Sylvie Kinigi

Sylvie Kinigi
Prime Minister of Burundi (en) Silimin gɔli July 10, 1993 - Silimin gɔli February 7, 1994 ← Adrien Sibomana (en) - Anatole Kanyenkiko (en) → President of Burundi (en) Silimin gɔli October 27, 1993 - Silimin gɔli February 5, 1994 ← François Ngeze (en) - Cyprien Ntaryamira (en) →
Bujumbura (en) , Silimin gɔli November 24, 1952 (run 71)
O ya Tiŋgbaŋ	Burundi
Education
Shikuru shɛli o ni chaŋ	Université du Burundi (en)
Tuma
Tuma	politician (en)
O ni be paati shɛli ni	Union for National Progress (en)

Sylvie Kinigi (née Ntigashira; doɣim dabisili 24 November 1953) nyela siyaasa nira ŋun daa nye Burundi prime minister silimin goli 10 July yuuni 1993 hali ni 7 February yuuni 1994, ni tingban zuɣulana silimin goli November 1993 hali ni 5 February 1994, ka di zuɣu che ka o nye ŋun pahi buyi n nye paɣa ka leegi tingbani zuɣulana Africa (gban sabila tingbana ni).

O daa nyela bini doɣi so niŋ Tutsi zuliya ni, ka o nya o karim deegi banking shahira gbaŋ University of Burundi yuuni 1979 ka daa lahi nya o diploma shahira gbaŋ Centre de Formation de la Profession Bancaire din be Paris. Siyaasa yaɣili, Kinigi daa nyela ŋun be Union pour le Progres national (UPRONA), din daa kuli nye party gaŋ sheli bini saɣiti Burundi tingbani ni lala saha maa, ka daa lahi nye ŋun pahi ka mali kpaŋ maŋ pam Union des femmes Bundaises, din gba daa nye lala party ŋo (UPRONA) kpariboɣiri la puuni yini , di puuni, o daa nyela ŋun pahi di central committee ni yuuni 1987. Lala ŋo zuɣu, o daa nyela ŋun kuli kpaŋ o maŋa n duhi o yee ka zali pala ni gomnanti tuma din yen niŋ paɣana anfaani daa yi palo. Yuuni 1990, Kinigi daa nyela Bank of Republic of Burundi ni daa kpiɣiso tuma ni o lihi ka bi vihigu ni laasabu malibu yaɣili chaŋ vienyela, ka yuuni din daa pahi di zuɣu bi daa che ka o nye ninvuɣu so ŋum yen lihi ka Burundi malibu malibu chaŋ vienyela.

Yuuni 1993, piibu piibu daa nyela din niŋ Burundi ka UPRONA nyintaa, Front pour la Democratie au Burundi (FRODEBU) daa nye ban di lala piibu piibu maa. Tingbani zuɣulaan palo ŋo , Melchior Ndadaye, daa nyela ŋun piigi Kinigi ni o lebgi tiŋ maa prime minister silimin goli 10 July. Kinigi daa nyela ŋun daa na kuli mali niya ni o tuɣi o economist tuma hali gba dini daa niŋ ka o nye prime minister maa , amaa ka daa kuli lihi ka di ŋmanila di daa na ku too niŋ faa sheela ka bala zaba din daa nye din be Tutsis ni Hutus sunsuni la ti baligi. Lala ŋo zuɣu o daa yeliya ni bala bee zuliyanima nangbanyini niŋbu n yen nye binsheli o ni kuli yen zaŋ bahi tooni. Silimin goli 21 october tingbani zuɣulana Ndadaye nti pahi ninvuɣ'sheba ban gba daa kuli be gomanati maani pam daa nyela Tutsi linjimanima ni daa ku sheba din kuli yen niŋ ka bi deegi tingbani maa sulinsi, lala niŋsim ŋo zuɣu, Kinigi daa leegi ŋun du n gari sokam ninvuɣ'sheba bini daa bi ku maa ni ni zuɣulana zaŋti Burundi tingbani.

