Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Armenian cochineal

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Armenian cochineal
taxon
Nangban yiŋga YuyaPorphyrophora hamelii Mali niŋ
Yaɣili Kpamlispecies Mali niŋ
Lamba ZuliyaPorphyrophora Mali niŋ
This taxon is source ofArmenian cochineal Mali niŋ
Intangible cultural heritage statusRepresentative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Armenia Mali niŋ
Diel cyclediurnality Mali niŋ

Armenian cochineal (Porphyrophora hamelii), bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli Ararat cochineal bee Ararat scale, nyɛla binneenbila so ŋun be Ararat plain mini Aras (Araks) River valley din be Armenian Highlands mini Turkey. Bɛ daa na mali la lala binneenbila ŋɔ m-maani eponymous crimson carmine dyestuff, Armenia bɛ booni li la vordan karmir (Armenian: որդան կարմիր, literally "worm's red") ka taarihi ni Persia nima booni li kirmiz.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Lala binnɛma ŋɔ kpihindi la Armenia tiŋgbani ni.[7]

"Armenian cochineal scale" binneenbila, Porphyrophora hamelii, nyɛla ŋun be "taxonomic family" balibu ni "cochineal" din be Americas. Binnɛma maa zaa malila "red dyestuffs" ka bɛ booni di zaa "cochineal".[8]

Porphyrophora hamelii nyɛla nadaa "natural sources " din nyɛ "red dye" m-be Middle East mini Europe, n-ti tabili binnɛma "dyes", kermes (din yina Kermes vermilio mini binnɛma ban ŋmani ba ni), lac (ni din yina Kerria lacca mini binnɛma ban ŋmani ba ni), n-ti pahi carmine din yina Porphyrophora binnɛma balibu ni kamani "Polish cochineal" (Porphyrophora polonica), ni tihi "dye madder" (din yina Rubia tinctorum mini bala din ŋmani li).[3][4][6][9][10][11][12][13] Zilisigu bɛni ni "Armenian cochineal dye" daa pun nyɛla din bɛni 714 BC piligu, dini daa niŋ ka Neo-Assyrian naa Sargon II fari "red textiles" din saɣindi tɔbu "kingdoms of Urartu" ( Armenia fadiri ŋun daa mali tiŋgbani baŋsim) mini Kilhu.[3][4][14][15][16] Roman-era tima tibu baŋda mini dɔɣite Dioscorides, ni daa sabiri 1st century AD, o daa wuhiya ni kokkos baphike din yi diko, kermes shrub mini di "ʒi" (kermes insect) ni nadaa sasabiriba shɛba gabirili mi ni Porphyrophora hamelii, din yina Galatia mini Armenia.[3][4][17] Early Middle Ages saha Armenian taarihi baŋdiba Ghazar Parpetsi mini Movses Khorenatsi daa sabi jɛndi "worm-produced dyestuff" din yina Ararat tiŋgbani yaɣili polo.[4][16]

Middle Ages saha "Armenian cochineal dyestuff" vordan karmir, nyɛla bɛ ni daa lahi booni shɛli Persia tiŋgbani kirmiz.[4][5][6][16] Kirmiz mini "dyer's kermes" bi tu ni di gabiri taba, din daavyina binnɛŋ balishɛli ni.[6] Armenian tiŋgbana Artashat mini Dvin n daa nyɛ tiŋ'shɛŋa bɛ ni tuui maani kirmiz: 8th zaŋ chaŋ 10th centuries Arab mini Persian taarihi baŋdiba booni la Artashat "tiŋa din yuli booni kirmiz".[4][16] Arabs mini Persians nyɛla kirmiz ka di nyɛ jilima bini din yina Armenia.[6] Armenians maa maŋmaŋa malila vordan karmir m-maani "dyes" din niŋdi "textiles" (n-ti pahi oriental rugs) mini pigments zaŋti illuminated manuscripts mini church frescos.[4][16][18][19] "Chemical analyses" nyami ka "dye" din yina Porphyrophora hamelii ka "Coptic textiles" ni 3rd zaŋ chaŋ 10th centuries, "cashmere" beeni ka din be kaftan din yian Sassanid Persia 6th bee 7th century, "silk liturgical gloves" din yina 15th-century France, Ottoman nɛma kamani velvets mini lampas din daa bɛni 15th zaŋ chaŋ 17th centuries, ni 16th-century "velvet cap of maintenance" din nyɛ Henry VIII of England.[6][20][21]

