Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Ʒim

Malimi soya nim ŋɔ niŋ
Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Ʒim
biogenic substance type, class of anatomical entity
Yaɣ shelibody fluid, animal product, biogenic substance, particular anatomical entity Mali niŋ
Pahi lacirculatory system Mali niŋ
Nahingbanared, colorless, green Mali niŋ
Ŋun bɔhim ŋa nyɛhematology Mali niŋ
Ŋun yihili na n-nyɛkɔb mari Mali niŋ
Nahingbaŋblood type, ʒiduli Mali niŋ
NCI Thesaurus IDC12434 Mali niŋ
Unicode bachinima🩸 Mali niŋ

Ʒim[1] nyɛla kom din be ninsalinima mini binkɔbiri ni ka tiriba binshɛŋa din kpa talahi kamani alaafee pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri kpalimdi ningbuna ni, ka yihiri daɣiri din kpɛri ningbuna ni.[2]

Ʒim malila binnɛma ka bɛ mali bɛ ni do luɣ'shɛŋa ka di yuli booni Plasma. "Plasma", din mali vaabu 55% ʒim puuni, tooi zoola kom (92% galisim),[3] ka ʒiri niɛn' shɛŋa kamani proteins, glucose, mineral ions, ni hormones ka ŋa nyɛ din tiri alaafee ka lahi zaŋ di zoosim sali ningbuna ni na.[4] Binnɛma ban bie ʒim ni pam n-nyɛ binneenbihi ʒehi (red blood cells, white blood cells, ni platelets[5] Binnɛma ŋɔ puuni, ban galisi ʒim ni pam n-nyɛ binneenbihi ʒehi bee red blood cells, Lala binnɛma ŋɔ malila binshɛɣu bɛ ni bɔli hemoglobin din che ka bɛ ʒiri pɔhim n-kpɛri ninsali bee binkɔbiri ningbuna ni.[6] Binkɔb' shɛŋa ba n mali jira nyɛla ba n mali naɣingbaŋ' shɛli ŋan tuɣiri dɔriti, ka di nyɛla binnɛma ban nye zahi piɛla la n be ʒim puuni la n tumdi di ŋa, n sɔŋdi n tuɣiri binnɛma ŋan tiri dɔriti. binnɛma ban nye platelets la gba nyɛla ban mali anfaani pam domi ŋa sɔŋdi ningbuna maa zaŋ kpa ʒim gbihibu polo.

Ʒim dolila ʒisoya n-kpɛri ningbuna ni ka di nyɛ suhu n-vuhirili kpɛri din ni. Binkɔbiri ban mali sapuri ni, Ʒi shɛli din dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli arteries la n-ʒiri pɔhim din vuhi n-kpɛri ningbuna ni, ka Ʒi shɛli din mii dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli " veins" mi ʒiri pɔhim din vuhiri n baɣiri na ka nyɛ pɔhim biɛɣu n-yirina ningbuna puuni na. Ʒim nyɛla din nye zahi ʒee di yi ti niŋ di hemoglobin Ʒiri pɔhim din vuhi n-kpɛri ningbuna ni la, amaa ka nye zahi sabilli di yi ti niŋ ka di ʒiri pɔhim din vuhiri n baɣiri na ka nyɛ pɔhim biɛɣu n-yirina ningbuna puuni na [7][8]

Bachikɔb' shɛŋa alaafee tuma yili nima ni mali tiri ʒim n-nye hemo-, hemato-, haemo- bee haemato- ka ŋa yina Greek nima balli puuni, bɛ ni booni Ʒim shɛm. Amaa, di yi kana baŋsim yaɣa din nye anatomy mini histology puuni, ŋan jɛndi binnɛma naɣingbana mini ŋa tuma bɔhimbu, ʒim nyɛla naɣingban' shɛli din tuɣiri naɣingbana yaɣa yaɣa ŋan bie binnɛma mini nisalinima ningbuna ni.[9], dini niŋ ka ʒima ŋɔ tooi yirina kɔba puuni ka lahi mali bɛ ni bɔli bin sheŋa fibrinogen la zuɣu.