O daa nyela ŋun daa pahi gomanti tumtuundibi ban daa bi koŋ bi nyevuli maa French embassy ni hali ni saha sheli o ni daa naan too kuli o yiŋa dini daa niŋ ka lala coup ŋo bi nye nasara. Di bahi bahindi o gomnanti maa daa nyela ban bi tooi mali zuliya ni bala zaba maa coup maa nyaaŋa, o daa nyela ŋun kpaŋ o maŋa pam ka shaawara daa gbaagi ka piibu piibu niŋ din daa ti che ka Cyprien Ntaryamira leegi tingbani zuɣulana . O daa nyela ŋun soŋ o sompoya dini daa niŋ ka tingbani zuɣulaan palo ŋo kpe nam ni yuuni 1994 ka daa leegi kpema zaŋti Banque Commerciale du Burundi. O daa lahi nyela ŋun nye tumanima boba zuɣu poi ka o daa ti lahi labi na Burundi yuuni 2008 nti leegi ŋengama zuɣu baŋda economics yaɣili.

Tuuli Biɛhigu ni Baŋsim Bohimbu

Sylvie Ntigashira nyela bini daa doɣi so silimin goli 24 November yuuni 1953 tiŋ yuli booni Mugoyi, Ruanda-Urundi ( zuŋo din be Bujumbura yaɣili). O nyela ŋun yi Tutsi zuliya na . o ba daa nyela daabiya, ka o ma nye pukpara. ŋuni n daa nye bia ŋun pahiri ata bihi ayobu ni, Ntigashira daa nyela bini che ka so chaŋ shikuru ka bipuɣimbili tuuli bi daŋ maani daa nye ŋun kpalim yiŋa n soŋdi bi ma. O daa nyela ŋun chaŋ primary ni secendary shikuriti Ijeanda parish. o daa nyela ŋun lahi bo baŋsimUniversity of Burundi , ka daabe Faculty of Economic Sciences , o daa nyela ŋun yina lala karimzoŋ ŋo ni yuuni 1979 ni degree shahira gbaŋ banking and credit yaɣili. Yuuni 1990 o daa lahi nyela ŋun deegi Diplômes d'études supérieures Centre de Formation del a Profession Bancaire din be Paris la.

Yuuni 1973, Ntigashira daa nyela ŋun kuli doo ŋun gba daa yi Burundi na ka o yuli booni Firmin Kinigi, ŋun daa nye ŋun wuho shikuru , ka o mino daa doɣi bihi anahi bee anu. Doo maa daa nyela ŋun yi Hutu zuliyanina. O yidana maa daa nyela ŋun kuli soŋo ka o tuɣi o shikuru ka lahi soŋo zaŋ kpa o tuma sheee, bi daa nyela ban bo so ka o yuuni bihi maa ni bi yili maa. Doo maa daa kpila yuuni 1992 bee 1993.

Tuma

Tuuli siyaasa ni gomanati tuma

Urundi daa nyela din deegi maŋsulinsi Belgium nima sani n leegi Burundi silimin goli July 1962. Tiŋ maa daa nyela Tutsis ni kuli deegi di siyaasa pam ka che Hutus ban daa nye zuliya sheba ban galisi lala tiŋ maa ni. Kinigi daa nyela ŋun kuli dihi tabili ni democraatiya daa nyela bin sheli dini zaŋ milisi Burundi tingbani yom ka bi shili daa na bi bi, ka lala ŋo zuɣu bi siyaasa daa nyela bini zaŋ sheli doli bala ni zuliyanima din daa kuli tahiri lala zuliya zuliya zaba ŋo na. Burundi gomnanti daa nyela din be Tutsi linjimanima sulinsi ni ka bi daa kuli nye ban gbibi tingbani maa kamani yuma pihita. Siyaasa yaɣili, Kinigi daa nyela ŋun kuli be Union pour le Progres national (UPRONA), Burundi siyaasa party sheli dini daa kuli saɣiti lala saha maa, ka daa lahi nye ŋun pahi Union des Femmes Burundaises , din gba daa nye lala party ŋo kpariboɣiri puuni yini, n daa pahi bi central committee ni yuuni 1987. Lala ŋo zuɣu, o daa nyela ŋun kuli kpaŋ o maŋa n duhi o yee ka zali pala ni gomnanti tuma din yen niŋ paɣana anfaani daa yi palo