Europe Renaissance saha, Porphyrophora binnɛma daa nyɛla ban mali darija ka bɛ darija saɣi ni Constantinople yuuni1430s saha, "one kilogram (2.2 pounds), Porphyrophora hamelii binneenbihi daa mali darija n gari salïma "5 grams (0.18 ounces)".[6][22][23] "Crimson Porphyrophora-based dyes" daa malila di daa Europe zaŋ ti "dyeing silk", dini n daa nyɛ "scarlet dye kermes", dini n daa galisiri a , ka nyɛ alaha, ka viɛli n-ti "woolen textiles dyeing ", din timsi gari "silk" ka bɔri "dye" pam.[6] Di daa buɣisiya ni binneen kuma miliyɔŋ pirigili (Porphyrophora hamelii) n daa naan tooi "dye" one kilogram (2.2 lb) "silk crimson" lala saha ŋɔ.[6][24] Armenian mini Polish cochineal zaŋ maɣisi taba puuni, ŋun sabi 15th-century sabbu din jɛndi "silks" Florence sabimi ni "Tɛmplet:!(Armenian cochineal binnɛma Tɛmplet:)! n yɛn "dye" Tɛmplet:!(silkTɛmplet:)! kamaniTɛmplet:!(Polish cochineal binnɛmaTɛmplet:)! 1pound pɔrilim; yɛlimaŋli n-nyɛli ni di tiri nahingbaŋ din nɛ n gai zaɣi bili maa, amaa ka di "dye" leei pɔra."[6][25]

Zaŋ chaŋ 16th century bahigu, Old World Porphyrophora dyes daa chanimi ni Dactylopius coccus cochineal binnɛma balibu ban yina America, bɛ ni ni tooi gbahi shɛnmba pam yuuni puli ni ka nyɛ "dye" pam.[15]

"armine dyestuff odin yina Porphyrophora hamelii onhingbaŋcʒee maa pam nyɛla arminic acid, mka yi niŋ tɔm pam ni tim tooi wɔligili ni "destuff "odincyina ochineal puuni America.[6][9][10][15][26] Dyestuff din yina Porphyrophora polonica ni tooi waligi ni di kermesic acid maa bɛla, din nyɛ kermes puuni shɛli din yina Kermes vermilio.[citation needed]

Yuuni 1833 German "naturalist", Johann Friedrich von Brandt daa yina ni "scientific name" Porphyrophora hamelii dini daa niŋ ka Russian tima baŋda, sochanda, ni taarihi baŋda ŋun yina German, Iosif Khristianovich Gamel (Josef Hamel) (ru), ŋun daa chaŋ Ararat plain 1830s piligu ha ka sabi lahabali jɛndi "cochineal" binnɛma ban be din ni.[27][28]

Porphyrophora hamelii cysts around the root of Aeluropus littoralis

Porphyrophora hamelii nyɛla binnɛma ban mali balibu.[30][31][32] Zaɣi nyaŋ zaɣi kuri, carmine ni yirina shɛba puuni, o nyɛla zaɣ'kpulli, ningbungbaŋ din bala, ka di ningbungbaŋ nyɛ crimson, ka mali tooni napɔna din nyɛ napɔŋ kara din gbiri bɔɣa. Binneen nyama ŋɔ ni tooi bari ka Porphyrophora balibu: kamani 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) waɣilim mini 7 mm (0.28 in) yɛliŋ.[30][32] Dihitabili bɛni ni "one troy pound" (360 grams) cochineal binnɛma bɔri la "18,000–23,000 specimens of Porphyrophora hamelii", amaa ka bɔri 100,000–130,000 bɛ binneen taba balibu Porphyrophora polonica (bee 20,000–25,000 specimens of Dactylopius coccus).[33][34] Bɛ zaɣi kura zaɣ'lɔri Porphyrophora hamelii is a winged insect.