Hemoglobin, din nye globular protein
zaɣi va' kaɣili = haem (bee heme) zaɣi bobigu
zaɣi ʒee mini zaɣi nuɣuso = protein subunits

Ʒim mali tuma pam ningbuna ni, di pam n-nyɛ:

  • Pɔhim vooi kpe ningbuna ni ( ka ŋa nye hemoglobin din be binneenbihi ʒehi ban bie Ʒim puuni la tuma)
  • Alaafee bin bora kamani glucose, amino acids, mini fatty acids din wuligi b-bie ʒim puuni bee n-tabi plasma protein' nima (kamani kpa' shɛŋa din bie Ʒim ni), ka ŋan zaa mali alaafee zaŋ ti ningbuna
  • Daɣiri kamani pɔhim din vuhiri n baɣiri na ka nyɛ pɔhim biɛɣu n-yirina ningbuna puuni na, urea, mini lactic acid yihibu.
  • Ningbuŋ' kpaŋsibu zaŋ kpa dɔriti tuɣibu polo, ka ŋa tuma nye binnɛma ban nye zaɣi piɛla la wuligi gili ningbuŋ yaɣa kam, di mi barina binnɛma baŋbu ni yiɣibu ningbuna ni.
  • ʒim gbihibu, din nye ningbuŋ naɣingban' shɛli zaŋ jɛndi ʒi' soya ŋmabu polo, din ye n che ka ʒim maa gbihi ka tahi Ʒim yibu na.
  • Tuumba tuma tumbu, ka ŋan mii jɛndi binnɛma kamani hormones mini wuhibu zaŋ kpa ningbuŋ barina polo.
  • Ningbuŋ tulim ni maasim tahibu saha shɛli din tu.
  • Binshɛŋa din ku tooi doni ningbuna ni yihibu

Binyɛra din be ʒim ni

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Binkɔbiri ban dɔɣiri ni

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Ʒim sula vaabu 7% ningbuna timsim ni,[11][12] ka di gburisim ni paai kamani 1060 kg/m3, di miri ko'viɛlli gburisim kamani 1000 kg/m3.[13] Zaɣ'kuri ʒim paai kamani koliba dibaanu "5 litres (11 US pt)" bee galiŋ 1.3.[12] Ʒim malila binnɛma balibu buyi– binneen ʒehi mini binneen piɛla, ni binnɛma ban nye platelets la gba nyɛla ban mali anfaani pam domi ŋa sɔŋdi ningbuna maa zaŋ kpa ʒim gbihibu polo.[14] Binneen ʒehi sula vaabu 45% binneen piɛla puuni, ka "plasma" su vaabu 54.3%, ka binneen piɛla su vaabu 0.7%.

Ʒim (di mini di platelets mini binnɛma maa zaa) kotomsi ni naɣingbana wuhirila bɛ ni boli ko' shɛŋa non-Newtonian Fluid la.

Ʒim zaɣ'bilifu kam malila:

4.7 zaŋ chaŋ 6.1 miliyɔŋ (doo), 4.2 zaŋ chaŋ 5.4 miliyɔŋ (paɣa) "erythrocytes":[16] Ʒim ni binneen ʒehi nyɛla ban ban mali binshɛɣu din ʒiri pɔhim kperi ninsali ningbuna ni. Binneen ʒehi bn niŋ zaɣ'kura ka "nucleus" mini "organelles" din be binkɔbiri ban dɔɣiri ni. Lala binneen ʒehi ŋɔ yi laɣim taba Siliminsi booni ba la "hematocrit", ka di tooi zooi ka di mali vaabu 45%. ʒim din be binkɔbigu puuni yi laɣim taba di galisi gari kamani tusaayi n-gari ningbuna din be zuɣusaa.[17]

4,000–11,000 "leukocytes":[18] Binneen piɛla pahila "immune system" ni; bɛ yihirila binneen shɛŋa ban kpi ka namdi zaɣ'pala, ka lahi tuhiri doriti binnɛma ni bin shɛŋa din bɛ tu ni di nie ningbuŋ puuni. dori shɛli bɛ ni boli cancer la yi ti tuɣi n-nyaŋ ningbuŋ linjima nima ŋɔ, doro maa yuli booni la leukemia.

