List of South American animals extinct in the Holocene

Pahimi soya
Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia

Map of South America

Yuya zaŋ ti South America binkɔbiri ban lahi ka Holocene chanimi ni binkɔb'shɛba bɛ ni mi ka bɛ lahi ka South America tiŋgbani yaɣili yuma 12,000. Yuya maa chanimi ni binkɔbiri ban lahi ka Galápagos, Falklands, ni ko'sunsuuni tiŋgbana din baɣi lala yaɣili ŋɔ, amaa ka Easter Island ( Chile siyaasa yaɣ'shɛli) din kali m-pahi List of Oceanian animals extinct in the Holocene, bee Caribbean ko'sunsuuni tiŋgbana din be List of Antillian and Bermudan animals extinct in the Holocene.

Binnɛma ŋɔ shɛba ni ka ni saha shɛli nyɛla din bi mi.

Binnɛma ban dɔɣira[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Talahi[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

N.B.: Bɛ daa baŋ la binkɔbiri ŋɔ yɛla "from Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene" din depoziiti Brazil[1][2] ni Argentina,[3]amaa ka ni Holocene datation nini ni.
Ban kanibu dabisa bi mi
Common name
scientific name 		Range Image
Ahytherium aureum Bahia, Brazil
Glyptotherium sp. Florida and Texas to northeastern Brazil
Holmesina majus Minas Gerais and Ceará, Brazil Skeleton of close relative H. occidentalis
Lestodon armatus Southern Brazil
Neochoerus sp. Middle Brazil
Nothrotherium maquinense Eastern Brazil
Pachyarmatherium brasiliense Eastern Brazil
Pampatherium sp. Brazil
Panochthus tuberculatus Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Xenorhinotherium bahiense North and east South America

Pɔi ni taarihi[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Pɔi ni kanibu taarihi ( Holocene zaŋ chaŋ 1500 CE piligu)
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Image
Dire wolf
Aenocyon dirus 		7320-6840 BCE[4] North America and western South America
Antifer ultra c. 7950 BCE[5] Río de la Plata Basin and central Chile
Arctotherium tarijense 8470-8320 BCE[6] Argentina Reconstruction of older relative A. bonariense
Arctotherium wingei 14825-6840 BCE[7] Northeastern South America
Catonyx cuvieri 7830-7430 BCE[6] Eastern South America
Cuvieronius hyodon 9790 BCE[8] Northern and central Andes
Doedicurus clavicaudatus 4765-4445 BCE[9] South American Pampas
Equus neogeus 6660-4880 BCE[10] South America
Eremotherium laurillardi 7800-7740 BCE[11] Southern United States to Brazil
Eutatus seguini 6389-6060 BCE[12] Northern Argentina and Uruguay
Glossotherium sp. 6810-6650 BCE[10] South America
Glyptodon sp.[upper-alpha 1] 6660-4880 BCE[10] Eastern South America
Hippidion saldiasi 8059 BCE[14] Eastern South America
Hoplophorus euphractus 6660-4880 BCE[10] Eastern Brazil
Macrauchenia patachonica 9381-9281 BCE[15] Southwestern South America
Giant ground sloth
Megatherium americanum 		5270-4310 BCE[9] Temperate South America and the Andes
Morenelaphus brachyceros 8050-5845 BCE[16] Temperate South America
Darwin's ground sloth
Mylodon darwini 		6689 BCE[17] Pampas and Patagonia
Neosclerocalyptus paskoensis 5120 BCE[13] Southern South America Reconstruction of close relative N. ornatus
Notiomastodon platensis 4170-4050 BCE[18] South America
Palaeolama major 6660-4880 BCE[10] North and east South America
Panthera onca mesembrina 9705-9545 BCE[6] Patagonia
Propraopus sulcatus 6660-4880 BCE[10] Eastern South America
Scelidodon chiliensis 7160-6760 BCE[10] Western South America
Scelidotherium leptocephalum 5660-5540 BCE[19] Southern South America
South American saber-toothed cat
Smilodon populator 		7330-7030 BCE[10] Eastern South America
Toxodon platensis 4650-1450 BCE[10] South America
Valgipes bucklandi 9110-9030 BCE[20] Intertropical region of Brazil[1]