Porphyrophora hamelii biɛhigu tooi zooi la subterranean.[7][30][31] Bɛ ni yoli waɣi bɛ shɛba yirimi na tiŋgbani ni "springtime" ka yirina gbamdi gindi hali ti nya ti'jila n du, kamani Aeluropus littoralis (Armenian: որդանխոտ (genus Aeluropus),[18][35] din gbunni nyɛ "worm's grass") ni mɔɣu din gbamdi tiŋa ka niŋ bayana, Phragmites australis.[7][30] The nymphs continue to feed on these roots throughout the kikaa mini wɔligu saha, ka niŋdi wɔɣu. Anashaara goli September sunsuuni zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli October sunsuuni bɛ zaɣi kura yirimi na tiŋgbani ni 5 a.m. mini 10 a.m. n-ti duri taba.[6][7][35][36] Binneenbihi kura maa, ban ka nangbana, bɛ diri a.[31] Bɛ zaɣi lɔri zaɣi kura dii bi yuura, amaa bɛ zaɣ'nyama nyɛla ban yuura, ka gbiri kpɛri tiŋgbani ni n-ti nyeri gala.[31]

Habitat and conservation

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
The historic habitat of Porphyrophora hamelii. Vordan Karmir State Reservation is in red and the historic dye-producing cities Artashat and Dvin are in purple.

"Red dye" ni yirina Ararat plain binneen shɛba ni daa nyɛla ban zooi saha shɛliɔ: 19th-century French sochandi sabiya ni pɛkpariba daa yi zaŋ bɛ pɛri chaŋ kom nyubu Araxes (Araks) River ni, binnɛma maa niŋdi la kom maa zaɣ'ʒee.[4] 20th century sunsuuni bɛ galisim Armenia daa nyɛla 100 km2 (39 sq mi) ni bɛ ban be Ararat mini Armavir tiŋgbani yaɣa Armenia nti tabili Turkish, Iranian, ni Russian Caucasus, amaa zaŋ kana 1990s bɛ galisim Armenia daa siɣi la tiŋa kamani 20 km2 (7.7 sq mi), ka tooi be Armavir tiŋgbani yaɣa[7][30][37] Soviet saha, Armenian tiŋgbani bɛ ni daa gbiri yɛlim "ni bɛ yɛligi daabilim mini pukparilim yaɣa", ni zahim mɔɣa gbibu "binyɛra pam daa mɔŋ ba mi bɛ biɛhisi sheei, ka di zuɣu che ka bɛ lahi kani."[35]

Vordan Karmir State Reservation, Armenia

Bɛ ban be Armenia tooi zooi la Vordan Karmir State Reservation, salt meadow biɛhigu sheei din nyɛ 198.33 ha (490.1 acres) Arazap village northwest polo mini 21.52 ha (53.2 acres) din be Jrarat village north polo din daa pili yuuni 1987 ka baɣi Araks River ka di tarisi ni Turkey, n-ti pahi Ararat village yaɣ'shɛli polo nti tabili luɣ'shɛŋa.[7][38][39] Lahabali na kani saha ŋɔ n wuhiri Porphyrophora hamelii kalinli ban be luɣ'shɛŋa ka di pa ni Mount Ararat.[6]

Porphyrophora hamelii nyɛla ban be pɔhili ni Armenia ka di nyɛla din doli ŋɔ na zuɣu: bɛ biɛhigu sheei din bi paai 10 km2 (3.9 sq mi), ka bɛ lahi be luɣ'yini ko, ka lahi nyɛ ban kuli labiri nyaaŋa. Ka bɛ bi lahi paai 100 km2 (39 sq mi) n-ti pahi bɛ ni kuli filimdi biɛɣu kam maa.[7][40]

