɔ Aleppo yuuni 540 CE.[16][17] Din nyaaŋa, the Sassanid Persians daa kpɛla Syria ni soojɛnima 7th century piligu. Ka Aleppo naan yi lu Arabs, Khalid ibn al-Walid nima nuuni yuuni 637 CE. Yuuni 944 CE, ka di daa niŋ Emirate maŋsulinsi sheei, Hamdanid prince Sayf al-Daula nuu ni, ka daa nyɛ toontibo pam.

Silimini 9 August 1138 CE, tiŋgbani damli din mali yaa daa niŋ la tingbani ŋɔ ni mini di tiŋ kɔɣa. Din daa niŋ din ni dii bɛ neei doni, amaa buɣisibu wuhiya ni niriba ban kalinli yiɣisi 230,000 n daa kɔŋ bɛ nyɛvuya, ka di pahiri bunu zuɣu tiŋgbani damli nibku niriba pam tiŋgbani dambu ni.

Tamerlane nima ni daa kpe Aleppo yuuni 1400 nyaaŋa ti saɣimli , Asorinima daa yila tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni mali ʒini yuuni 1420, tiŋgbani ŋɔ northwestern polo, n ti zali Jdeydeh. Ban daa beJdeydeh daa nyɛla faranima ban sɔŋ daabihi mini tiŋ ŋɔ ni kɔhigoriba niŋdi daabiligim. Yaɣa pam daa mɛla gooni la nyaaŋa 15th mini 16th centuries.

Tiŋ din yuli boli, ka di nyɛ sonima yino, William Shakespeare's Macbeth, sabbu din gbaai 1603 CE mini 1607 CE.[18]

Main sights[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Din wuhiri Aleppo nyɛla din ni mɛ ni niɣima zaɣi bɔbigu la, ban gbubi tiŋgbani ŋɔ n n-nyɛ Romans, Byzantines, Seljuqs, Mamluks ni Ottomans.[19]

13th mini 14th centuries mɛbu balibu kamani, caravanserais, caeserias, mankaranta, hammams ti tabili jɛma shɛhi nyɛla din be tiŋ kurili ŋɔ. Jdeydeh yanima pirigili yaɣili ŋɔ nyɛla yinsi n-ti 16th mini 17th-century yiya zaŋ ti Aleppine bourgeoisie, nti pahi kuɣa zuɣu ŋma m-pa.

Souqs and Khans[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Bawabet al-Yasmin near the wool market, Jdeideh
Ancient Aleppo, the entrance to Al-Madina Souq

Tiŋ ŋɔ ni mali so shɛli niŋdi be daabiligu nyɛ din ʒiri niriba kpɛri be tiŋgbani ni ka be ti diri anfaani daabiligu palli din yi China polo n chirigi Aleppo ni Mesopotamia east, Europe west, ni Fertile Crescent ti tabili Egypt south. souq-daa din na galisi dunia bela Aleppo, din waɣilim ni paai kamani 13 kilometres (8.1 miles).[20]

Al-Madina Souq, be ni daa na mili shɛm, daa nyɛla neen' shɛŋa din bi kpa kɔhibu shee ni yaa, kamani gumdi din yina Iran, bin'yɔma din niŋdi ʒɛri ni din yina India, ni kɔfi din yina Damascus. Souq al-Madina lahi nyɛla gumdi malibu shee, pukparilim binyɛra nahingbana ni chibiti. Souqs shɛŋa pili la 14th century saha ka be zaŋ baŋsim mini nuuni-tuma ka bɔli ŋa yuya ŋɔ: wool souq, the copper souq, and ni din pahi. Daabiligu nyaaŋa, souq ŋɔ lahi nyɛla biɛhigu sheei zaŋti daabihi mini bɛ nɛma khans (caravanserais) mini souq din wɔli wɔli ni. Da bihi bihi din pahi yuli n daa booni caeserias (قيساريات). Caeserias pɔri gari khans galisim polo ka nyɛ tuma shɛhi ti ban tumdi nuuni. Khans ŋɔ pam yuya pam boli mi jɛndi din ni be souq la mini di tuma, ka din wuhiri li nyɛ di ni mali "façades" viɛla la mini dari dundɔya din mali yaa.

