Old City of Hebron

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Old City of Hebron
municipality, old town
TiŋaState of Palestine Mali niŋ
Din be shɛli polonaHebron Mali niŋ
Tiŋgbaŋ yaɣili calinli31°31′31″N 35°6′30″E Mali niŋ
Heritage designationWorld Heritage Site Mali niŋ
World Heritage soliWorld Heritage selection criterion (ii), World Heritage selection criterion (iv), World Heritage selection criterion (vi) Mali niŋ
Map

E-Class

Old City of Hebron (Hebrew: עיר העתיקה של חברון Arabic: البلدة القديمة الخليل) nyɛla tiŋ'kuri titali din be Hebron nuzaa wulinluhili duli polo.

Taarihi[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

1940s Survey of Palestine map of the city

Greek nima n-daa ʒi ti pumpɔŋɔ tiŋ'kura maa ni bee saha shɛli tam ni pili.[1][2] Di daa ʒela zoya lɔŋ ni Tel Rumeida polo, di ni n-daa nyɛ bibilical Hebrew sunsuuni. Di daa pa, naɣila Abbasit caliphate ni daa pili ka pumpɔŋɔ tiŋ'zuɣu ŋɔ naan yi nyɛ Hebrew sunsuuni m-miɛri gindi vo shɛli be ni booni Cave of the patriarchs.[3]

Hebrew ya'kura maa zaa mini mamluk saha nyɛla saha yinsi, di kuli bela lala di bi taɣi. Ya maa pam nyɛla uthman saha ya zaŋ gbaai eighteeth century zaŋ na ti gbaai Mamluk ya pirigili. Di laɣim la ya kamani koteesi nima ka ya bihi n-ŋɔ be di sunsuuni din wuhiri ya maa tarisi ni taba ka ma li dundo' dahi din yiri pali dahi maa zuɣu[4].

Di sɔŋdi maa galisim nyɛla kɔbiga puuni vaabu pishi kpulli ni dibaayɔbu (20.6) tingbani acre pihinu ni ayi ya mini ninsali biɛlim m-be dinni.

2019 map by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, showing the humanitarian impact of Israeli settlements in Hebron city. The Old City is mostly in the "Restricted Area"

Di ni n- daa pahi World Heritage site ata m-be palestine tingbani puuni yuuni 2007, ka daa kali pahi World Heritage site din gba be gamo ni.

Tiŋgbani Tarisi[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Hebron tin' kpan'kurili nyɛla din be 19th century maps dibaayi ni, 20th century aerial photograph din nyɛ palim palim, ni 21st century map of Israeli restrictions din be Palestinian nima freedom of movement. Yuuni 1898 map nima n-nyɛ din kali dɔ gbuni [5]:

1. Tomb of the Patriarchs;

2. The Castle, partly ruined;

3. Pool;

4. Pool;

5. Old well;

6. Old well;

7. Bijurd mosque;

8. Aly Bukka mosque "the second chief building in Hebron";

A. Sheikh 'Aly Bakka quarter Arabic: حارة الشيخ علي البكا;

B. Zawiya quarter (Haret ez Zawieh) Arabic: حارة باب الزاوية;

C. Glassmakers quarter (Haret Kezazin) Arabic: حارة القزازين (see Hebron glass);

D. el Akkabeh (quarter of the ascent) Arabic: حارة العقّابة;

E. Haram quarter Arabic: حارة الحرم;

F. Muheisin quarter (name of a family);

G. Cotton quarter (Haret Kotton) Arabic: حارة قيطون;

H. the eastern quarter (Haret Mesherky) Arabic: حارة المشارقة;

I. The new quarter Arabic[6][7]

Jema Shɛhi[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Landmarks[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

1863 (de Saulcy)
1898 (Schick)
1918 (Luftstreitkräfte)
2011 (OCHAoPt)
The Old City of Hebron in two 19th century maps, an early 20th century aerial photograph, and 21st century map of Israeli restrictions on Palestinian freedom of movement. The 1898 map includes a legend as follows:

1. Tomb of the Patriarchs;
2. The Castle, partly ruined;
3. Pool;
4. Pool;
5. Old well;
6. Old well;
7. Bijurd mosque;
8. Aly Bukka mosque "the second chief building in Hebron";