Porphyrophora hamelii kalinli filimbu Armenia bi yi shɛli pahila "development of saline lands", pukparilim yɛligibu, binkɔbiri mɔri ŋubbu yiriŋyiriŋ, n-ti tabili tiŋgbani nama tɛri taɣibu.[7] Binyɛra din lahi diriba shɛŋa n-nyɛ mold mites, lady beetles, harvester ants, nti pahi erratic ants.[1][2]

  1. 1 2
  2. 1 2 Ben-Dov, Yair (2005). A Systematic Catalogue of the Scale Insect Family Magarodidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the World. United Kingdom: Intercept (Lavoisier). ISBN 978-1-84585-000-5.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Forbes, R.J. (1964) [1956]. Studies in Ancient Technology. IV (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill. pp. 102–103. ISBN 90-04-08307-3.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Donkin, R.A. (1977). "The Insect Dyes of Western and West-Central Asia". Anthropos 72 (5/6): 847–880.
  5. 1 2 Vedeler, Marianne (2014). Silk for the Vikings. Oxford, United Kingdom: OXBOW BOOKS. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-78297-215-0. Vedeler, citing Cardon (2007), notes that "the Persian name Kirmiz originally referred to the Armenian carmine, a parasitic insect living on Gramineae grass, but the same name was also used by Arab geographers for insects living on oak trees in Maghreb and Al-Andalus, probably referring to Kermes vermilio", although "[i]t is ... not clear whether the 'Kirmiz' dyestuff mentioned in early Arab texts always refers to the use of the insect Kermes Vermilio."
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Cardon, Dominique (2007). Natural Dyes: Sources, Tradition, Technology and Science. London, United Kingdom: Archetype Books. ISBN 978-1-904982-00-5. English translation by Caroline Higgitt of Cardon's French-language book Le monde des teintures naturelles (Éditions Belin, Paris, 2003).
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Khachatryan, H.. Porphyrophora ham melii Brandt, 1833. Republic of Armenia Ministry of Environment.
  8. ↑ Eastaugh, Nicholas; Walsh, Valentine; Chaplin, Tracey; Siddall, Ruth (2004). Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments. Oxford, UK and Burlington, MA: Elsevier Butterwoth-Heinemann. pp. 118–119. ISBN 0-7506-5749-9. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  9. 1 2 Robinson, Stuart (1969). A History of Dyed Textiles. London, United Kingdom: Studio Vista. ISBN 978-0-289-79644-3.
  10. 1 2 (1991) "The Pazyryk Carpet: A Technical Discussion". Source: Notes in the History of Art 10 (4): 30–36. DOI:10.1086/sou.10.4.23203293.
  11. ↑ Koren, Zvi C. (2005), "Chromatographic analyses of selected historic dyeings from ancient Israel", in Janaway, R.; Wyeth, P. (eds.), Scientific Analysis of Ancient and Historic Textiles: Informing, Preservation, Display and Interpretation (PDF), London, United Kingdom: Archetype Publications, pp. 194–201, retrieved 8 October 2014
  12. ↑ Cardon, Dominique (2010), "Natural Dyes, Our Global Heritage of Colours", Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Symposium of the Textile Society of America ("Textiles and Settlement: From Plains Space to Cyber Space") (October 6–9, 2010), Lincoln, Nebraska, USA: Textile Society of America
  13. ↑ Kirby, Jo (2011), "Dyes, Dyeing and Lake Pigments – Historical Background", Back to the Roots – Workshop on the Preparation of Historical Lake Pigments (March 23–25, 2011) (PDF), Munich, Germany: Doerner Institut, archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2014, retrieved 9 October 2014
  14. ↑ Thureau-Dangin, François (1912). Une Relation de la Hutième Campagne de Sargon (714 av. J.-C.) texte Assyrien inédit, publié et traduit (in French). Paris, France: Librairie Paul Geuthner. p. 57. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  15. 1 2 3 Phipps, Elena (2010). Cochineal Red: The Art History of a Color [[:Tɛmplet:!(]]adapted from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 67, no. 3 (Winter 2010)[[:Tɛmplet:)!]]. New York City and New Haven, USA and London, UK: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-19560-6. Retrieved 8 October 2014. URL–wikilink conflict (help) (Also at archive.org.)