  • 200,000–500,000 "thrombocytes":[18] SIliminsi ni lahi booni shɛli "platelets", bɛ pahirila ʒim kpulimbu ni gbihibu polo). Fibrin nyɛla din gba sɔŋ di ʒim di gbihibu polo.
Ʒim naɣingbana mini nein' shɛŋa din bie di puuni
Parameter Kalinli Vihibu shaɣira kundunima.
Hematocrit

45 ± 7 (38–52%) dabba ningbuŋ puuni
42 ± 5 (37–47%) paɣaba ningbuŋ puuni
pH7.35–7.45 [19]
base excess−3 to +3
PO210–13 kPa (80–100 mm Hg)
PCO24.8–5.8 kPa (35–45 mm Hg)
HCO3−21–27 mM
Oxygen saturation

Ʒi shɛli din dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli arteries la n-ʒiri pɔhim din vuhi n-kpɛri ningbuna ni: 98–99%
Ʒi shɛli din mii dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli " veins" mi ʒiri pɔhim din vuhiri n baɣiri na ka nyɛ pɔhim biɛɣu n-yirina ningbuna puuni na.: 75%

Kamani ʒim vaabu 55% n-nyɛ "blood plasma", di nyɛla ʒim ko'shɛli din nyɛ zaɣ'dozim. Ʒim din nyɛ "plasma" galisim paai kamani "2.7–3.0 liters (2.8–3.2 quarts)" ninsali ni. Di malila kom vaabu 92% , kamali ʒim "plasma proteins" vaabu 8%, ni binyɛr'shɛŋa din pahi. "Plasma" ningbuna ni wuligibu ʒirila alaafee yɛlibɔra kamani, "glucose, amino acids", ni "fatty acids" (din wuligiri kperi ʒim ni), ka yihiri daɣiri, kamani "carbon dioxide", "urea", ni "lactic acid".

Binyɛra din lahi kpa talahi n-nyɛ:

  • Serum albumin
  • Binyɛra din kpulindi ʒim ka gbihiri li
  • Siliminsi ni boli shɛli Immunoglobulins (antibodies); Ŋan tuɣiri doriti la
  • Binshɛɣu Siliminsi ni boli lipoprotein
  • Alaafee binyɛra din pahi

Serum nyɛla ʒim ko' shɛli bɛ ni boli Plasma la, di yi ti niŋ ka bɛ yiɣi ʒim binnɛma din sɔŋ di Ʒim zaŋ kpa di gbihibu polo la ʒim puuni. la la ŋɔ ni ti niŋ, binnɛma ban kpalin bie ʒim puuni n-nye albumin mini immunoglobulins

Blood pH tumi ni di be 7.35 mini 7.45 sunsuuni, ka lala ŋɔ zuɣu che ka ʒim miɣ' biɛla.[20][21] Binnɛma ban pahi be ʒim ni ka bɛ pH bi paai 7.35 mali bochaa pam, ka pH din gari 7.45 mi niŋ "basic".[19] pH din bi paai 6.9 bee din gari 7.8 tooi nyɛla lethal- din ni tooi ku ninsala.[19] Ʒim pH, "partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2)", mini "bicarbonate" (HCO3−) nyɛla "homeostatic mechanisms" ni mali shɛli tumda, ka di zaa tumdi doli vuhim soli ni dulim soli ni di baligi ka yuundi "acid–base balance" mini vuhim, ka bɛ bɔli di tuma ŋɔ compensation.[19]. Bɛ ni bɔli bin shɛɣu arterial blood gas test la ka bɛ mali yuuni tuma ŋɔ zuɣu. ʒim kom gba wuligiri la hormones ningbuŋ puuni, m mali bɛ tuma n taɣiri ningbuŋ luɣa kam.