khans din mali anfaani pam Souq al-Madina polo n-nyɛ: Khan al-Qadi din zali 1450 saha, Khan al-Saboun din daa zali 16th century, Khan al-Nahhaseen din daa zali 1539, Khan al-Shouneh din zali 1546, Khan al-Jumrok din zali 1574, Souq Khan al-Wazir from 1682, Souq al-Farrayin, Souq al-Dira', Souq al-Hiraj, Souq al-Attarine, Souq az-Zirb, Souq Marcopoli, Souq as-Siyyagh, The Venetians' Khan,*Souq Khan al-Harir din zali 16th century pirigibu buyi ni, Suweiqa, etc.

Kali souqs mini khans din be Jdeydeh puuni mini di kpaŋsi n nyɛ:

  • Souq al-Hokedun bee "Khan al-Quds". Hokedun gbunni nyɛla "tim yili" Armenian yɛltɔɣa ni, di daa mɛ mi ni Armenian zaani ni maani bɛ yɛla Jerusalem chandi ni. Hokedun zaɣi kurili sheei daa pili la 15th mini 16th centuries piligu ka di din na nyɛ zaɣi palli la mi daa mɛ 17th century. Saha ŋɔ, di.leei la souq titali ka mali shitɔri pam din kohiri situra.
  • Souq as-Souf be gumdi daa, bela Salibeh soli zuɣu, ka nimaani Asori du kura gili li.
  • Bawabet al-Qasab, bɛ ni zaŋ gumdi mali binshɛŋa kohibu sheei.[21]


  • Al-Madina Souq
  • Khan al-Shouneh
    Khan al-Shouneh
  • Souq al-Hiraj
    Souq al-Hiraj
  • Souq al-'Atmah
    Souq al-'Atmah
  • Souq al-Dira'
    Souq al-Dira'
  • Khan al-Wazir
    Khan al-Wazir

Madrasas[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Al-Turantaiyah Madrasa
  • Al-Halawiyah Madrasa, mɛla yuuni 1124, Aleppo "5th century Great Byzantine Cathedral of Saint Helena" ni be shɛli la, luɣishɛli kali ni wuhi, ni tiŋsi din laɣim binbini ni nyɛ jɛma din daa be. Saint Helena, Constantine the Great ma, daa mɛla Byzantine choochi titali ni. Sahashɛli bɛ ni daa ʒɛri tiŋgbani kuɣa la,ŋun daa nyɛ tiŋa ŋɔ jaaji kpɛma daa zaŋ la choochi titali maa lɛbigi Jiŋli. Yuuni 1149, Nur al-Din daa zaŋli mi leei madrasah; shikuru din nyɛ musulinsi daadiini shikuru "Islamic-religious school".[22] Saha ŋɔ," 6th century Byzantine columns" din nyɛ choochi kurili ŋɔ dini na nyɛla din be di lunfa nima ni.
  • Al-Muqaddamiyah Madrasa, din be Khan al-Tutun alley, daa na nyɛla choochi yuni 1123. Aleppo Ibn-Khashab Jaaji n daa zaŋ li lɛbi Jiŋli, ka di nan yi niŋ madrasah yuuni 1168, Izz Eddin Abdal Malek al-Muqadam n daa zaŋli lɛbigi lala jiŋli ŋɔ Nur al-Din's nam ni saha. Di ni n nyɛ madrasah kurili Aleppo.[23]
  • Al-Shadbakhtiyah Madrasa, Ayyubid madrasa nima din daŋ taɣi zali puuni yini, di daa mɛla yuuni 1193, Jamal al-Din Shadbakht n daa gu ka taɣili, Zengid ruler Nur al-Din dabili ŋun nyɛ maŋsulinsi.[24]
  • Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa,mɛla yuuni 1217 tiŋ ŋɔ goondahi la nyaaŋa zaŋ chaŋ Bab al-Maqam toondini polo, Az-Zahir Ghazi n daa mɛ li.[25]
  • Al-Sultaniyah Madrasa, Aleppo tiŋgbani zuɣulana Az-Zahir Ghazi n daa mɛli ka o dapala Malek al-Aziz Mohammed daa naai li yuuni 1223 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1225. "Mirhab" zaŋti di jɛma duu ŋɔ nyɛla din duhi di yuli. Malik al-Zaher gballi bela din ni ŋun nyɛ Ayyubid Sultan Saladin dapala.[26]
  • Al-Firdaws Madrasa, Aleppo jiŋ viɛla ni jiŋ viɛlli.[27] Bɛ daa mɛ li mi tiŋa ŋɔ goma la nyaaŋa Bab al-Maqam dunoli southwest polo, Dayfa Khatun n daa mɛ li; Az-Zahir Ghazi pakoli, yuuni 1235–1236, Ayyubid ruler An-Nasir Yusuf saha. Di yuli du mi ka di nyɛla di dundɔŋ titali la mini kom duɣibu sheei din be din ni la. Di ni la nyɛbdin buɣisiri di jɛma sheei.Kuɣi piɛlli "white marble", "red porphyry" n ti pahi "green diorite" ka bɛ zaŋ mali di mihram maa.[28]
  • Al-Kamiliyah Madrasa, daa mɛla yuuni 1230–37 tiŋa ŋɔ gooni maa nyaaŋa, Fatima Khatun ,Ayyubid Sultan al-Malik al-Kamil bipuɣinga n daa mɛ li.[29]
  • Al-Sharafiyah Madrasa, bela jiŋ'titali la northeast, Abd al-Rahim ibn al-'Ajami mini o dapali Sharaf al-Din 'Abdul Rahman n daa pili li yuuni 1242.[30]
  • Al-Turantaiyah Madrasa, di bela Bab al-Nairab wulinpuhili polo, di daa mɛla yuuni 1241–51, Aleppine taarihi baŋda, Ibn al-Udaym n daa mɛ li.[31]
  • Al-Ahmadiyah Madrasa, yooi la 1724 al-Jalloum yaɣili. Di mɛbu mali la Tekyes sitaayi.[32]
  • Al-Uthmaniyah Madrasa, baɣila Bab al-Nasr, Ottoman pasha Al-Duraki n daa zali li yuuni 1730, ka bɛ tuui boli li Madrasa Ridaiya.[33]