Yuuni 1990, Kinigi daa nyela Bank of the Republic of Burundi ni daa kpiɣi so tuma ni o tabi soŋ ka bi yaɣili din jendi vihigi ni daabilim la chaŋ vienyela, ka daa lahi nye ŋun wuhiri karimbihi University of Burundi. Yuuni 1991 o daa nyela ŋun che lala tuma ŋo di ni daa niŋ ka tingbani zuɣulana Pierre Buyoya daa piigo ni o leegi Shaawarimaana Prime Minister Office la ni, din daa che ka o ti nye ŋun be Burundi structural adjustment program la tooni. Lala tuma ŋo ni, o daa nyela ŋun kpaŋ o maŋa ka o mini tuma du zuɣuri kamani International Monetary Fund, World Bank ni tinduya zuɣu laɣinsi gbaagi shaawaranima din yen sooŋdi bi tingbani maa. Buyooya nini daa tiɣi tuun sheli o ni tum maa ka di zuɣu daa ti che ka o piigo zali gbaŋmara zaŋti Ministry of Economic Planning.

Prime Minister zaŋti Burundi Tingbani

Yuuni 1993, piibu piibu daa nyela din niŋ Burundi ka UPRONA nyintaa, Front pour la Democratie au Burundi (FRODEBU) daa nye ban di lala piibu piibu maa. Tingbani zuɣulaan palo ŋo , Melchior Ndadaye - ŋun daa nye FRODEBU toondana ni tinvuɣ'so ŋun nye tuuli ŋun yi Hutu zuliyana nti leegi tingbani maa zuɣulana, daa nyela ŋun piigi Kinigi ni o lebgi tiŋ maa prime minister o gomanti maa puunii n zani Adrien Sibomana zaani. O saa nyela ŋun kuli yuili lala yeltoɣa ŋo zuɣu ka daa ti pa saɣiti , ka o daliri daa nyami ni o pala ŋun bi mi tuma maa gari linjima nima sheba ban gba daa pun gbibi tiŋ maa. Yaha, o daa nyela ŋun kuli mi Ndadaye pam , dini daa niŋ ka o mino daa karim Parisian institutions ka lahi nye o ŋun daa be committe sheli din daa yuli o kpaŋamaŋa zaŋ jendi karimbaŋsim polo. O daa lahi nyela zori ni Léonard Nyangoma ni Cyprien Ntaryamira, ban daa pahi FRODEBU paati ni ka Nadaye daa bori ni bi gba lebgi ministers o gamnanti maa ni. O piibu ŋo ni, Kinigi daa yeliya ni "lahiʒibi gahindili n-nyeli zaŋti Burundi paɣaba, ni paɣaba ban kuli be gbansabila tingbana ni".

FRODEBU ninkpema daa nyela ban suhi daa yiɣisi pam Kinig piibu maa ni, ka bi daliri nyemi ni o piibu maa nyela nyaanyim . Ninvuɣ'sheba ban gba daa kuli be UPRONA paatini gba daa nyela ban suhi bi paligi o piibiu maa ni, dini daa kuli niŋ ka bi paati maa daa bi piigo zali ni o legi bi zuɣulana, bi daa lahi tehimi ni Ndadaye daa nyela ŋun piigo kadama o ni daa nye ŋun yi Tutsi zuliyala na ka pa ŋun bori ni o tum o tuma maa vienyela.

Gomnanti maa puuni Hutunima daa nyela pubu buta puuni vaabu buyi ka Tutsinima mii gba nye pubu buta puuni vaabu yim. Kinigi daa nyela paɣaba ayi la puuni yino ban daa nye minstanima. Gomnanti maa daa nyela bini po sheba kpehi nam ni silimin goli 10 July. Kinigi daa nyela ŋun daa na kuli mali niya ni o tuɣi o economist tuma hali gba dini daa niŋ ka o nye prime minister maa , amaa ka daa kuli lihi ka di ŋmanila di daa na ku too niŋ faa sheela ka bala zaba din daa nye din be Tutsis ni Hutus sunsuni la ti baligi. Lala ŋo zuɣu o daa yeliya ni bala bee zuliyanima nangbanyini niŋbu n yen nye binsheli o ni kuli yen zaŋ bahi tooni. Silimin goli October ni daa pirigi, o daa nyela ŋun tahi minstanima tingbani maa boba ni yaɣa ni bi chaŋ nti bo suhudoo ni nangbanyini ; o daa nyela ŋun chaŋ tiŋ maa nudiriguwulinpuhili yaɣili nti galim ka feegi tuumbiɛri ni bi bietali din jendi siyaasa ni din nye din daa niŋ bi piibu piibu din garila ni.