A. Sheikh 'Aly Bakka quarter Arabic: حارة الشيخ علي البكا‎;
B. Zawiya quarter (Haret ez Zawieh) Arabic: حارة باب الزاوية‎;
C. Glassmakers quarter (Haret Kezazin) Arabic: حارة القزازين‎ (see Hebron glass);
D. el Akkabeh (quarter of the ascent) Arabic: حارة العقّابة‎;
E. Haram quarter Arabic: حارة الحرم‎;
F. Muheisin quarter (name of a family);
G. Cotton quarter (Haret Kotton) Arabic: حارة قيطون‎;
H. the eastern quarter (Haret Mesherky) Arabic: حارة المشارقة‎;

I. The new quarter Arabic: حارة الجديد‎

Jɛma shɛhi[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Museums[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Districts and subdivitions[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

19th century maa naabu nyaaŋa, tiŋa kurili maa daa nyɛla din mali quarters dibaawei, dini n-nyɛ;

  • Sheikh 'Aly Bakka quarter Arabic: حارة الشيخ علي البكا;
  • Zawiya quarter (Haret ez Zawieh) Arabic: حارة باب الزاوية;
  • Glassmakers quarter (Haret Kezazin) Arabic: حارة القزازين (see Hebron glass);
  • el Akkabeh (quarter of the ascent) Arabic: حارة العقّابة;
  • Haram quarter Arabic: حارة الحرم;
  • Muheisin quarter (name of a family);
  • Cotton quarter (Haret Kotton) Arabic: حارة قيطون;
  • The eastern quarter (Haret Mesherky) Arabic: حارة المشارقة;
  • The new quarter Arabic: حارة الجديد;

Tiŋa maa daa nyɛla din mali Isreal tinsi ata din be di periphery – Beit Hadassah, Beit Romano, and Avraham Avinu – bɛ ni buɣisi shɛli ni forming a "loosely contiguous Jewish neighbourhood"[8] bee "Jewish Quarter". Jewish maa yaɣili 19th century maa bahigu daa nyɛla din be Glassmakers quarter (Haret Kezazin).

Niɛma Dabu/Shopping[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

UNESCO nomination[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

U.S nima ka laɣ' shɛli n-tiri UNESCO nima tum Palestine ni daa saɣi ni o nyɛla bɛ ni yino yuuni 2011. [11]Obama ni daa nyɛ Gɔmnanti saha shɛli maa, o daa nyɛla zaŋ zali shɛli din na mini pun biɛni din daa zaɣisi ni bɛ di ti tiŋ'shɛŋa ban nyɛ UN niriba bee di kpari bɔɣiri di zaŋdi laɣiri tiri niriba ban nyɛ non-states,[12] din daa niŋ Palestine nima ni sabbi ti UNESCO mini WHO ni bɛ bɔri mi ni bɛ be bɛ ni April puuni yuuni 1989 ni[13][14]. USA mini Israel daa nyɛla din pahi kula tinsi pia ni anahi n-yi tinsi tuhuli ni pihiwɔi ni anahi ban daa niŋ piibupiibu n-zaɣisi palestinian nima deebu yuuni 2011[15].

Executive summary maa, Nomination Text, Annexes mini maps( di zaa faalinima be kpe) n-daa nyɛ Palestine nima ni zaŋ gbaŋ shɛŋa ti World Heritage center nima January gɔli puuni, [16]2017 yuuni ka daa yɛli ni bɛ bɔrila sɔŋsim Maa gɔli biɛɣu pishi ni yini dali yuuni 2017. Internationl Council on Monoments and site nima (ICOMOS) nima bɛla bɛla daa ti nyɛla sɔli ni bɛ kpe Old City din be Hebron, amaa ka Isreal nima daa zaɣisi ba sɔli tibu, dama, so'chibi'shɛŋa bɛ ni mali mini zali shɛŋa bɛ ni mali zuɣu, Isreal tingbani nyɛla din ku pahi ka ku saɣi ka Palestine nima nima zali shɛŋa din nyɛ siyaasatali napɔŋ kpuɣira n-zaŋ li dɔlisi bɛ kali mini bɛ Heritage yɛltɔɣa[17].