Places of worship/Jɛma shɛhi[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Khusruwiyah Mosque
Forty Martyrs Armenian Cathedral
  • Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque, din yuli lahi booni al-Omari, al-Tuteh ni al-Atras jiŋli, n nyɛ Jiŋ kurili Aleppo, di daa mɛ la 637 saha. Di nyula "ancient Roman triumphal arch", din daa dalimdecumanus piligu. Bɛ daa labi mi mali li yuuni 1146 mini yuuni 1401.Din ti li yuli nyɛla 12th century kufic sabbu mini nachiinsi.
  • Great Mosque of Aleppo (Jāmi‘ Bani Omayya al-Kabīr), c. 715 Umayyad caliph Walid I n da pili li Sulayman ŋun nyɛ o fa diri daa naai. li. Di mali la gbaali din tabi Zachary, John the Baptist ba. Mɛbu din nyɛ Nur al-Din pili la 1158. Amaa, di daa saɣim la Mongol nima ni daa kpɛ ni yuuni 1260, ka daa labi mɛ. 45-metre-high (148 ft) taawa la (buɣisi la "daadaa Syria monumenti zuɣu")[27] di daa mɛ la yuuni 1090–1092 tuuli Seljuk Sultan saha, Tutush I. Di mali la yili tooni niɣima dibaa anahi .
  • Al-Qaiqan Mosque ("Mosque of the Crows") din nyɛ 12th century saha dini, din dihili nachiinsi waɣilim "basalt" di dunoli ni. Jiŋli maa dikpuna zuɣu, kuɣili buloku din mali Anatolian hieroglyphs nyɛla nira nini tooi nyɛ shɛli.
  • Altun Bogha Mosque zaŋti Mamluk era, daa mɛ la yuuni 1318.
  • Al-Sahibiyah Mosque of 1350, mɛ mi baɣili Khan al-Wazir.
  • Al-Tawashi Mosque mɛla yuuni 1398 ka zani di naba zuɣu yuuni1537. Di tooni mali la "colonnettes" nachiinsi.
  • Al-Otrush Mosque, mɛla yuuni 1398 Mamluk sitaayi. Dibyuli du mi ka di nyɛla di tooni nachiinsi ŋɔ mini din mali musulinsi daadiini kali muqarnas. Di daa zani.la di naba zuɣu yuuni 1922.
  • Al-Saffahiyah Mosque, bɛ daa yiɣisi li mi yuuni1425 ka daa labi mali di yaɣishɛli yuuni 1925. Di manaara viɛli la n duhi di yuli.
  • Khusruwiyah Mosque daa mɛ mi naa yuuni1547, ka Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan ŋun yuli du dihili nachiinsi.
  • Al-Adiliyah Mosque, mɛla yuuni 1557[34] , Ottoman ŋun daa su Aleppo Muhammed Pasha n daa mɛ li. Di mali la jɛma sheei, ni kuba, ni mihrab din mali kali faience taals.
  • Asori du kurili zaŋ ti Holy Mother of God din nyɛ Armenian Apostolic Church din be Jdeydeh "quarter" la dini, mɛ mi pɔi ni yuuni 1429.
  • The Forty Martyrs Armenian Apostolic cathedral yuuni 1429, din be Jdeydeh "quarter".