Silimin goli October bieɣu pishiniyini dali, tingbani zuɣulana Ndadaye nti pahi gomanti maani niribi pam daa nyela Tutsi linjimanima ni daa ku sheba dini daa niŋ ka bi bori ni bi ŋme n-fa tingbani maa sulinsi. Linjimanima ŋo daa nyela ban zaŋ François Ngeze zali ni o leegi tiŋ maa tingbani zuɣulaan palo. Ban daa kuli kiniigi daa nyela ban daa bi saɣi yi o nyaaŋa lala saha ŋo. O mini gomantimaani kpamba daa nyela banzo n-ti soɣi French embassy. ŋun n daa kpalim gomnanti ban daa bi koŋ bi nyevuya maa zaa kpema coup maa nyaaŋa. O ni daa kuli be embassy ŋo ni, o daa nyela ŋun na kuli zaani zalisi . Buyoya ni ŋun daa kana o nyaaŋa , Jean Baptiste Bagaza, daa nyela ban zaŋ soŋsim nti o gomnanti maa ka coup ŋo daa bi nye naba zani dini daa niŋ ka zaba kuli nye din yiɣisi nti pahi tiŋduyanima ni daa kuli galindi ka feeri lala niŋsim ŋo maa. Silimin goli November dabaayopoin dali, o daa nyela ŋun yi embassy maa labi o yiŋa ka French linjimanima daa nye ban kuli be o luɣiili zuɣu. Ndadaye kum maa nti pahi gomanti kpmaba maa kum maa daa nyela din lche ka o zani tingbani zuɣulana zaani Burundi tingbani ni. Tutsi bibiehi daa nyela ban daa na kuli yiɣisiri fitina coup maa nyaaŋa, n damdi Kinigi gomnanti ka guri so sheŋa o ni yen zaŋ bo gbibiri suŋ nti tingbani maa

. Kinigi gomnanti - din daa mali minista kura la ban daa nye pishinaayi la puuni pinaanu - daa nyela bankuli baligi Bujumbura din nye tiŋ zuɣu zaŋ ti Burundi zaba la amaa ka daabi toogi nyŋ zaba din daa kuli be tingbani maa bobba ni yaɣa coup maa nyaaŋa, ka niribi tuha daa nye ban kuli koŋ bi nyevuya. Tutsi UPRONA paatnima daa nyela ban bi niŋ suhi pielli zaŋ kpa tum sheli o ni daa tumdi maa poi ni coup maa di bahi bahindi lala zaba ŋo saha. Dini daa niŋ ka o daabi too chaŋ UPRONA zuɣulana Loius Rwagasore kuyili yuun pali silimin goli october bieɣu pinaata dali, Panafrika din nye tumaduzuɣu ban sabiri lahabaya daa tihi lahibali na yeli " prime minsta so ŋun yeli ni o yila Uprona na, ka bi chaŋ lala laɣingu ŋo ni, di wuhiya ni Sylvie Kinigi nyela ŋun ka UProna. Shebi yeliya gba ni diyi daa pa silimin goli October 21 coup la zuɣu ni n-ŋo o di leegi FRODEBU". Lahibali sabiribi ban gba daa yi L’Observateur na daa ŋmeli nangban'kpeeni " dini pa UPRONA nima n piigo, ka kuli mi ni o nyela Prime minister, payibu chanila Ndadaye ni FRODEBU sani, paɣa tuuli ŋo nyela ŋun yen be vienyela October 1993 yela ŋo ni kamani dini tu shem. O nyela ŋun bi yen beni, hali di yi niŋ ka o bori ni o yina tooni, di yen nyemi ni o yeli nti FRODEBU". Silimin goli 15 November o daa nyela ŋun sabi gbaŋ African Unity tuma du zuɣu gbaŋ ŋmara kpema , ni bi soŋsiba ni linjimanima din yen che ka tiŋ maa maagi . Linjimanima ni gomnanti maa siyaasa nyintahi daa nyela ban bi saɣi tili ka yeli ni o lala niŋsim ŋo " nyela so sheli o ni bori ni o che ka tiŋ sheli lahi deegi Burundi sulinsi. Silimin goli December o gomnanti maa daa nyela ban kpa laɣingu ka Procurator General maa daa nye di kpema ni di vihi nisalinima nahimbu din daa kuli niŋ coup maa nyaaŋa , amaa bi tuma maa daa pala din pili di bahi bahindi paati nyintahi ŋo daa pala ban saɣi tili.