Lahabali zaŋ jɛndi ICOMOS nima lahabali, Jerusalem nima daa pun mimi ni " Hebron nangbanyini laɣingu nti pahi Jewish mini tinsi ban daa nyɛ dolodolo Issah nyaandoliba daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa tiri shɛba jilima, ni Tell Rumeida [an area of Biblical Hebron] nti pahi yaɣ' shɛŋa n-daa nyɛ din bi pahi boundaries maa ni" ka lala ŋɔ zuɣu "PA maa daa naan kpaŋ di maŋa, din mali timeline din yɛlima ni tingbani din yɛlima ka be tiŋa maa ni, din daa naa tooi yɛli di daafaani zaŋ chaŋ lɛbiginsim din be yaɣa ata din be monotheistic religions din piligiri 2200 BCE zaŋ chana." O ni daa sabiri lala " Field visit maa ni daa kani, nti pahi palestinians maa lahabaya din dii bi galisi lahabali daa wuhi mi ni ICOMOS "daa bi tooi eveluati li viɛnyɛla " yɛltɔɣa maa daa wuhi mi ni yaɣili maa daa nyɛla din mali binshɛɣu kam insciption ni bɔra zaŋ chaŋ di inscriptibu polo." Ka lala ŋɔ zuɣu " lahabali maa gbunni ni daa wuhi shɛm zaŋ chaŋ di gbaabu polo daa yɛrimi ni ICOMOS daa bi tooi eveluati yaɣili maa viɛnyɛla domini bɛ daa bi chaŋ ti nya bee n-kaai yaɣili maa." Ka varisigu mini zabili din daa beni nti pahi siyaasatali yɛltɔɣa din kpɛma din bɔri siyaasatali labisibu .[18] Professor mini author Lynn Meskell daa nyɛla ban zaŋ negotiations maa m-ŋmahim ti Hebron mini di yɛltɔɣa nti pahi Battir yɛltɔɣa, din wuhiri ni Palestine daa sabila acts of vandalism n-sɔŋ, saɣimbu din niŋ yaɣili maa nti pahi lirigu din niŋ zaŋ chaŋ bɛ daaʒia polo ka di zuɣu daa che ka Palestinians nima bɔhi gbaŋ ŋmari'tumayilinima danger listing yɛla din yɛn kpaŋsi ka gu ka taɣi bin' shɛŋa ti ni guri ka taɣiri zaani dahinshɛli[19].

Orly Noy, ŋun sabiri tiri +972 Magazine, yɛli mi ni UNESCO nyɛla din kɔnsiidiri (considers ) hali yaɣili maa yi saɣi ni di zaŋ li pahi bɛ yuya maa ni nti pahi di ni lu tiŋ' shɛli yuli ni, ni di zuɣu ni rezolushin maa (resolution ) bɛ mɔŋdi Jewish ni bɛ mali connection n-ti Hebron bee tiŋa yuli booni "the Tomb of the Patriarchs" ni di zuɣu ni rezolushin maa zaŋ kpa Hebron polo nyɛla din wuhi tiŋa maa ni nyɛ tiŋa shɛli din mali jilima ti Judaism, Christianity, mini Islam;[20][21][22][undue weight? – discuss] amaa Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu[undue weight? – discuss] daa yɛli mi ni Jewish connection shɛli zaŋ chaŋ yaɣili maa polo nyɛla bɛ ni zaɣisi shɛli[23][24]. Bɛ ni daa yihi Palestinian nima piibu maa (nomination), February puuni 2010 yuuni Israeli gɔmnanti daa nyɛla ŋun tɔhigu National Heritage Sites project din nima n-nyɛ; the Cave of the Patriarchs nti pahi as Palestinian yaɣ'shɛŋa din pahi; lala niŋsim ŋɔ daa nyɛla Obama administration ni galim shɛli, ka di buɣisi li ni "ignor[ing] kaya ni taada yaɣa pam din be tingbani maa ni nyɛla din ku tooi zaŋ bɔli Jewish nima dini.

