Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Potosi

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Potosi
city, big city, urban area
Pahi laPotosí Department Mali niŋ
Yu'maŋliPotosí Mali niŋ
Zuliya wuhibuPotosí Mali niŋ
TiŋaBolivia Mali niŋ
Capital ofPotosí Department Mali niŋ
Din be shɛli polonaPotosí Municipality Mali niŋ
Tiŋgbaŋ yaɣili calinli19°35′21″S 65°45′12″W Mali niŋ
Nira zaŋtiOrganization of World Heritage Cities Mali niŋ
Yaɣa din laɣim tabaSan Luis Potosí, Calama, Cusco Mali niŋ
Heritage designationWorld Heritage Site Mali niŋ
Lahabaya dundɔŋ din mali dihitabilihttp://www.potosy.com.bo/ Mali niŋ
World Heritage soli(ii), (iv), (vi) Mali niŋ
Tiŋbani puuni koll koodi02 Mali niŋ
Map

Potosí, nyɛla bini daa mi shɛli la Villa Imperial de Potosí colonial period saha, ka nyɛ tiŋ'suɣu ni Potosí Department tiŋ- titali din be Bolivia. Di nyɛ dunia tiŋgbani kara puuni yi ni din tingbani galisim paai 4,090m (13,420ft ). [1]Kurimbuni ha di daa nyɛla Spanish colonial silver mint biɛhigu sheei. Di taarihi duri ŋɔ shɛŋa nyɛla din na beni. Di nyɛla Cerro Rico de Potosi yaɣa din be World heritage site nim ni.

Potosí dola Cerro de Potosí gbuni [2] - saha shɛli bin ni tooi booni Cerro Rico ("rich mountain")—zoli din zooi ka di nambu yiri na silver ore din deei tiŋ-ŋɔ zaa. Cerro Rico daliri n-chɛ ka Potosí's taarihi darisa bɛni tum din daa ku niŋ ka di nyɛla dini galisi tiri Spanish tiŋbɔbigu din layim taba hali ka  Guanajuato din be Mexico la daa ti tin-garili 18th century.[3]

Siliba (silver) maa daa nyɛla din yi llama mini mule train ni di ti Pacific coast maa, shipped north hali ni Panama City, n-nyɛ mule train ni kpuɣi shɛli n-duhi the isthmus of Panama hali ni Nombre de Dios bee Portobelo, tum di ni daa kpuɣi chaŋ Spain Spanish treasure fleets maa zuɣu. Silibanima (silver ) maa shɛŋa gba daa bɔ di maŋa sɔli n-chaŋ east hali ni Buenos Aires, zaŋ jɛndi Rio de la Plata maa. Silibanima maa shɛŋa daa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli tahi Acapulco, Mexico , luɣ' shɛli bɛ ni daa timba n-dɔli the Manila Galleons ni bɛ ti da nɛma din yi Asia nima sani (Asian products). Cerro de Potosí's tariga nyɛla 4,824 m (15,827 ft) din gari teeku tariga.

Zuŋɔ, Potosí nyɛla ban tuɣi bɛ salima gbibu shee ka di mali anfaani , ka di nyɛ urban center din galisi ka be Department of Potosí. Tiŋa shɛli din na zoora, Potosí pa nyɛla niriba ni mi shɛli yɛla ka nyɛla di kpaŋmaŋa zaŋ chaŋ di ni gu ka taɣi di colonial architecture, ka di tooi nyɛ geographic setting din mali tin'kara pam dunia nyaaŋa zuɣu. Di doli la maasim (cold highland climate), ka bɛ maakiri li n-dɔli di ni mali wuuni waɣinli ni zaɣ' jia amaa ka di shɛɣuni mali yaa. Di ni mali milinsi zaŋ chaŋ di ni mali salima gbibu shee din niŋ bayaana Spanish colonial history palim palim puuni, Potosí daa na kuli nyɛla din na ʒi largest silver deposit systems din be dunia nyaaŋa zuɣu zaa.

Geology

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Din be Bolivian Tin Belt, Cerro Rico de Potosí nyɛla anduniya zaa largest silver deposit ni nyɛ shɛli ka di kuli gbira tum sixteenth century maa, din yihiri paari 60,000 tonnes tum yuuni 1996. Zahimbu wuhiya ni dalima pam nyɛla din be di gbibu shee maa. Potosí daa leei la tiŋ'shɛli din galisi m-pahiri ayi, ka yaɣili maa din nyɛ tuuli mint, m-be Americas. 1891 puuni, dalima daa ni daa dɔni tiŋa n-daa che ka di taɣi chaŋ mining tin, din daa kuli tuɣiwhich hali ni yuuni 1985. Peak production puuni, zaŋ chaŋ sixteenth mini seventeenth centuries puuni, ore maa daa nyɛla din mali hali ni kɔbiga puuni vaabu pihinahi (40%) dalima( silver).[4]