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Kurdian, H. (1941). "Kirmiz". Journal of the American Oriental Society 61 (2): 105–107. DOI:10.2307/594255.
  17. ↑ Obaldeston, T.A. (2000). Dioscorides, De Materia Medica. Five books in one volume: new modern English translation. 4. Johannesburg, South Africa: IBIDIS Press. pp. 588–591. ISBN 978-0-620-23435-1. Retrieved 4 January 2015. English translation by T.A. Obaldeston with introductory notes by R.P. Wood.
  18. 1 2 Babenko, Vitali (1988). "Vordan Karmir or Armenian Cochineal". Oriental Rug Review VIII (5): 40–41.
  19. ↑ Mushak, Paul (1988). "The use of insect dyes in Oriental rugs and textiles: Some unresolved issues". Oriental Rug Review VIII (5): 33–39.
  20. ↑ (2012) "A discussion on the red anthraquinone dyes detected in historic textiles from Romanian collections". E-Preservation Science 9: 90–96.
  21. ↑ Henry VIII's Cap of Maintenance. Treasures of Medieval Waterford, Ireland: Medieval Museum.
  22. ↑ Cardon, Dominique (2000), "Du verme cremexe au veluto chremesino: une filierè vénitienne du cramoisi au XVe siécle", in Molà, L.; Mueller, R.C.; Zanier, C. (eds.), La Seta in Italia dal Medioevo al Seicento (in French), Venice, Italy: Fondazione Giorgio Cini, pp. 63–73
  23. ↑ Some articles improperly cite Cardon to suggest, incorrectly, that Armenian cochineal insects were more valuable, by weight, than gold (i.e., one gram of insects was worth several grams of gold) during this era. Cardon (2007) does, however, note that according to the records of a Venetian merchant trading in Constantinople during the 1430s, even the cheapest Armenian cochineal insects were still worth more, pound-for-pound, than some live slaves (Circassian women and adolescents) that he had bought.
  24. ↑ 400,000 to 560,000 dried P. hamelii insects were required to dye 1 kg of silk according to the figures of Cardon (2007): 1,000 g to 1,400 g of dried insects per 100 g of silk, with 40 adult females per gram of dried insects. Note that Virey (1840) reports 18,000–23,000 insects per 360-gram troy pound (50–64 insects per gram; not stated whether they were dried).
  25. ↑ Gargiolli, Girolamo, ed. (1868). L'arte della seta in Firenze. Trattato del Secolo XV, pubblicato per la prima volta, e dialoghi raccolti da Girolamo Gargiolli (in Italian). Florence, Italy: G. Barbèra. p. 32. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  26. ↑ (1989) "The Coccid Insect Dyes: HPLC and Computerized Diode-Array Analysis of Dyed Yarns". Studies in Conservation 34 (4): 189–200. DOI:10.1179/sic.1989.34.4.189.
  27. ↑ Brandt, Johann Friedrich; Ratzeburg, Julius Theodor Christian (1833). Medizinische Zoologie oder getreue Darstellung und Beschreibung der Thiere, in der Arzneimitellehre in Betracht kommen, in systematischer Folge herausgegeben (in German). 2. Berlin, Germany: Trowitzsch and Sohn. p. 356. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
  28. ↑ Hamel, J. (1833), "Über Cochenille am Ararat und über Wurzelcochenille im Allgemeinen" (PDF), Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg / Sciences mathématiques, physiques et naturelles (in German), Tome III (1835) Tɛmplet:!(publishing the second part of Tome I (1833)Tɛmplet:)!, Frankfurt, Germany: Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main, pp. 9–64, retrieved 11 October 2014. Publication of Hamel's 4 May 1833 report on the Ararat cochineal. Hamel's report mentions Brandt.