Yuuni 2017puuni, U.S. nima daa nyɛla ban mɔli ni bɛ yiri la UNESCO, ka yɛri anti-Israel bias mini Israel ban dɔli suit maa. Ŋɔ daa nyɛla din dɔli resolutions din daa niŋ Jerusalem puuni 2016yuuni nti pahi the listing subject zaŋ ti sabbu ŋɔ maa. Washington's arrearsinima lala saha maa daa udin gari $500 million. Bɛ yiɣisibu daa nyɛla din niŋ 2018 yuuni naabu polo. Di ni daa niŋ ka Daniel Marwecki naai li yuuni 2019 analysinima ban yi na why the U.S mini Israel zaa nyɛla ban zo ka che UNESCO, yɛltɔɣa shɛli din pa be diplomatic drama puuni zaŋ chaŋ Israel–Palestine nima ni yɛn zaŋ bɛ zabili yihi na polo zaŋ kpa UNESCO nima ni tu bɛ nyari bɛ taarihi yɛltɔɣa nti pahi America nima ni taɣiri bɛ so'chibisi mini di tactical outlook zaŋ chaŋ UN polo. U.S nima ka laɣ' shɛli n-tiri UNESCO nima tum Palestine ni daa saɣi ni o nyɛla bɛ ni yino yuuni 2011. Obama ni daa nyɛ Gɔmnanti saha shɛli maa, o daa nyɛla zaŋ zali shɛli din na mini pun biɛni din daa zaɣisi ni bɛ di ti tiŋ'shɛŋa ban nyɛ UN niriba bee di kpari bɔɣiri di zaŋdi laɣiri tiri niriba ban nyɛ non-states, din daa niŋ Palestine nima ni sabbi ti UNESCO mini WHO ni bɛ bɔri mi ni bɛ be bɛ ni April puuni yuuni 1989 ni.


Anfooni nima[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

  • 1839 print from The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia
    1839 print from The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia
  • c.1910
    c.1910
  • 1899, Townsend Maccoun
    1899, Townsend Maccoun
  • early 20th century
    early 20th century
  • Colorized photo, early 20th century
    Colorized photo, early 20th century
  • The Old City in 1910
    The Old City in 1910
  • A barrier dividing sections of the Old City
    A barrier dividing sections of the Old City
  • A net installed in the Old City to prevent garbage dropped by Israeli settlers into a Palestinian area.[25]
    A net installed in the Old City to prevent garbage dropped by Israeli settlers into a Palestinian area.[25]

Lihi pahi/See also[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Karim Pahi/ Further Reading[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

  • Gish, Arthur G. (20 December 2018). Hebron Journal: Stories of Nonviolent Peacemaking. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-5326-6213-3.
  • Shaheen, Wael (18 July 2018). "Israeli Settlements in the Old City of Hebron". In G Passerini (ed.). Islamic Heritage Architecture and Art II. WIT Press. ISBN 978-1-78466-251-6.
  • Neuman, Tamara (June 2018). Settling Hebron: Jewish Fundamentalism in a Palestinian City. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4995-8.
  • Menachem Klein (2014). Lives in Common: Arabs and Jews in Jerusalem, Jaffa and Hebron. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-939626-9.
  • Vitullo, Anita (2003). "People Tied to Place: Strengthening Cultural Identity in Hebron's Old City". Journal of Palestine Studies 33 (1): 68–83. DOI:10.1525/jps.2003.33.1.68.
  • Conrad Schick (1898) Hebron and its Neighbourhood, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 30:4, 232-238, DOI: 10.1179/peq.1898.30.4.232
  • Dumper, Michael (2007). "Hebron". Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 164–167. ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5.
  • Jericke, Detlef (2003). Abraham in Mamre: Historische und exegetische Studien zur Region von Hebron und zu Genesis 11, 27 – 19, 38. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-12939-9. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  • Shahin, Alaa; Bert Geith, Sandrine (2017), UNESCO Nomination Document of Al-Khalil - Hebron Old Town, Book 1
  • Sharon, Moshe (13 December 2013). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Volume Five: H-I. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-25481-7.</ref>