Dini daa kuli niŋ ka yela bi cheni vienyela zaŋ too coup ŋo nyaaŋa, o daa nyela ŋun bori soya ni di piigi tingani zuɣulaan palo. Silimin goli 9 January 1994, o daa nyela ŋun puhi ka National assembly nim mali Burundi constitution Article 85 niŋ , din daa kuli tili yaa ni di piigi tingbani zuɣlaan palo nti tiŋ maa. Di dabaa anahi nyaaŋa National Assembly maa daa nyela ban piigi Ntaryamira ni o leegi tingbani zuɣulana, ka niribi 78 n daa piigo ka yino daa bi saɣiti o piibu maa. Ntaryamira daa nyela bini yen po so kpehi nam ni silimin goli January 22, amaaa ka jintoribi ban nye bi party nyintahi ,ban daa be UPRONA daa duhi lala yeltoɣili ŋo kootu ni di di che ka o pobu maa niŋ tabata. Bi daa yeliya ni Article 182 bi zalisi puuni , wuhiya ni lala zalisi ŋo pala bini ni tooi mali sheli niŋ di yi ti niŋ ka suhudoo ka tingbani maa ni, ka lala ŋo wuhi ni National Assembly maa ni daa kuli mali Article 85 sheli niŋ ŋo pala din ni tooi tum tuma. FRODEBU jintoribi daa yeliya ni lala taɣibu ŋo daa nyela binsheli din tu kamaata din yen niŋ ka bi bo so n zali tingbani zuɣulana zaani dama piibu piibu pala bini ni tooi na niŋ . Kootu maa daa nyela ban daa ŋmaa ti nyintahi ŋo ka di nyela alikaalinima ŋo gbaabu ŋo daa dolila zuliya sheli bini yina. Hutu alikalinima daa nyela ban yina nti che tuma silimin goli 29 January , ka Kinigi gomnanti daa yina ti yeli ni bi bi saɣiti Tutsi alikaalinima ni daa ŋmaagi yeltoɣa maa shem maaa. Lala ŋo daa nyela din tahi fitina na Bujumbura. Ninvuɣ'so ŋun daa zanti United Nations Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah, soŋsim ni, Kinigi mini UPRONA daa gbaagi shaawara ka bi zaa ti saɣiti ni Ntaryamira nyela bini yen po so kpehi tingbani zuɣulaan tali ni amaa ka o prime minista lee nye ŋun yen yi UPRONA paatini na, ka bi kootu maa gba nye bini yen labi mali sheli zali. Ntaryamira nyela bini daa po so kpehi nam maa ni silimin goli 5 February . Kinigi daa nyela ŋun sheegi . Silimin goli 7 February Ntaryamira daa nyela ŋun piigi Anatole Kanyenkiko ni o zani kinigi zaa ni.

Kinigi n daa nye paɣa ŋun pahi buyi ŋun leegi tingbani zuɣulana zaŋti gban sabila tingbana, dini daa niŋ ka Carmen Pereira ŋun daa yi Guinea-Bissau daa leegi tiŋ maa tingbani zuɣulana, ka o gba saha maa daa kuli nyemi o daa zani la so zaani. Niribi tieha zaŋkpa o gomnanti tali polo nyela binsheli din wali. Niribi pam ban yi Tutsi zuliyani na yeliya ni o daa nyela ninvuɣ'biɛyu zaŋti tiŋ maa, ka Panafrica tuma duunima too yu paa "Madame Fiasco". O nyela ŋun daa kuli mali jilima pam FRODEBU niribi sani. Dini daa kuli niŋ ka niriibi yeri ni o pala ŋun kpaŋ o maŋa o gomanati ni maa, Marc Manirakiza daa sabiya " bo ka o daa naaa too niŋ zaba ni suhudoo kalinsi ŋo saha?" Kinigi daa yeliya yuuni 1991 zaŋ kpa o gomnanti ma polo ni lala saha ŋo daa chemi ka niribi baŋ "ni paɣa ni tooi niŋ yaɣi dabbi ni tooi niŋ sheli siyaasa puuni". Di yi zaŋo chaŋ ti ŋmahindi o taba ban be Rwanda, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, siyaasa yaɣili tabiibi nira Jane Jansen daa sabiya ni lala paɣaba ayi ŋo maa " nyela ban zoobu ŋo bi yi sheli dama bi daa nyela ban kuli bori soya ni bi nyaŋ zaba din daa kuli be zuliyanima sunsuni bi tingbana maa ni."