Binkɔbiri ban bi dɔɣiri ni

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Anfooni din wuhiri binkɔri ban mali yaankɔb' daɣu ʒim bineenbihi ʒehi balibu balibu, ka ŋa buɣisim bie micrometer ni.
Anfooni din wuhiri Pɔloli ʒim bineenbihi ʒehi: ŋa galisim pahi tuhili bu shɛm zuɣu (x1000)
Anfooni din wuhiri kpakpuli (Turtle) ʒim bineenbihi ʒehi: ŋa galisim pahi tuhili bu shɛm zuɣu (x1000)
Anfooni din wuhiri Noo ʒim bineenbihi ʒehi: ŋa galisim pahi tuhili bu shɛm zuɣu (x1000)
Anfooni din wuhiri Ninsalinima ʒim bineenbihi ʒehi: ŋa galisim pahi tuhili bu shɛm zuɣu (x1000)

Ninsali ʒim bela binkɔbiri ban dɔɣiri bɛ tooni ʒim ni, amaa binkɔbiri ʒim ni mali binshɛŋa dolila binkɔbigu maa ni be binkɔbiri pubu balishɛli ni. Binkɔbiri ban bi dɔgiri bɛ tooni ka mali nyaankɔb'dori ni, amaa, waliginsim din yi polo beni:[22]

  • Binkɔbiri ban bi dɔɣiri ʒim malila bineen ʒehi ban nye zaɣ'pariti ka dii ka nahingbaŋ din ni tooi buɣisi, ka mali binnɛma "nuclei".
  • Binneenpiɛla ban be ʒim ni mali pubu balibu; kamani shɛhira, "acidophils" n-tooi nye ban zooi ninsalinima ni pam.
  • "Platelets" nyɛla din be binkɔbiri ban dɔɣiri puuni; binkɔbiri ban mali nyaakɔb'dori shɛba ni, binkpuli bili shɛli Siliminsi ni boli "thrombocytes" n-nyɛ din su ʒim kpulimbu.

Ningbuŋ Yaɣa tuma bohimbu Chuɣu

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Ʒim go n-gili ningbuŋ yaɣili

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ʒim nyɛ din gori n gi n di ningbuŋ ni ʒi' soya puuni, ka di nyɛla Suhi n tɔri wuligirili n chani luɣa maa ni. Ninsalima puuni, ʒim yirina la left ventricle din mali yaa pam la suhi puuni n doli ʒi soli shɛli bɛ ni boli arteries la n chani ningbuŋ luɣa ni ka labirina ʒi' soli shɛli bɛ ni boli veins n ti doli nu' dirigu zuɣu atrium la n kpɛri suhi maa ni na yaɣa. di yi nimaa ni, di yen kpɛla nu' dirigu zuɣu ventricle, ka ʒi soli di nye pulmonary artery la mii ʒili chaŋ sapuri ni. ka ʒi soli din mii nye pulmonary veins labisiri ʒim maa na nu' zaa zuɣu atrium la ni suhi puuni. Ʒim maa nyɛla din lahi yɛn yi ni maa n-kpe nu' zaa zuɣu ventricule la puuni ni di laɣi tɔli n-wuligili gili ningbuŋ luɣa kam. Ʒi shɛli din dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli arteries la n-ʒiri pɔhim din vuhi n-kpɛri ningbuna ni, ka Ʒi shɛli din mii dɔli ʒi' so' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli " veins" mi ʒiri pɔhim din vuhiri n baɣiri na ka nyɛ pɔhim biɛɣu n-chani sapuri ni ni di ti yiɣili na ningbuna puuni. Amaa gbaayiɣi pulmonary arteries , din waligimi n ʒiri pɔhim din vuhiri n baɣiri na, ka pulmonary veins mii gba waligi n-ʒiri pɔhim din vuhi n-kpɛri ningbuna ni. Yaha, ʒim labbi na suhi ni gba ni tooi yina skeletal muscles dambu puuni, ka ŋa ni tooi marigi ʒi' soya din nye veins la n to' ʒim maa chana suhi nu' dirigu zuɣu yaɣi shɛli bɛ ni boli right atrium la.Ʒim wuligi n gili ningbuŋ puuni buɣisibu daa yila William Harvey sani na yuuni 1628.[23]