Historic buildings[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Du kura din kpa talahi ka mali taarihi n nyɛ din doli ŋɔ na:

Aleppo Citadel
Great Mosque of Aleppo
Al-Shibani Church-School
Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili, 1354
Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower
Dar Basile alley in Jdeydeh, 18th century
  • The Great Mosque of Aleppo (Arabic: جَـامِـع حَـلَـب الْـكَـبِـيْـر‎, Jāmi‘ Ḥalab al-Kabīr) n nyɛ Jiŋ karili ka lahi nyɛ jiŋ'kurili Aleppo tiŋgbani ni, Syria. Di bela al-Jalloum yaɣili zaŋti Ancient City of Aleppo, din nyɛ "World Heritage Site", ka miri Al-Madina Souq dunoli. Di nyɛla yiŋa zaŋ Zechariah nyaaŋa, John the Baptist ba, bɛ ni boli shɛba yuya Musulinsi ni[5][6] mini Analooya ni.[7] 8th century CE piligu ka be daa mɛ li. Amaa, Amaa saha ŋɔ din mɛ n ʒiya ma mɛla 11th zaŋ chɛŋ 14th centuries. Be mɛla jiŋli ŋɔ manara yuuni 1090, ka daa saɣim Syrian Civil War silimin goli April yuuni 2013.[9]
  • The Citadel, daa mɛla binbini din du kamani 50 m (164 ft) din waɣilim du n gari tiŋ maa, tuili millennium BC saha. Be daa yɔli gbimi yi binbini shɛli zuɣu ni "25 statues" millennium BC tuuli saha dini.[35] Saha ŋɔ binyɛra din mɛ n zaya nyɛla 13th century mɛbu. Citadel nyɛla tiŋgbani damli ni saɣim shɛli, yuuni 1822.
  • Al-Matbakh al-Ajami, 12th-century piligu nayili din miri citadel, Zengid emir Majd ad-Din bin ad-Daya ni mɛ shɛli. Bɛ daa labi mi mali li 15th century saha. Di daa nyɛla taarihi biɛhigu shee yuma din gbaai 1967–1975.
  • Al-Shibani Church-Shikuru zaŋti 12th century, Asori du kurili mini shikuru zaŋti Franciscan Missionaries of Mary din be tiŋ'kurili ŋɔ ni, din pa nyɛ kali sheei.
  • Khanqah al-Farafira, 13th-century sufi "monastery" din mɛ yuuni 1237 Dayfa Khatun n mɛli.
  • Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili, an asylum ŋun tum yuuni 1354 hali ni 20th century piligu.
  • Dar Rajab Pasha, yili karili din mɛ 16th century n miri al-Khandaq street. Piligu yuun pia 21st century saha, lala yili ŋɔ daa labi mi mali n zaŋ lee talahi kali duu sinii du-titali.
  • Junblatt Palace, daa mɛla 2nd half of the 16th century, emir of Kurds ŋun yina Aleppo ni ŋun pili Janpolad (Jumblatt) family; Janpolad bek ibn Qasim n daa mɛ li.
  • Beit Marrash, an old Aleppine mansion located in al-Farafira quarter, 18th century naabu saha ka Marrash daŋ daa mɛ li.
  • Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower, daa mɛla 1898–1899, ŋun daa mɛli n nyɛ lAustrian architect Chartier.[36]
  • Grand Serail d'Alep, Aleppo tiŋgbani zuɣulan kuro ʒi shee, di daa mɛ la 1920s ka yooi yuuni 1933.
  • National Library of Aleppo, daa mɛ la 1930s ka yooi 1945.[37]