Gish, Arthur G. (20 December 2018). Hebron Journal: Stories of Nonviolent Peacemaking. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-5326-6213-3. Shaheen, Wael (18 July 2018). "Israeli Settlements in the Old City of Hebron". In G Passerini (ed.). Islamic Heritage Architecture and Art II. WIT Press. ISBN 978-1-78466-251-6. Neuman, Tamara (June 2018). Settling Hebron: Jewish Fundamentalism in a Palestinian City. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4995-8. Menachem Klein (2014). Lives in Common: Arabs and Jews in Jerusalem, Jaffa and Hebron. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-939626-9. Vitullo, Anita (2003). "People Tied to Place: Strengthening Cultural Identity in Hebron's Old City". Journal of Palestine Studies 33 (1): 68–83. DOI:10.1525/jps.2003.33.1.68. Conrad Schick (1898) Hebron and its Neighbourhood, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 30:4, 232-238, DOI: 10.1179/peq.1898.30.4.232 Dumper, Michael (2007). "Hebron". Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 164–167. ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5. Jericke, Detlef (2003). Abraham in Mamre: Historische und exegetische Studien zur Region von Hebron und zu Genesis 11, 27 – 19, 38. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-12939-9. Retrieved 26 July 2011. Shahin, Alaa; Bert Geith, Sandrine (2017), UNESCO Nomination Document of Al-Khalil - Hebron Old Town, Book 1 Sharon, Moshe (13 December 2013). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Volume Five: H-I. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-25481-7.</ref>

External Links[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Kunduvihira[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