Ʒim puuni binnɛma malibu ni bɛ saɣimbu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Binkɔb' shɛba ban mali yaan'kɔb' dari puuni, Ʒim puuni binnɛma malibu niŋdila kɔba bim puuni, ka nambu ŋɔ yuli nye hematopoiesis ka ŋan puuni ka ti mali erythropoiesis, ʒim binneenbihi ʒehi malibu, ni myelopoiesis, ʒim binneenbihi piɛla mini plalets malibu. Ninsalinima bilim puuni, kamani ninsali ningbuŋ kɔbili kam tooi maa ni ʒim binneenbihi ʒehi ; amaa ninsali yi niŋ zahi kurili, ʒim binneenbihi ʒehi ŋɔ malibu kpalim biela kɔb' kara la puuni ko: yaan kɔb' daɣu kɔbili kam ni, nyo' kɔbili ni, sapiri kɔba ni, yaɣasa kɔba ni, n ti pahi kɔb' shɛŋa ŋan bie bɔɣiri ni mini gbaya ni. Yaha, ninsalinima bilim ni, bɛ ni boli bin' shɛli thymus gland la, ka di bie ninsalinima nyohini la, nyɛla din maani ʒim binnɛma bɛ ni boli T lymphocytes. la[24] Ʒim binnɛma ŋan mali protein di puuni, kamani binnɛma ŋan sɔŋdi n-kpa ʒim gbihibu polo, malibu yirina la binsaba ni na, ka di wuhiri ni binsaba n maani ŋa, ka endocrine glands mii maani hormones, ka kom mii pahibu bee filimbu mii nye hypothalamus tuma, ka di bieɣu mii gba malibu ni pahibu n-nye yaan'nina tuma.

Ʒim binneenbihi ʒehi ban mali alaafee ni tooi bie ʒim kom ni n paai dabsi kɔbgu ni pishi poi ka naai yi saɣim; ka ŋa saɣimbu yirina spleen mini Kupffer cells , binnɛma ban bie binsabili puuni la, sani na. Binsabili gba lahi yiɣiri proteins, lipids, mini amino acids ʒim ni. Yaan'nina mii gba niŋdi nimmɔhi n-yiɣiri barina nɛma ʒim ni na m-pahiri dulim ni.

Ʒim go n-gili ningbuŋ suhi puuni.

Oxygen Pɔhim go n-gili ningbuŋ luɣa ni

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
hemoglobin ʒim puuni zahimbu anfooni. Di yaa labirila nu' dirigu yaɣili polo di yi ti niŋ ka ʒim maa niŋ acidic (saha shɛli pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri bahiri na ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim biɛɣu la yi ti galisi ʒim puuni);Di yaa mii gba yi ti labi nu zaa yaɣili polo, di wuhiri mi ni ʒim maa acidity baligimi ( ka ŋa mii niŋda saha shɛli pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ la yi ti galisi ʒim puuni).

Kamani vaabu 98.5%[25] din nyɛ "oxygen" laɣimdi mi ni "hemoglobin". Kamani vaabu 1.5% wuligimi gili ʒim maa ni ka bi laɣim ni "hemoglobin". "Hemoglobin molecule" n-nyɛ din kuli ʒiri "oxygen" binkɔbiri ni mini binnɛm balibu pam ni. "Hemoglobin" malila "oxygen" laɣimbu yiko kamani 1.36 mini 1.40 ml O2 "hemoglobin" yini kam ni,[26] din pahiri 'blood oxygen capacity' pisopɔin zuɣu,[27] kamani zaŋ maɣisi "oxygen" ko n-ʒiri 0.03 ml O2 "liter" kam zuɣu ni mm Hg "oxygen" pirigili (kamani vaabu 100 mm Hg, "arteries" ni).[27]

Gbaa yihi "pulmonary" mini "umbilical arteries" mini din soya din pahi, "arteries" ʒirila "oxygenated blood" n-yiri suhuni n-chani ningbuna ni zaŋ doli "arterioles" mini "capillaries", luɣ'shɛli "oxygen" ni niŋdi anfaani; din nyaaŋa, "venules" mini "veins" ʒirila "deoxygenated blood" n-labiri kperi suhu ni.