Jdeydeh Christian quarter din kpa talahi n nyɛ:[38]

  • Beit Wakil, Aleppine yili titali din mɛ 1603, ka zaŋ dari dihili nachiinsi din gahim. Be daa zaŋla nachiinsi ŋɔ yini chaŋ Berlin n ti niŋ Pergamon Museum, din yuli booni Aleppo Room.
  • Beit Ghazaleh, 17th-century yili kurili din nachiinsi viʋla, Armenian sculptor Khachadur Bali in 1691 n da gɔŋ li. Di daa nyɛla Armenian elementary shikuru 20th century saha.
  • Dar Zamaria, daa mɛ la 17th century naabu ni ka Zamaria daŋ su li tum 18th century piligu. Saha ŋɔ di leei la boutique hotel.
  • Beit Achiqbash, Aleppine yili kurili din mɛ yuuni 1757. Di nyɛla taarihi yili tum yuuni 1975, din mali "Aleppine art".
  • Dar Basile, 18th-century piligu Aleppine yili, din da nyɛ ʒɛngama zuɣu shikuru tum yuuni 2001.
  • Beit Dallal bee Dallal yili, din mɛ yuuni 1826 Asori du kurili zaashee, saha ŋɔ di pa nyɛla "boutique hotel".


Gates[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Aleppo city walls and the Gate of Qinnasrin, restored in 1256 by An-Nasir Yusuf

Goondahi gili la tiŋ'kurili ŋɔ, ka yɔhi taarihi duniya awɔi,di pam nyɛla tiŋkurili ŋɔ ni ni gu ka taɣi shɛli . Din nima n nyɛ, din be nudirigu polo north-east citadel polo:

Hammams[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Hammam al-Nahhasin

Aleppo daa nyɛla yiŋ ti hammams ban kalinli yiɣisi kɔbigu ni pisopɔin ni ayopɔin (177) daadaa saha, Mongol nima ni kpɛ ni saha shɛli ti saɣim yanima pam la. Saha ŋɔ, hammams pia ni anii laasabu n tumdi tiŋgbani kurili ŋɔ ni.

Districts and subdivisions[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

The remains of the old walls at the entrance to Bab Al-Faraj
The old street around the citadel at Oghlubek, Altunbogha district

Old quarters around the citadel inside the walls of the ancient city:

  • Al-A'jam (الأعجام) districti ka di baɣi ad-Dahdileh (الدحديلة).
  • Altunbogha (ألتونبوغا) districti ka di baɣi Oghlubek (أوغلبك) ni Sahet al-Milh (ساحة الملح).
  • Aqabeh (العقبة) (بحسيتا), Khan al-Harir (خان الحرير), al-Masaben (المصابن) ni Jebb Asad Allah (جب أسد الله).
  • Bayadah (البياضة) districti ka di baɣi Jbeileh الجبيلة, Keltawiyeh (الكلتاوية) ni Mustadamiyeh (المستدامية).
  • Farafira (الفرافرة) districti ka di baɣi Bandara (البندرة), Qastal Hajjarin (قسطل الحجارين), ad-Dabbagha al-Atiqa (الدباغة العتيقة), Suweiqat Ali (سويقة علي) ni Suweiqat Hatem (سويقة حاتم).
  • Jalloum (الجلوم) districti ka di baɣi Saffahiyeh (السفاحية), Khan al-Wazir (خان الوزير) and Souq al-Madina (سوق المدينة).
  • Qal'at al-Sharif (قلعة الشريف) Tallet Alsauda (تلة السودا).
  • Al-Qasileh (القصيلة) district with the neighborhood of al-Hawraneh (الحورانة).
  • Sahet Bizzeh (ساحة بزة) district with the neighborhood of Maghazleh (المغازلة).