Saha ŋɔ[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Ban kani saha ŋɔ (1500 CE zaŋ kana zuŋɔ)
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Image
Red-bellied gracile opossum
Cryptonanus ignitus 		1962[21] Jujuy, Argentina
Giant vampire bat
Desmodus draculae 		1675-1755[22] Eastern South America
Falkland Islands wolf
Dusicyon australis 		1876[23] Falkland Islands
Dusicyon avus 1454-1626[24] Argentina and Uruguay
Candango mouse
Juscelinomys candango 		1960[25] Brasilia, Brazil
Chilihueque
Lama cf. guanicoe 		17th century[26] Mocha Island, Chile
Fuegian dog
Lycalopex cf. culpaeus 		20th century[27] Tierra del Fuego
Galápagos giant rat
Megaoryzomys curioi 		1520-1950[28] Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
Caribbean monk seal
Neomonachus tropicalis 		17th century[29] Caribbean Sea, Bahamas, and Gulf of Mexico
Darwin's Galápagos mouse
Nesoryzomys darwini 		1930[30] Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
Indefatigable Galápagos mouse
Nesoryzomys indefessus 		1934[31] Santa Cruz and Baltra, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
Vespucci's giant rat
Noronhomys vespuccii 		1503[32] Fernando de Noronha Island, Brazil


Possibly extinct
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range
Zuniga's dark rice rat
Melanomys zunigae 		1949[33] Lomas de Atocongo, near Lima, Peru
One-striped opossum
Monodelphis unistriata 		1899[34] Southeastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina
Pacific degu
Octodon pacificus 		1994[35] Mocha Island, Chile

Noonsi[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Ban kani saha ŋɔ (1500 CE zaŋ kana zuŋɔ)
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Image
Niceforo's pintail
Anas georgica niceforoi 		1952[36] Central Colombia
Magdalena tinamou
Crypturellus erythropus saltuarius 		1990s[36] Magdalena River Valley, Colombia
Darwin's ground finch
Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris 		1835[36] Floreana and San Cristóbal, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
Antioquia brown-banded antpitta
Grallaria milleri gilesi 		1878[36] Santa Helena, Antioquia Department, Colombia
Bogotá sunangel
Heliantelus zusii 		1909[36] Northern Andes?
Alagoas foliage-gleaner
Philydor novaesi 		2011[36] Alagoas and Pernambuco, Brazil
Colombian grebe
Podiceps andinus 		1977[37] Bogotá wetlands, Colombia
San Cristóbal flycatcher
Pyrocephalus dubius 		1987[38] San Cristóbal, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
Peruvian rail
Rallus semiplumbeus peruvianus 		1886[36] Peruvian highlands and possibly Ecuador
Alejandro Selkirk Island firecrown
Sephanoides fernandensis leyboldi 		1908[36] Alejandro Selkirk Island?, Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile


Possibly extinct
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Image
Glaucous macaw
Anodorhynchus glaucus 		2001[39] Border area of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay
Letitia's thorntail
Discosura letitiae 		1852[36] Bolivia
Turquoise-throated puffleg
Eriocnemis godini 		1850[40] Northern Ecuador
Eskimo curlew
Numenius borealis 		1939[41] Northwestern Canada and Alaska, and Southern Cone
Sinú parakeet
Pyrrhura subandina 		1949[42] Sinú Valley, Córdoba Department, Colombia


Ban lahi ka mɔɣini
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Reintroduction Image
Spix's macaw
Cyanopsitta spixii 		2000[43] Sao Francisco River, Bahia, Brazil
Alagoas curassow
Mitu mitu 		1988[44] Alagoas and Pernambuco, Brazil 2019[45]

Ban be kom ni[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Saha ŋɔ ban kani (1500 CE zaŋ kana zuŋɔ)
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Image
Pinta Island tortoise
Chelonoidis abingdonii 		2012[46] Pinta, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
Floreana giant tortoise
Chelonoidis niger 		c. 1850[47] Floreana, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador

Ban be kom ni mini duli[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Saha ŋɔ ban kani (1500 CE zaŋ kana zuŋɔ)
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range
Maracay harlequin frog
Atelopus vogli 		1957[48] Güey River, Aragua, Venezuela
Spiny-knee leaf frog
Phrynomedusa fimbriata 		1898[49] Paranapiacaba, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil


Possibly extinct
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range
Green and red venter harlequin toad
Atelopus pinangoi 		1997[50] Mérida state, Venezuela
Aragua robber frog
Pristimantis anotis 		1974[51] Henri Pittier National Park, Aragua, Venezuela
Chile Darwin's frog
Rhinoderma rufum 		1981[52] Valparaíso and Biobío Regions, Chile

Zahim[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Possibly extinct
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Image
Galápagos damsel
Azurina eupalama 		1982-1983[53] Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
Titicaca orestias
Orestias cuvieri 		unknown[54] Lake Titicaca
Greasefish
Rhizosomichthys totae 		1958[55] Tota Lake, Colombia

Echinoderms[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Possibly extinct
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range
24-rayed sunstar
Heliaster solaris 		1983[56] Galápagos Islands, Ecuador

Binnɛma[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name
scientific name 		Range
Megadytes ducalis Brazil[57]
Rhantus orbignyi Argentina and Brazil[58]

Sambara[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Saha ŋɔ ban kani (1500 CE zaŋ kana zuŋɔ)
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range
Rhinodrilus fafner 1912[59] Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Molluscs[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Holocene ban kani ka di dabisa bi mi
Common name
scientific name 		Range Image
Littoridina gaudichaudii Ecuador[60] Lahabali kɔligu:Littoridina gaudichaudii 2.png
Megalobulimus cardosoi Brazil[61]
Tomigerus gibberulus Brazil[62]
Tomigerus turbinatus Brazil[63]


Extinct in the wild
Common name
scientific name 		Range
Aylacostoma chloroticum Paraná River[64]