Ore maa daa dɔya ka baɣi veins presedin be he dacite volcanic dome puuniomZɔli maa nyɛla Tis "honeycombedin mali tingbani ni ttmangka di ni too paai summit maa ni hali ni di gbunni din nyɛ iof 1,150 m (3,770 ziliŋftCe conical himaa nyɛla din mali a reddish-brown gossan kapu din nyɛ of iron-oxidminia nd quartdin mali th grayish-blue altered dacinini my mine dumps din be gbunni ŋɔ.[5]

Basement rocks din nyɛ din mali Ordovician clastic sediments din mali phyllite nti pahi sandstone interbedding shɛŋa. Zaŋ chaŋ 13.8 Ma, dome maa daa extruded. Explosive process maa saha, Venus breccia maa yɛn nam mi di yi niŋ ka ascending dacite magma paagi undergroundwater din yɛn namdi phreatic eruption. Ya'shɛli di ni yihi bahi na yi ti formation din nyɛ Caracoles tuff ring din pa breccia zuɣusaa maa sɔli. Magma yi pa yɛn extrudi mi n-yiri na sambani ni din nyɛ dike ka na yɛn leei volcanic dome over the tuff. Dacite dome maa nyɛla 1,700 m (5,600 ft) zaŋ chaŋ 1,200 m (3,900 ft) di zuɣusaa polo ka niŋ zaɣ' noombila n-sheena hali ni 100 m (330 ft) dike yalim zaŋ chaŋ di ziliŋ. Hydrothermal circulation mini fracturing n-yɛn nyɛ din yɛn dɔli, ka altering dacite mini depositing ore minerals mini gangue din be veins.[6]

Taarihi

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See also: National Mint of Bolivia
Cerro Rico del Potosí, the first image in Europe. Pedro Cieza de León, 1553
View of the imperial city of Potosí in 1758 by Gaspar Miguel de Berrío. Museum of Charcas.[7]
Entrance of Archbishop Viceroy Morcillo in Potosí by Melchor Pérez de Holguín in 1716. Painting located at Museo of the Americas (Spain).[8][9]
'The Virgin of the Cerro of Potosí, painting made in 1720, currently located at the National Museum of Art, La Paz.[10][11]
Miners at work
Potosí, aerial photo
City of Potosí and the Church of San Lorenzo de Carangas at background, photo of 1911 by U.S. Senator Hiram Bingham III.[12]


Colonial silver boom

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Di nyɛla bini kpa shɛli yuuni 1545 ka di nyɛ tingbanni ariʒichi gbibu tiŋa, ka di daadam bɛiligu zooi yaɣi tuhi-gɔbishii 200,000 zaŋ chɛna. Tiŋ titali ŋɔ daa yooi la soli n-ti Spanish expression, ka di na nyɛ din na kuri bukaata: valer un Potosí ("to be worth a Potosí"), din wuhi shɛm "ka di mali dariza pam". Ariʒichi zoli, Cerro Rico, din namdi silver, kɔbigi puuni vaabu pihi-yɔbu (60%) duniya zaa silver nim malibu polo din daa yina second half of the 16th century.[13]

Tuuli, Potosí saligbiriba daa na gbirila rich oxidized ores ni native silver and silver chloride (cerargyrite) din daa na tooi kpaai niŋ salin nyɛligiriti ŋɔ ni jili yim.[14] Di-bahibamdi successful were the small clay "flower pot" furnaces called guayras, din daa nyɛ Incas gba ni zaŋ shɛli ku bukaata. Amaa yuuni 1565, salin gbiriba ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban naai  direct-smelting ore, ka silver production plummeted. Silver ŋɔ malibu daa nyɛla din neei ka di nyɛla bin daa piligi patio process din daa yina Mexico yuuni 1554.

Climate

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Climate data for Potosí, Bolivia (2000−2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 15
(59) 		15
(59) 		16
(61) 		17
(63) 		15
(59) 		14
(57) 		14
(57) 		15
(59) 		16
(61) 		18
(64) 		18
(64) 		17
(63) 		15.8
(60.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 9
(48) 		9
(48) 		9
(48) 		8.5
(47.3) 		6.5
(43.7) 		5.5
(41.9) 		5
(41) 		6
(43) 		6.5
(43.7) 		9.5
(49.1) 		10
(50) 		10
(50) 		7.9
(46.2)
Average low °C (°F) 3
(37) 		3
(37) 		2
(36) 		0
(32) 		−2
(28) 		−3
(27) 		−4
(25) 		−3
(27) 		−1
(30) 		1
(34) 		2
(36) 		3
(37) 		0.1
(32.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 107.9
(4.25) 		97.9
(3.85) 		60.0
(2.36) 		18.3
(0.72) 		3.2
(0.13) 		0.7
(0.03) 		3.4
(0.13) 		3.8
(0.15) 		8.9
(0.35) 		28.6
(1.13) 		32.2
(1.27) 		65.8
(2.59) 		430.7
(16.96)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 17 16 12 5 1 0 0 1 2 5 7 14 80
Mean daily sunshine hours 6 6 7 8 9 9 9 9 8 8 7 7 7.75
Source: WeatherWorld[15]