Old quarters outside the walls of the ancient city:

Al-Hatab Square in the Jdeideh quarter
  • Abraj (الأبراج) districti ka di baɣi Haret al-Pasha (حارة الباشا) ni Shaker Agha (شاكر آغا).
  • Aghyol (أقيول) districti ka di baɣi Shmesatiyeh (الشميصاتية).
  • Almaji (ألمه جي) districti ka di baɣi Qastal Harami (قسطل الحرامي), Wakiliyeh (الوكيلية) ni Shara'sous (شرعسوس).
  • Bab al-Maqam (باب المقام) al-Maghayer (المغاير) and Maqamat (المقامات).
  • Ballat (البلاط) Qattaneh (القطانة) ni Sahet Hamad (ساحة حمد).
  • Ad-Dallalin (الدلالين) district.
  • Ad-Dudu (الضوضو) districti ka di baɣi Safsafeh (الصفصافة), Jubb al-Qubbeh (جب القبة), Jubb Qaraman (جب قرمان) and Barriyet al-Maslakh (برية المسلخ).
  • Fardos (الفردوس) district.
  • Hazzazeh (الهزازة) districti ka di baɣi at-Tadribeh (التدريبة) and Zuqaq al-Arba'in (زقاق الأربعين).
  • Ibn Ya'qoub (ابن يعقوب) Banqusa (بانقوسا) ni Mushatiyeh (المشاطية).
  • Beit Meheb district bee Jdeideh quarter (بيت محب أو الجديدة) districti ka di baɣi Sissi (سيسي), Salibeh (الصليبة), Bawabet al-Qasab (بوابة القصب), Basatneh (البساتنة), al-Muballet (المبلط) ni Sahet at-Tananir (ساحة التنانير).
  • Kallaseh (الكلاسة) district.
  • Muhammad Bek (محمد بك) districti ka di baɣi (also called Bab al-Nairab) Badenjk (بادنجك), Baggara (البكارة) ni Sakhaneh (السخانة).
  • Qadi Askar (قاضي عسكر) Hamza Bek (حمزة بك).
  • Qarleq (قرلق) district.
  • Qastal al-Mosht (قسطل المشط) districti ka di baɣi al-Aryan (العريان), Trab al-Ghuraba (تراب الغرباء) and Mawardi (الماوردي).
  • Sajlikhan (صاجليخان) districti ka di baɣi Aghajek (أغاجك).
  • As-Salheen (الصالحين) district.
  • Tatarlar (تاتارلار) district.

Preservation of the ancient city[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Di ni nyɛ daadaa daa la zuɣu, Aleppo souqs, khans, hammams, madrasas, jiŋa ni Asori duri nyɛla din bɔri gulibu viɛnyɛla. World War II ŋmɛbu nyaaŋa, be daa labi mi mɛ tiŋa ŋɔ; yuuni 1954 French tanmɛri baŋda André Gutton daa nyɛla ŋun ŋma pala gili tiŋa ŋɔ ni. Zaŋ chaŋ 1954-1983 yanima pam daa daami luhi ni di mɛ ʒɛmana mɛbu, dibahi bahindi (Bab al-Faraj mini Bab al-Jinan). Di ni niŋ ka be kpuɣi niya ni lala taara sheei ŋɔ niŋ nyɛvuli la zuɣu, be daa chɛ la Gutton's niya nima bahi 1979 ni bɛ zaŋ Swiss baŋdi niya nima zali di zaani ni urban designer Stefano Bianca, dini n-nyɛ be daa kpuɣi niiya ni be mɛli kali mɛbu ka kali binyɛra ni tooi be ni, di shɛŋa n nyɛ Adli Qudsi, ni di chɛ ka UNESCO saɣiti ni di nyɛla Ancient City of Aleppo zaŋti World Heritage Site yuuni 1986.[2]

German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) ni Aga Khan Foundation (within the frames of Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme) nyɛla ban mali nuu timbu pam tiŋ' ŋɔ gbib'bu ni. Tiŋ bihi ban zani ti Aga Khan Trust for Culture bini din gbaai 1999 zaŋ chaŋ 2008 n daa mɛ Adli Qudsi, ka di nyɛ kpaŋ maŋa pam zaŋ chɛŋ tiŋ'kurili ŋɔ gubu ni zaŋ chaŋ saɣimbu yaa din daa kani na di faŋ niŋbu ni.[40]