Lahi Lihimi m-pahi[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Noosi[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 da Silva, R. C., Berbert-Born, M., Bustamante, D. E. F., Santoro, T. N., Sedor, F., & dos Santos Avilla, L. (2019). "Diversity and preservation of Pleistocene tetrapods from caves of southwestern Bahia, Brazil". Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 90, 233-254.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ghilardi, A. M., Fernandes, M. A., & Bichuette, M. E. (2011). "Megafauna from the Late Pleistocene-Holocene deposits of the Upper Ribeira karst area, southeast Brazil". Quaternary International, 245 (2), 369-378.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Fariña, R. A., Vizcaíno, S. F., & Bargo, M. S. (1998). "Body mass estimations in Lujanian (late Pleistocene-early Holocene of South America) mammal megafauna". Mastozoología Neotropical, 5 (2), 87-108.
  4. ↑ Prevosti, F. J., Tonni, E. P., & Bidegain, J. C. (2009). "Stratigraphic range of the large canids (Carnivora, Canidae) in South America, and its relevance to quaternary biostratigraphy". Quaternary International, 210 (1-2), 76-81.
  5. ↑ Labarca, R., & Alcaraz, M. A. (2011). "Presencia de Antifer ultra Ameghino (= Antifer niemeyeri Casamiquela)(Artiodactyla, Cervidae) en el Pleistoceno tardío-Holoceno temprano de Chile central (30-35° S)". Andean Geology, 38 (1), 156-170.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Haynes, Gary (2009). American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-8792-9. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  7. ↑ Rincón, A. D., & Soibelzon, L. H. (2007). "The fossil record of the short-faced bears (Ursidae, Tremarctinae) from Venezuela. Systematic, biogeographic, and paleoecological implications". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, 244.
  8. ↑ Correal Urrego, G. et al. (1990). "Evidencias culturales durante el Pleistoceno y Holoceno de Colombia". Revista de Arqueología Americana, 1, 68-69.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Gutiérrez, M.A. et al. (2010). "Supervivencia diferencial de mamíferos de gran tamaño en la región pampeana en el Holoceno temprano y su relación con aspectos paleobiológicos". In Zooarqueología a principios del siglo XXI: Aportes teóricos, metodológicos y casos de estudio. Ediciones del Espinillo, Buenos Aires, 231-242.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 Turvey, Sam (2009). Holocene Extinctions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953509-5. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  11. ↑ Dantas, M.A.T., & Cozzuol, M.A. (2016). "The Brazilian intertropical fauna from 60 to about 10 ka BP: taxonomy, dating, diet, and Paleoenvironments". In Marine Isotope Stage 3 in Southern South America, 60 KA BP-30 KA BP, pages 207-226.
  12. ↑ Stuart, A.J. (2021) Vanished Giants: The Lost World of the Ice Age. University of Chicago Press, 288 pages.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Zurita, A. E. (2007). Sistemática y evolución de los Hoplophorini (Xenarthra: glyptodontidae: hoplophorinae. Mioceno tardío-Holoceno temprano). Importancia bioestratigráfica, paleobiogeográfica y paleoambiental. (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad Nacional de La Plata).
  14. ↑ Barnosky, A. D., & Lindsey, E. L. (2010). "Timing of Quaternary megafaunal extinction in South America in relation to human arrival and climate change". Quaternary International, 217 (1-2), 10-29.
  15. ↑ Prado, J. L., Martinez-Maza, C., & Alberdi, M. T. (2015). "Megafauna extinction in South America: A new chronology for the Argentine Pampas". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 425, 41-49.
  16. ↑ Ubilla, M., et al. (2018). "Mammals in last 30 to 7 ka interval (Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene) in southern Uruguay (Santa Lucía River Basin): last occurrences, climate, and biogeography". Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 25(2), 291-300.
  17. ↑ Martin, Paul S.; Klein, Richard G. (1989). Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-231-03733-4.
  18. ↑ Rodríguez-Flórez, C. D., Rodríguez-Flórez, E. L., & Rodríguez, C. A. (2009). "Revisión de la fauna pleistocénica Gomphotheriidae en Colombia y reporte de un caso para el Valle del Cauca. Boletín Científico. Centro de Museos". Museo de Historia Natural, 13 (2), 78-85.
  19. ↑ Cruz, L. E., Bargo, M. S., Tonni, E. P., & Figini, A. J. (2010). "Radiocarbon date on megafauna from the late Pleistocene-early Holocene of Córdoba province, Argentina: stratigraphic and paleoclimatic significance". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 27 (3), 470-476.
  20. ↑ Miño-Boilini, Á. R., & Quiñones, S. I. (2020). "Los perezosos Scelidotheriinae (Xenarthra, Folivora): taxonomía, biocronología y biogeografía". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, 22 (2), 201-218.
  21. ↑ Flores, D. (2016). "Cryptonanus ignitus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41320A22177809.en.
  22. ↑ Pardiñas, U.F.J., & Tonni, E.P. (2000). "A giant vampire (Mammalia, Chiroptera) in the Late Holocene from the Argentinean pampas: paleoenvironmental significance". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 160 (3-4), 213-221.
  23. ↑ Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2015). "Dusicyon australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T6923A82310440.en.
  24. ↑ (November 2015) "Extinctions in near time: new radiocarbon dates point to a very recent disappearance of the South American fox Dusicyon avus (Carnivora: Canidae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 116 (3): 704–720. DOI:10.1111/bij.12625.