Binkɔbiri yi ti vuhira, "hemoglobin" din be ʒim ni n-yiri suhu ni paai kamani vaabu 98–99% , ka "oxygen" chandi tooi paai kamani 950 mini 1150 ml/min[28] zaŋ chaŋ ʒim ni. Zaɣ'kura ban mali alaafee vuhim saha, "oxygen" vuhibu nyɛla kamani 200–250 ml/min,[28] ka ʒim din niŋ "deoxygenated" din labiri suhuni kamani 75%[29][30] (70 zaŋ chaŋ 78%).[28] [31][32][33] . Di yi ti niŋ ka ninsali ni mali pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ la n-bɔri yaa n tiri o maŋa ti kpaŋsi saha shɛli o ni tumdi alaafee tuma, pɔhim maa galisim wahisirimi ʒi' shɛli din zɔri 'veins' ʒi' soya la ni, ka filiŋ ŋɔ ni tooi paai kɔbgu puuni, vaabu pia ni anu (15%) ninsali so ŋɔ zaŋ diema ni yihijɛm n leei o tuma ni; hali zaa yɔli di yi niŋ ka o vuhim mini o ʒim go n gili o ningbuŋ ni yi pahi ni di yo pɔhim sam' shɛli din di maa, pɔhim ŋɔ galisim ʒi' shɛli din zɔri 'arteries' ʒi' soya la ni ni tooi lu n ti paai kɔbgu puuni, vaabu kɔbgu anu ka (95%) bee n filim gari lala saha nim ŋɔ ni.[34] Pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ ŋɔ yi ti filim n ti paai n ŋɔ, di mari barina titali n tiri ninvuhiso ŋun luɣi yini ( kamani ninvuhiso bɛ ni chibi shɛriti din baligiri biɛrim ningbuŋ ni ka niŋ di 'surgery' o zuɣu). Di yi ti niŋ ka niri mali 'hypoxia' ( saha shɛli niri ningbuŋ puuni ʒim pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ zoosim yi ti filim paai paai kɔbgu puuni, vaabu pihiwei (90%)), di nyɛla din mali barina titali zaŋ kpa o alaafei polo, amaa 'hypoxia' ŋɔ yi ti yo' koro (saha shɛli niri ningbuŋ puuni ʒim pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ zoosim yi ti filim paai paai kɔbgu puuni, vaabu pihita (30%)), din nyɛla din ni tooi di lala niri maa nyɛvuli yom yom.

Bi' lɛɣu ŋun na nie puli ni ka deeri 'oxygen' (pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ), nyɛla ŋun ningbuŋ puuni ʒim pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ ŋɔ zoosim ni tooi filim gari lala n ni tooi paai kɔbgu puuni, vaabu pishi ni yini (21%) a yi zaŋ li maɣisi din tu ni di bie zaɣi kurili sapuɣu puuni, ka ŋa zuɣu che ka lala bi' lɛri ŋɔ maani 'hemoglobin' bali shɛli din ni tooi gbaai pɔhim suma ŋo n tabili di maŋa viɛnyela lala saha ŋɔ, ka bɛ bɔli ŋa, hemoglobin F[35]

Carbon dioxide Pɔhim go n-gili ningbuŋ luɣa ni

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

CO2 kperila ʒim ni soya buta. (Di ni suu vaabu shɛm malila balibu di yi niŋ ka di nyɛla "arterial" bee "venous" ʒim). Di pam (kamani vaabu 70%) leerila "bicarbonate ions" HCO−3 ka di nyɛla "carbonic anhydrase" din be ʒim binneen ʒehi ni n-tumdi ni CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + HCO−3; kamani vaabu 7% wuligirimi n-kperi "plasma" ni; ka vaabu kamani 23% laɣim ni "hemoglobin" n-niŋ "carbamino."[36][37]

Hemoglobin, din ʒiri pɔhim din vuhira, ʒirila "oxygen" mini "carbon dioxide" zaa. Amaa, CO2 din laɣim "hemoglobin" mini "oxygen" bi laɣim luɣ'yini. Amaa, di laɣim mi ni "N-terminal" din be "globin" waɣinli ni. Amaa, "allosteric" tuma "hemoglobin molecule" ni, CO2 laɣimbu filimdila "oxygen" din su "oxygen" saha sɛŋa. .filimbu din gbubi carbon dioxide ʒim puuni ka di nyɛla oxygen n galisi ka bɛ boli Haldane effect. ka di mali anfaani zaŋ jandi carbon dioxide chandi bin din gdaai tissue puuni hali ni lungs puuni.ya shɛli din pkuɣirina zaŋ kpa carbon dioxide bee lower pH maa nyɛla din ni tooi bo yibu n ti oxygen hemoglobin puuni, din ka bɛ boli Bohr effect maa.