Lihi pahi[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Kundivihira[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

  1. ↑ bleeker. Alepposeife: Aleppo history. Historische-aleppo-seife.de.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 eAleppo:Aleppo city major plans throughout the history (ar).
  3. ↑ Fighting in Aleppo starts fire in medieval souks. Kyivpost.com (29 September 2012).
  4. ↑ Bombing of the justice palace
  5. ↑ Bombing of Carlton hotel
  6. ↑ Bombing of the city council
  7. ↑ https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-01-20/unesco-30-percent-of-aleppos-ancient-city-destroyed Tɛmplet:Bare URL inline
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Alexander Russell, ed. (1856). The Natural History of Aleppo (1st ed.). London: Unknown. p. 266.
  9. ↑ Paolo Matthiae; Nicoló Marchetti (2013-05-31). Ebla and its Landscape: Early State Formation in the Ancient Near East. p. 501. ISBN 9781611322286.
  10. ↑ Pettinato, Giovanni (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991) Ebla, a new look at history p.135
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Hawkins, John David (2000) Inscriptions of the iron age p.388
  12. ↑ Kuhrt, Amélie (1998) The ancient Near East p.100
  13. ↑ Trevor Bryce (6 March 2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. p. 111. ISBN 9780191002922.
  14. ↑ John Boardman (1924). The Cambridge Ancient History: The prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C.. Volume 3. Part 1. p. 389. ISBN 9780521224963.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Phenix, Robert R. (2008) The sermons on Joseph of Balai of Qenneshrin
  16. ↑ Aleppo.
  17. ↑ Aleppo.
  18. ↑ The Tragedy of Macbeth: Act 1, Scene 3. Shakespeare.mit.edu.
  19. ↑ Yacoub, Khaled (16 July 2010). "Travel Postcard: 48 hours in Aleppo, Syria". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSTRE66F1ED20100716.
  20. ↑ eAleppo: The old Souqs of Aleppo (in Arabic). Esyria.sy.
  21. ↑ Aleppo.us: Khans of Aleppo (in Arabic).
  22. ↑ Halawiyya Mosque and Madrasa Archived 2012-05-03 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.
  23. ↑ Muqaddamiyya Madrasa Archived 2012-05-03 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.
  24. ↑ Shadbakhtiyya Madrasa Archived Silimin gɔli April 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.
  25. ↑ Zahiriyya Madrasa Archived 2014-01-12 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.
  26. ↑ Sultaniyya Madrasa Archived 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Burns, Russ (1999). Monuments of Syria. New York, London. p. 35. ISBN 9781860642449.
  28. ↑ Terry, Allan (2003). Ayyubid Architecture. Solipsist Press. ISBN 0-944940-02-1.
  29. ↑ Kamiliyya Madrasa Archived 2009-01-08 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.
  30. ↑ Sharafiyya Madrasa Archived 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.
  31. ↑ مدارس حلب القديمة ( 2 ).
  32. ↑ Ahmadiyya Madrasa Archived 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.
  33. ↑ Uthmaniyya Madrasa Archived 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.
  34. ↑ Syrian Ministry of Tourism Baba Antakya & Qennesrin Archived 2017-09-09 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ↑ Aleppo…Cultural Landmark, Trade Hub by the Chinese News Agency (Xinhua). DP-news (2011-04-16).
  36. ↑ eAleppo Bab al-Faraj tower (in Arabic)
  37. ↑ Aleppo Culture National Library of Aleppo (in Arabic) [permanent dead link]
  38. ↑ Ministry of Tourism, Syria: Aleppine House (in Arabic).
  39. ↑ Carter, Terry; Dunston, Lara; Humphreys, Andrew (2004). Syria & Lebanon. Lonely Planet. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-86450-333-3. Hammam yalbougha.
  40. ↑ Writer, Suchitra Bajpai Chaudhary, Staff (2007-09-13). "A true cityzen". GulfNews. http://gulfnews.com/culture/people/a-true-cityzen-1.25266.
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