Neighborhoods

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  • Old Town
  • San Gerardo
  • La Chacra
  • Cervecería
  • Alto Potosí
  • Nuevo Potosí
  • San Martín
  • Pampa Ingenio
  • Nacional Potosí
  • San Juan
  • Concepción
  • San Cristóbal
  • Pailaviri
  • Cachi Rancho
  • El Calvario
  • San Pedro
  • San Roque
  • Mercado Uyuni
  • San Benito
  • Villa España
  • Huachacalla
  • Cantumarca
  • San Clemente
  • Ciudad Satélite
  • Plan 40
  • Las Delicias
  • Los Pinos-Cordepo
  • Las Lecherías
  • Villa Mecànicos
  • Villa Copacabana
  • Villa Venezuela
  • Villa Nazaret

tinkpansi

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Sports

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Potosí nyɛla yiŋa n zaŋ ti bolli tim nima Real mini Nacional, ben ŋmɛri bi bolli maachi nima diɛma ni yiɣi jam balibu paaki din ʒii galisim nyɛ  32,000 Estadio Víctor Agustín Ugarte, paaki din galsi nim puuni yini duniya zaa.

Transportation

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Ban kuri Tiŋzuɣu ŋɔ binkpera bukaata n-nyɛ Aeropuerto Capitán Nicolas Rojas, n-ti pahi dabiligu alapile kompeni alapile din yina Boliviana de Aviación, Bolivia's pɔhim tuuta gbubidigu. Din lan pahi n-nyɛ railroad, ni Rio Mulatos-Potosí line.

Legacy

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San Luis Potosí tiŋzuɣu din be Mexio daa nyɛla bini zaŋ di yuli boli Potosí din be Bolivia. A yi kana United States, Potosí ŋɔ daa nyɛla bini zaŋ ti tiŋ shɛŋa tiŋgbanni ariʒichi gbin yihi ni zooi Potosi, Wisconsin,[16] ni Potosi, Missouri, ni yaɣa waya gbin yihi tiŋsi din be Potosi, Nevada.

Twin towns – sister cities

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Anfooni nima

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Lihi pahi

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Kundivihira

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  1. ↑ "Wayback Machine", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-12-02, retrieved 2022-12-06 Cite uses generic title (help)
  2. ↑ "Potosí", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-11-16, retrieved 2022-12-06
  3. ↑ "Potosí", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-11-16, retrieved 2022-12-06
  4. ↑ Cunningham, C. G. (1996-07). "The age and thermal history of Cerro Rico de Potosi, Bolivia". Mineralium Deposita 31 (5): 374–385. DOI:10.1007/bf00189185. ISSN 0026-4598.
  5. ↑ Cunningham, C. G. (1996-07). "The age and thermal history of Cerro Rico de Potosi, Bolivia". Mineralium Deposita 31 (5): 374–385. DOI:10.1007/bf00189185. ISSN 0026-4598.
  6. ↑ Cunningham, C. G. (1996-07). "The age and thermal history of Cerro Rico de Potosi, Bolivia". Mineralium Deposita 31 (5): 374–385. DOI:10.1007/bf00189185. ISSN 0026-4598.
  7. ↑ Béatrice Perez, Sonia V. Rose, Jean-Pierre Clément (2007). Des marchands entre deux mondes: pratiques et représentations en Espagne et en Amérique, XVe-XVIIIe siècles. Presses Paris Sorbonne.
  8. ↑ Pérez de Holguín, Melchor (1716). Entrada del Virrey Morcillo en Potosí.
  9. ↑ Entrada del Virrey Morcillo en Potosí.
  10. ↑ Eduardo Baez, Jean-François Lejeune (2005). Cruelty and Utopia: Cities and Landscapes of Latin America. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 77. ISBN 1568984898.
  11. ↑ Matthew Restall, Kris Lane (2018). Latin America in Colonial Times. Cambridge University Press. p. 287. ISBN 1108416403.
  12. ↑ Hiram Bingham III (1911). Across South America; an account of a journey from Buenos Aires to Lima by way of Potosí, with notes on Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 128.
  13. ↑ "Potosí", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-11-16, retrieved 2022-12-07
  14. ↑ "Potosí", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-11-16, retrieved 2022-12-07
  15. ↑ Climate Data and Activities. WeatherWorldOnline.
  16. ↑ "Potosí", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-11-16, retrieved 2022-12-06
  17. ↑ Ciudades Hermanas de Cusco (es). Asociación de Agencias de Turismo del Cusco.
  • J.H. Elliott, "The Silver Rush" https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2019/11/21/potosi-silver-rush/
  • Cerro Rico: The Greatest of the Great. Part 1 Geology for Investors, last updated October 17, 2019
  • Cerro Rico Part 2: Geology by Andrew
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