Hydrogen ions go n-gili ningbuŋ luɣa ni

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

"Oxyhemoglobin" shɛŋa kɔŋdila "oxygen" ka leeri "deoxyhemoglobin". Deoxyhemoglobin laɣimdila "hydrogen ions" nima pam pirimla di ni mali ningbuna ni" hydrogen" n-gari "oxyhemoglobin".

Binkɔbiri puuni, ʒim nyɛla din mini lymph nye him.ka di kuli nyela din lebigiri tissues bin din gbaai ʒim puuni ni ʒi'soya din tiɛrili. Lymph nyɛla din deei lymphatic vessel bihi bihi n zaŋdi tahiri n ti tiri thoracic duct ni, ka di yihirili n tahiri n tahiri Subclaviau vein din be nuzaa zuɣu la, ni maani ka ʒim maa yen labi kpe tabani n lahi chani viɛnyela.


Ʒim chandi nyɛla din zaŋdi tulim n zɔri gindi ningbuŋ puuni, ka di chandi maa yɛligibu mali anfaani pam bee ka di niŋdi thermoregulation ŋo anfaani. Ʒim pahibu biɛla kamani shɛhira; (Tulim saha bee maŋ dambu biɛla) tooi tahiri tulim na ningbuŋ gbaŋ zuɣu, ka di ni tooi tahi suh'damli bee sh'kabili na yom yom. Ayi lihi ŋo, nira temprature yi pɔra, ʒim dii bɛ tooi chani o bɔɣiri mini o gbaya ni n ti pahi o ningbungbaŋ ni, di chandi maa vuuirimi, ka ni too gu tulim kalinsi ka di che ka di chaŋgili ningbuŋ puuni yaɣishɛŋa ŋan mali nira bukaata maa be yaɣi maa.

Ʒim chandi nyɛla din chana kɔnkɔba ni ŋa chandi shehi, Binsabili n tooi mali ʒim tibu pam kamani 1350 ml/ min, n zaŋ sapuɣu pa ka di mi tariti ʒim kamani 1100 ml/ min. Ka naan yi zaŋ zuɣ'puri n pa din mi tooi tariti ʒim kamani 700 ml/ min.[38] Bin din gbaai ʒim chandi ayi lihi 100 g tissues puuni nyɛla kɔnkɔba, di mini yaan'nina, adrenal gland ni thyroid din nyɛ piligu, ayi ni ata.shɛŋa ŋan nyɛ binshɛŋa ŋan tahiri ŋa.[38]

Gubu zaŋ jandi ʒim chandi ni tooi niŋ luɣishɛŋa din gahim ni ka di tooi che ka di kpari n zaya, n ni tooi che ka di kulizaya kip ka be damda, shɛhira kamani erected tissues din be doo yoli ni ni din be paɣa zinguli ni. Shɛhira din lahi pahi hydraulic functions n nyɛ, jumping spider, shɛba ʒim tooi fɔɔsira n kpɛri bɛ naba ni ni yaa n che ka di pa zani kip n ni tooi yiɣi viɛnyɛla ka di pa ni napɔŋ shɛŋa ŋan mali kɔba.

Anfooni din wuhiri Ʒim ni yirina nu' bili shɛli bin ni ŋmaai.

"Hemoglobin" n-nyɛ binkpeeni dinwuhiri ʒim nahingbaŋ ("hemochrome"). "Molecule" yini kam malila "heme" pubu balibu dibaa anahi, ka di tuma ni "molecules" tahiri ʒim nahingbaŋ ni nyɛ shɛli na.Siliminsi ni boli ʒi'shɛli "Arterial" mini bɛ ni boli shɛli ʒi'shɛli "capillary" ŋyɛla zaɣ'ʒee din paligi, ka "oxygen" mi ʒiri ʒim din gburi zaɣ'ʒee "heme" pubu ni. "Deoxygenated blood" nyɛla ʒi'ʒee din zimsa; lala dini ŋɔ bela ʒi'soya ni, ka nira ni tooi nyali di yi niŋ ka bɛ vooi ʒim ni bɛ kpehi so di mini saha shɛli bɛ ni voori niri Ʒim ni bɛ ti zaɣim li la. Daliri shɛli din che ka ŋa bie lala maa n-nye, hemoglobin ŋɔ ni deeri niɛlinsi shɛm walimi zan jandi ʒi' shɛli din Ʒiri pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ mini ʒi' shɛli din Ʒiri pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri bahiri na ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim biɛɣu la[39]