Nyaanŋa Tuma

Dini daa niŋ ka o yi gomnanti ni, Kinigi daa nyela ŋun leegi kpema Banque Commerciale du Burundi. O daa lahi nyela ŋun tum tuma pam tiŋduya ni , ni tuma din daa be United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, United Nations Development Programme ( ka daa zanti Equitorial Guinea, Cameroon ni Senegal), nti pahi UN Special Envoy for the Great Lakes Region din be Nairobi, luɣ'sheli o ni daa nye ŋun kuli titiba saɣisigu zaŋkpa di siyaasa yaɣili. O daa nyela ŋun labi Burundi yuuni 2008 ka daa leegi ʒentoli zuɣu daablilim baŋda. Lala saha ŋo, o daa nyela ŋun zabi ti paɣaba ni bi tooi diri fali zaŋ jendi polti ni din pahi ka lahi zabi ti paɣaba di yi kana democraatiya yaɣili. Yuuni 2016 tuma duzuɣu sheli dini mi Carter Center daa piila Kinigi ni o be ninvuɣ'sheba ban yen chaŋ ti kpahim piibu piibu din daa yen niŋ Zambia tingbani ni la tooni lala yuuni maa.

Dini vihi tuun'sheŋa

• Amnesty International Report 1994. London: Amnesty International Publications. 1994. ISBN 978-0-86210-230-2.
• Banks, Arthur S., ed. (1993). Political Handbook of the World: 1993. New York: CQ Press. ISBN 9780933199095.
• Banshimiyubusa, Denis (2018). Les enjeux et défis de la démocratisation au Burundi. Essai d'analyse et d'interprétation à partir des partis politiques [The issues and challenges of democratization in Burundi. Essay of analysis and interpretation from political parties] (PDF) (PhD thesis) (in French). Université Pau et des Pays de l'Adour. OCLC 1085890695 – via HAL.
• Chrétien, Jean-Pierre; Mukuri, Melchior (2002). Burundi, la fracture identitaire: logiques de violence et certitudes ethniques, 1993–1996 (in French). Paris: Karthala Editions. ISBN 978-2-84586-318-7.
• Country Report: Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit. 1994.
• Giraudineau, Laurent (November 1993). "Burundi : La Démocratie Assassinée" (French). Afrique Magazine (108): pp. 24–30, 34.
• Hatungimana, Alexandre (2012). "Kinigi, Sylvie". In Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis (eds.). Dictionary of African Biography. III. New York: Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
• Hoogensen, Gunhild; Solheim, Bruce O. (2006). Women in Power: World Leaders Since 1960. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-275-98190-7.
• Jansen, J. (2008). Women Political Leaders: Breaking the Highest Glass Ceiling. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-61685-1.
• Krueger, Robert; Krueger, Kathleen Tobin (2007). From Bloodshed to Hope in Burundi : Our Embassy Years During Genocide (PDF). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71486-1 – via South African History Online.
• Legum, Colin, ed. (1994). Africa Contemporary Record 1992–1994. XXIV. New York: Africana Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0841905627.
• Skard, Torild (2014). Women of Power : Half a Century of Female Presidents and Prime Ministers Worldwide. Bristol: Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-4473-1578-0.
• Welz, Martin (2021). Africa since Decolonization: The History and Politics of a Diverse Continent. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-62894-5.
• Whitaker's Almanack : 1994 (126th ed.). London: J. Whitaker & Sons. 1993. ISBN 978-0-85021-238-9.