  1. Jericke 2003, p. 17: "Spätestens in römischer Zeit ist die Ansiedlung im Tal beim heutigen Stadtzentrum zu finden Zwischen beiden Fundstellen, am Ostfuß des Gebel erRuméde, liegt die für die Wasserversorgung der Stadt wichtige Quelle Ain el-Guděde"
  2. Achim Lichtenberger, Juden, Idumäer und „Heiden“. Die herodianischen Bauten in Hebron und Mamre in: L.- M. Günther (ed.), Herodes und Rom (Stuttgart 2007), p.59: "Die hellenistisch-römische Stadt lag im Tal dazwischen"
  3. Shahin & Bert Geith 2017, p. 54
  4. Shahin & Bert Geith 2017, p. 19: "Soon after the first Islamic Period (Umayyad Period), Al-Ibrahimi Mosque/The Tomb of Patriarchs became the focal point around which the town was built and strongly influenced its development, similar to the Haram al-Sharif in Jerusalem. Today, the historic town centre is dominated by the Mamluk architecture style built between 1250 and 1517... Mamluk architecture is predominant in Hebron/Al-Khalil’s historic centre. The urban fabric (street network and quarters), the ahwash (living units), the public buildings, the souks and the traditional way of life still retain the original spirit of the town. Most of the public and religious buildings that are still intact date back to this period. They are lavishly decorated with ornamental motifs such as muqarnas (stalactites or alveoles), ablaq (inlaid coloured marble panels), monumental inscriptions, etc."
  5. UNESCO Nomination Executive Summary: "The existing urban structure dates back to the Mamluk period... The boundaries of the proposed site correspond to the boundaries of the continuous fabric of Hebron/Al-Khalil Town during the Mamluk Period... Since the Mamluk era, the morphological configration of the old town and the spatial organisation of the urban fabric have remained mostly- unchanged, and the main distinctive attributes have been retained."
  6. Vitullo 2003, p. 68
  7. PEF Survey, volume III, p.305
  8. Unesco Declares Hebron’s Core as Palestinian World Heritage Site
  9. Decision : 41 COM 8C.1 Update of the List of World Heritage in Danger (Inscribed Properties)
  10. "Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron" United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine. Non-UN document. January 17, 1997. Archived from the original on October 24, 2007
  11. "Israeli NGO issues damning report on situation in Hebron" Agence France-Presse. ReliefWeb. August 19, 2003. Archived from the original Archived 2007-10-21 at the Wayback Machine on 2007-10-21.
  12. "Hebron, Area H-2: Settlements Cause Mass Departure of Palestinians" (PDF). B'Tselem. August 2003. "In total, 169 families lived on the three streets in September 2000, when the intifada began. Since then, seventy-three families—forty-three percent—have left their homes."
  13. "Palestine Refugees: a challenge for the International Community" Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. ReliefWeb. October 10, 2006. Archived from the original on October 17, 2006. "Settler violence has forced out over half the Palestinian population in some neighborhoods in the downtown area of Hebron. This once bustling community is now eerily deserted, and presents a harrowing existence for those few Palestinians who dare to remain or who are too deep in poverty to move elsewhere."
  14. "Ghost Town: Israel's Separation Policy and Forced Eviction of Palestinians from the Center of Hebron" B'Tselem. May 2007
  15. A ghost city revived: the remarkable transformation of Hebron
  16. "Israeli police report reveals truth about expulsion of observers in Hebron" MEMO. December 21, 2019. Retrieved March 7, 2020
  17. "Confidential 20-year monitoring report: Israel regularly breaks int'l law in Hebron" haaretz.com. 2018-12-17. Retrieved 2018-12-17.
  18. Auerbach, Jerold S. (16 July 2009). Hebron Jews: Memory and Conflict in the Land of Israel Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 110–. ISBN 978-0-7425-6617-0.
  19. Dumper 2007, pp. 164–167
  20. Schick, 1898, p.238
  21. Auerbach, Jerold S. (16 July 2009). Hebron Jews: Memory and Conflict in the Land of Israel Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 110–. ISBN 978-0-7425-6617-0.
  22. Neuman 2018 p. 3.
  23. PEF Survey of Palestine, volume III, p.306: "The place is divided into three principal divisions: 1st, including the Haret el Haram (or el Kulah) and Haret Bab er Zawieh, the main part, with the Haram in the centre; 2nd, Haret esh Sheikh, so called from the mosque of Sheikh 'Aly Bukka, which is in it ; 3rd, Haret el Mesherky, which is towards the east, on the west side of the main road. The town extends for 3/4 mile parallel to the valley. The houses are well built of stone, with flat roofs having domes in the middle. The most prominent object is the Haram enclosure, standing over the houses. The mosque within and the upper portion of the great enclosing wall were newly whitewashed in 1874, and presented a very dazzling appearance. Since 1875 the town has grown, so that these various quarters are almost connected, and the Jews' quarter especially has been enlarged. To the four quarters named above must be added six others, viz., Haret el Kezazin, the Jews' quarter, north-west of the Haram ; Haret Beni Dar, just west of the Haram; Haret el 'Akkabeh and Haret el Kerad, on the hill behind the Haram ; Haret el Muhtcsbin, south-east of the Haram and of the great pool; and Haret es Suwakineh, north of the Haram, east of the Jews' quarter."
  24. Biblical Researches in Palestine, volume II, p.446: "The Jewish dwellings are in the N.W. part of the main quarter of the town".
  25. Janine Zacharia (March 8, 2010). "Letter from the West Bank: In Hebron, renovation of holy site sets off strife" The Washington Post