  25. ↑ Roach, N. (2019). "Juscelinomys candango". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T10946A160756258.en.
  26. ↑ Westbury, M., Prost, S., Seelenfreund, A., Ramírez, J. M., Matisoo-Smith, E. A., & Knapp, M. (2016). "First complete mitochondrial genome data from ancient South American camelids-the mystery of the chilihueques from Isla Mocha (Chile)". Scientific Reports, 6 (1), 1-7.
  27. ↑ Silva Rochefort, B., & Root‐Bernstein, M. (2021). "History of canids in Chile and impacts on prey adaptations". Ecology and Evolution, 11 (15), 9892-9903.
  28. ↑ Weksler, M. (2019). "Megaoryzomys curioi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T136657A22330270.en.
  29. ↑ McClenachan, L., & Cooper, A. B. (2008). "Extinction rate, historical population structure and ecological role of the Caribbean monk seal". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 275(1641), 1351-1358.
  30. ↑ Tirira, D.G. (2019). "Nesoryzomys darwini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T14706A22390382.en.
  31. ↑ Tirira, D.G. (2019). "Nesoryzomys indefessus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T14708A22390443.en.
  32. ↑ Weksler, M. (2019). "Noronhomys vespuccii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T136692A22333193.en.
  33. ↑ Zeballos, H. (2019). "Melanomys zunigae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T13048A22344408.en.
  34. ↑ Pavan, S. (2016). "Monodelphis unistriata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13703A22171555.en.
  35. ↑ Roach, N. (2016). "Octodon pacificus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15090A78321512.en.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 36.7 36.8 Hume, J.P. (2017) Extinct Birds. Bloomsbury Publishing, 560 pages.
  37. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Podiceps andinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22696615A93574182.en.
  38. ↑ BirdLife International (2017). "Pyrocephalus dubius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103682916A119211257.en.
  39. ↑ BirdLife International (2019). "Anodorhynchus glaucus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22685527A154380861.en.
  40. ↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Eriocnemis godini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22687922A182244989.en.
  41. ↑ BirdLife International (2019). "Numenius borealis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22693170A155293606.en.
  42. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Pyrrhura subandina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T45422401A95151315.en.
  43. ↑ BirdLife International (2019). "Cyanopsitta spixii ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019.
  44. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). Mitu mitu. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22678486A132315266. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22678486A132315266.en. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  45. ↑ Francisco, M. R., Costa, M. C., Azeredo, R. M., Simpson, J. G., da Costa Dias, T., Fonseca, A., ... & Silveira, L. F. (2021). "Recovered after an extreme bottleneck and saved by ex situ management: Lessons from the Alagoas curassow (Pauxi mitu [Linnaeus, 1766]; Aves, Galliformes, Cracidae)". Zoo Biology, 40 (1), 76-78.
  46. ↑ Cayot, L.J. (2016). "Chelonoidis abingdonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T9017A65487433.en.
  47. ↑ van Dijk, P.P. (2017). "Chelonoidis niger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T9023A3149101.en.
  48. ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Atelopus vogli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T54561A109529582.en.
  49. ↑ Baêta, D., Giasson, L. O. M., Pombal Jr, J. P., & Haddad, C. F. B. (2016). "Review of the rare genus Phrynomedusa Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923 (Anura: Phyllomedusidae) with description of a new species". Herpetological Monographs, 30 (1), 49-78.
  50. ↑ La Marca, E. (2004). "Atelopus pinangoi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54542A11164544.en.
  51. ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pristimantis anotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T56423A109538689.en.
  52. ↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2015). "Rhinoderma rufum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T19514A79809567.en.
  53. ↑ (2010) "Azurina eupalama". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T184017A8219600.en.
  54. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Orestias cuvieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T15491A4665163.en.
  55. ↑ Mesa-Salazar, L. (2016). "Rhizosomichthys totae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T19661A61472482.en.
  56. ↑ Alvarado, J.J. & Solis-Marin, F.A. (2012). Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America. Springer Science & Business Media.
  57. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Megadytes ducalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T12944A3400572.en.
  58. ↑ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Rhantus orbignyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T19461A8894689.en.
  59. ↑ Moreira, F.M.S. et al. (2006). Soil Diversity in Amazonian and Other Brazilian Ecosystems. CABI, 280 pages.
  60. ↑ IUCN
  61. ↑ IUCN
  62. ↑ IUCN
  63. ↑ IUCN
  64. ↑ Mansur, M.C.D. (2000). "Aylacostoma chloroticum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000. DOI:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T29612A9504703.en.

References[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

External links[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Tɛmplet:Extinct Animals by Regions
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