  29. ↑ Geghard 7: Monk cells, Khachkar Wall. Geghard's Khachkars.. Armenian Monuments Awareness Project. “The red color found on some of the cross stones is a result of their being painted with Vortan Karmir, a red dye made from beetles native to Armenia. The red dye was among the more famous exports of the kingdom, and was valued more than gold in Europe and the Near East. Its resilience has long since proved itself; the color you see now is more than 800 years old.”
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 (2007) "Some species of the hypogeal scale insect Porphyrophora Brandt (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) from Europe, the Middle East and Africa". Systematics and Biodiversity 5 (1): 23–122. DOI:10.1017/s1477200006002039.
  31. 1 2 3 4 Foldi, Imre (2005). "Ground pearls: a generic revision of the Margarodidae sensu stricto (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 41 (1): 81–125. DOI:10.1080/00379271.2005.10697442.
  32. 1 2 Jakubski, Antoni Władysław (1965). A Critical Revision of the Families Margarodidae and Termitococcidae (Hemiptera, Coccoidea). London, United Kingdom: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History).
  33. ↑ Virey, M.J.J. (1840), "Remarks on the former uses of purple or scarlet colouring insects. New cochineal of Persia and Armenia.", in Watt, Charles; Watt, John Jr. (eds.), The Chemist: Or, Reporter of Chemical Discoveries and Improvements, and Protector of the Rights of the Chemist and Chemical Manufacturer, I, London, United Kingdom: R. Hastings, pp. 209–210
  34. ↑ Fennel, James H. (1842), "On useful insects and their products", in Watt, Charles; Watt, John Jr. (eds.), The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, I, London, United Kingdom: J. Limbird, pp. 295–296
  35. 1 2 3 (1988) "Vordan Karmir: The Red Worm (From the Soviet Armenia Encyclopedia, Vol. 8, 1982, pp. 642–43)". Oriental Rug Review VIII (5): 42–43.
  36. ↑ Cardon (2007) cites her own field mission in Armenia in 1989 as well as the papers by Jakubski (1965) and Mktrtchian and Sarkisov (1985) for her description of Porphyrophora hamelii biology, which states that the mating time is from 5 a.m. to 10 a.m. The Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia (1982) and the online Red Book of Armenia (which cites Mktchyan and Sarkisov (1985) and others) state that the mating time is from 6 a.m. to 11 a.m. Note that in 1982 and 1985 the emergence of the insects in early September would have been in Armenian Summer Time (UTC+5), whereas the Republic of Armenia has been on UTC+4 time year-round since 2012.
  37. ↑ Political Administrative Region (marz): Armavir.
  38. ↑ Error on call to Şablon:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified (hy). Government of the Republic of Armenia (July 12, 2003). “1. «Որդան կարմիր» պետական արգելավայրը (այսուհետ` արգելավայր) ստեղծվել է Հայկական Սովետական Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետության Մինիստրների խորհրդի 1987 թվականի փետրվարի 2-ի N 61 որոշմամբ` Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Արմավիրի մարզի աղուտ հողերի վրա: Արգելավայրն զբաղեցնում է 219.85 հեկտար տարածք, բաղկացած է երկու առանձին տեղամասերից` Արազափի գյուղական համայնքի հյուսիսարևմտյան մասում (198.33 հեկտար) և Ջրառատի գյուղական համայնքի հյուսիսային մասում (21.52 հեկտար)` Արարատյան հարթավայրում, ծովի մակերևույթից 835–850 մետր բարձրության վրա:”
  39. ↑ "Էնդեմիկ Տեսակներ: Կենդանիներ [Endemic Species: Animals]", Հայաստանի Ազգային Ատլաս [Armenian National Atlas] (in Armenian), I, Yerevan, Armenia: "Geodeziayi ev Kʻartezagrutʻyan Kentron" POAK, 2007, p. 83, ISBN 978-99941-0-176-4, archived from the original on 4 January 2015, retrieved 3 January 2015
  40. ↑ IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 3.1, Second Edition (PDF) (Report). International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission. 9 February 2000. pp. 16–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2014.

Tɛmplet:Dyeing

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