  26. Hope in Hebron David Shulman, New York Review of Books, 22 March 2013: ″Those who still live on Shuhada Street can’t enter their own homes from the street. Some use the rooftops to go in and out, climbing from one roof to another before issuing into adjacent homes or alleys. Some have cut gaping holes in the walls connecting their homes to other (often deserted) houses and thus pass through these buildings until they can exit into a lane outside or up a flight of stairs to a passageway on top of the old casba market. According to a survey conducted by the human-rights organization B’Tselem in 2007, 42 per cent of the Palestinian population in the city center of Hebron (area H2)—some 1,014 families—have abandoned their homes and moved out, most of them to area H1, now under Palestinian control.″
  27. The laws originated in H.R. 2145 and S. 875 for further details see committee discussions at: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations (1989). The PLO's Efforts to Obtain Statehood Status at the World Health Organization and Other International Organizations: Hearing and Markup Before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, First Session, on H.R. 2145, May 4, 1989 . The text of the House and Senate resolutions were subsequently put into the following laws: H.R. 3743 (which produced Pub.L. 101–246 Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine H.R. 5368 H.R. 2295 and finally H.R. 2333 (which produced Pub.L. 103–236 See also: Beattie, Kirk (3 May 2016). Congress and the Shaping of the Middle East Seven Stories Press. p. 287 online. ISBN 978-1-60980-562-3. ...1989 Senate and House efforts like... Senate Resolution 875 and House Resolution 2145, both of which contained language similar to that found in the public laws of 1990 and 1994. Sen. Robert Kasten, Jr. (R-Wl) was the primary sponsor of S 875, and Rep. Tom Lantos sponsored HR 2145. In a nutshell, recognition by any UN body of the Palestinians' right to statehood or their achievement of statehood status would trigger a suspension of US funding to the "offending" UN body under these laws. (I'll just note in passing that it was Sen. Kasten who was to be a major recipient of campaign funds that AIPAC's President David Steiner was soliciting from one Haim Katz. Katz surreptitiously taped and released to the public the conversation, much to AIPAC's embarrassment. The conversation can be found on-line and makes for an interesting read.)
  28. "U.S. stops UNESCO funding over Palestinian vote" Reuters. October 31, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  29. Shadi Sakran (26 November 2019). The Legal Consequences of Limited Statehood: Palestine in Multilateral Frameworks Taylor & Francis. pp. 64–. ISBN 978-1-00-076357-7.
  31. Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State UNESCO Executive Board, 131st, 1989
  32. "U.S., Israel quit U.N. heritage agency citing bias" Reuters. October 12, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  33. "Palestine: UNESCO Votes the Old City of Hebron a World Heritage Site" ARCP. July 2017. Archived from the origin on November 10, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2020
  34. "U.S., Israel quit U.N. heritage agency citing bias" Times of Israel. June 25, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  35. "UNESCO experts: Hebron heritage request too focused on Muslim history"Jerusalem Post. July 2, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2020
  36. Lynn Meskell (1 June 2018). A Future in Ruins: UNESCO, World Heritage, and the Dream of Peace Oxford University Press. pp. 196–. ISBN 978-0-19-064836-7.
  37. ICOMOS: Hebron/Al-Khalil Old town (Palestine) No 1565, page 10
  38. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_e3fbd099-269a-433d-994d-84b71c739c1f?_=248900eng.pdf&to=56&from=1#pdfjs.action=download Section 30.III, "Reaffirms that the two concerned sites located in Al-Khalil/Hebron and in Bethlehem are an integral part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, and shares the conviction affirmed by the international community that the two sites are of religious significance for Judaism, Christianity and Islam;"
  39. 2017 Nomination Text p.19: "As a pilgrimage site for the three monotheistic religions – Judaism, Christianity and Islam"; p.25: "The quarters defined by the community’s religion, such as the Christian quarter (harat al-Nasara, mentioned by Mujir al-Din) and the Jewish quarter (harat al-Yahud, mentioned in the 16th century Ottoman tax registers and by the Jewish travellers dur- ing the same period), or the bothare, which is no longer existing."; p.59: "Jewish families living in Hebron left the city after the eruption of violence in 1929 and mainly after 1948 war."
  40. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_e3fbd099-269a-433d-994d-84b71c739c1f?_=248900eng.pdf&to=56&from=1#pdfjs.action=download
  41. Ahren, Raphael; Agencies. "At stormy meet, UNESCO declares Hebron an endangered Palestinian site" Times of Israel. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
  42. Rosenfeld, Alvin H. (2019-01-09). Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism: The Dynamics of Delegitimization Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-03872-2.
  43. "US slams Israel over designating heritage sites" Haaretz. 2010-02-25.
  44. Gori, Maja. (2013). "The Stones of Contention: The Role of Archaeological Heritage in Israeli–Palestinian Conflict." Archaeologies. 9. 10.1007/s11759-013-9222-7. p.222
  45. "Why Did the U.S. And Israel Leave UNESCO?" E-International Relations. February 14, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2020
  46. Ward, Hazel (May 23, 2011). "West Bank B&B in Hebron's Old City fully booked" The Australian. Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. Retrieved November 18, 2022
  51. and S. 875; for further details see committee discussions at:
  53. and S. 875; for further details see commi


8.

  1. PEF Survey, volume III, p.305
  2. ^ Unesco Declares Hebron’s Core as Palestinian World Heritage Site
  3. ^ Decision : 41 COM 8C.1 Update of the List of World Heritage in Danger (Inscribed Properties)
  4. ^
  5. ^ a b
  6. ^  "In total, 169 families lived on the three streets in September 2000, when the intifada began. Since then, seventy-three families—forty-three percent—have left their homes."
  7. ^
  8. ^
  9. ^ A ghost city revived: the remarkable transformation of Hebron
  10. ^
  11. ^
  12. ^ Dumper 2007, pp. 164–167.
  13. ^ Schick, 1898, p.238
  14. ^
  15. ^ Neuman 2018, p. 3. In
  16. ^ PEF Survey of Palestine, volume III, p.306: "The place is divided into three principal divisions: 1st, including the Haret el Haram (or el Kulah) and Haret Bab er Zawieh, the main part, with the Haram in the centre; 2nd, Haret esh Sheikh, so called from the mosque of Sheikh 'Aly Bukka, which is in it ; 3rd, Haret el Mesherky, which is towards the east, on the west side of the main road. The town extends for 3/4 mile parallel to the valley. The houses are well built of stone, with flat roofs having domes in the middle. The most prominent object is the Haram enclosure, standing over the houses. The mosque within and the upper portion of the great enclosing wall were newly whitewashed in 1874, and presented a very dazzling appearance. Since 1875 the town has grown, so that these various quarters are almost connected, and the Jews' quarter especially has been enlarged. To the four quarters named above must be added six others, viz., Haret el Kezazin, the Jews' quarter, north-west of the Haram ; Haret Beni Dar, just west of the Haram; Haret el 'Akkabeh and Haret el Kerad, on the hill behind the Haram ; Haret el Muhtcsbin, south-east of the Haram and of the great pool; and Haret es Suwakineh, north of the Haram, east of the Jews' quarter."
    1. II, p.446: "The Jewish dwellings are in the N.W. part of the main quarter of the town".
    2. ^
    3. ^ Hope in Hebron. David Shulman, New York Review of Books, 22 March 2013: ″Those who still live on Shuhada Street can’t enter their own homes from the street. Some use the rooftops to go in and out, climbing from one roof to another before issuing into adjacent homes or alleys. Some have cut gaping holes in the walls connecting their homes to other (often deserted) houses and thus pass through these buildings until they can exit into a lane outside or up a flight of stairs to a passageway on top of the old casba market. According to a survey conducted by the human-rights organization B’Tselem in 2007, 42 per cent of the Palestinian population in the city center of Hebron (area H2)—some 1,014 families—have abandoned their homes and moved out, most of them to area H1, now under Palestinian control.″
    4. ^ The laws originated in H.R. 2145 and S. 875; for further details see committee discussions at: . The text of the House and Senate resolutions were subsequently put into the following laws: H.R. 3743 (which produced Pub.L. 101–246), H.R. 5368, H.R. 2295 and finally H.R. 2333 (which produced Pub.L. 103–236). See also:
  1. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-11-19, retrieved 2022-12-08
  2. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-11-19, retrieved 2022-12-08
  3. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-11-19, retrieved 2022-12-08
  4. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-11-19, retrieved 2022-12-08
  5. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-12-09, retrieved 2022-12-15
  6. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-12-09, retrieved 2022-12-15
  7. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-12-09, retrieved 2022-12-15
  8. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-12-09, retrieved 2022-12-15
  9. ↑ Janine Zacharia (March 8, 2010). "Letter from the West Bank: In Hebron, renovation of holy site sets off strife". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/07/AR2010030702702.html.
  10. ↑ Hope in Hebron. David Shulman, New York Review of Books, 22 March 2013:
    ″Those who still live on Shuhada Street can’t enter their own homes from the street. Some use the rooftops to go in and out, climbing from one roof to another before issuing into adjacent homes or alleys. Some have cut gaping holes in the walls connecting their homes to other (often deserted) houses and thus pass through these buildings until they can exit into a lane outside or up a flight of stairs to a passageway on top of the old casba market. According to a survey conducted by the human-rights organization B’Tselem in 2007, 42 per cent of the Palestinian population in the city center of Hebron (area H2)—some 1,014 families—have abandoned their homes and moved out, most of them to area H1, now under Palestinian control.″
  11. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-12-09, retrieved 2022-12-15
  12. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-12-09, retrieved 2022-12-15
  13. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-12-09, retrieved 2022-12-15
  14. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-12-09, retrieved 2022-12-15
  15. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-12-09, retrieved 2022-12-15
  16. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-12-09, retrieved 2022-12-15
  17. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-12-09, retrieved 2022-12-15
  18. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-12-09, retrieved 2022-12-15
  19. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-12-09, retrieved 2022-12-15
  20. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-12-09, retrieved 2022-12-15
  21. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-12-09, retrieved 2022-12-15
  22. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-12-09, retrieved 2022-12-15
  23. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-12-09, retrieved 2022-12-15
  24. ↑ "Old City of Hebron", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-12-09, retrieved 2022-12-15
  25. ↑ Ward, Hazel (May 23, 2011). West Bank B&B in Hebron's Old City fully booked.
Di yila "https://dag.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_City_of_Hebron&oldid=85577"