Ʒim din be "carbon monoxide poisoning" nyɛ ʒi'ʒee din paligi, ka di daliri nyɛla "carbon monoxide" tahiria "carboxyhemoglobin" nambu na. Cyanide ninsali dihibu ni, ningbuŋ maa ku tooi zaŋ pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ la n ku bukaata, ka di zuɣu che ka ʒim din Ʒi' soya din ʒiri pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri bahiri na ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim biɛɣu la, na ku Ʒiri pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ, ka lala maa zuɣu che ka Ʒim maa zahi Ʒe' tali paɣira. Dɔri shɛŋa ni tooi dam heme yaha hemoglobin puuni din bie ʒim ni la ka ŋa ni tooi che ka ningbuŋ maa nahingbaŋ tahi ŋmani zaɣi' nuɣiso "blue colour"- ka bɛ bɔli ŋa cyanosis. di yi niŋ ka heme yaha ŋɔ deei pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ la, methemoglobin, din nahingbaŋ bie ka zaɣi' tankpaɣu la ka ku tooi Ʒi pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ, yen nammi. Dɔri shɛli din bɛ yoli puuni, bɛ ni boli shɛli sulfhemoglobinemia la, hemoglobin din bie ʒi'soli shɛli din ʒiri Ʒi' shɛli din Ʒiri pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ, pɔhim maa bɛ yaɣi laa, ka lala maa zuɣu che ka ŋa nahingbaŋ tahi nye zaɣi ʒe' shɛli din zibisa ka mali zaɣi nuɣiso gba nahingbaŋ gba di puuni.

Ʒi'soya din pa zuɣusaa ka miri ningbungbaŋ nyɛla zaɣi nuɣuso ka di daliri nyɛ zaɣbɔbigu. Amaa, daliri shɛŋa din che ka tahibu ŋo niŋdi zaŋ kpa color perception nyɛla din jandi ti ningbungbaŋ ni tori yɛrindi niɛlinsi shɛm saha shɛŋa niri yi ti bie niɛlinsi ni n-ti pahi niri visual cortex ni che ka o nyari bin' yɛra shɛm, ka di pala lala ka Ʒi'soya maa nahingbaŋ dii bie. [40][41]

Binkɔb' shɛŋa bɛ ni bɔli Skinks la ka bɛ bie Prasinohaema zuliya ni la malila ʒim din naɣingbaŋ bie ka zaɣi vakaɣili, din niŋ ka bɛ laɣisi ʒim puuni neen' shɛli din lahi ka butaata ka bɛ bɔli biliverdin la pam bɛ ʒim ni la zuɣu[42]

  • Chirimbu galisim
  • Daŋ deebu ni tooi che ka ʒim chirim di soli.[43] ŋun bi balaga ni tooi kɔŋ ʒim kamani vaabu 20% (1 L) pɔi ni tuuni nahingbaŋ, vuhibu yi bi vuhira, piligu, ni vaabu 40% (2 L) pɔi ka ni chɔɣisibu naan yi kana. "Thrombocytes" nyɛla din kpa talahi ʒim kpulimbu ni, ka di ni tooi taɣi ʒim yibu. Suhu saɣingu di kpe koba ni nyɛla din yɛ tooi che ka ʒim yi puuni, ka di ni tooi mali yaa pam saha shɛŋa.
    • Kom filimbu ningbuna ni nyɛla din ni tooi booi ʒim galisim ka di nyɛla di yɛn filim la kom din be ʒim maa ni. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu ni tooi tahi Suhu saɣungu na ( gbaai yihi saha shɛŋa di barina ni ti yaɣi) amaa ŋa ni ti tahi orthostatic hypotension na bee n che ka niri maa fɛnti .
  • Chirimbu din be ʒim go n-gili ningbuna ni
  • Suhu saɣungu nyɛla yɛla pam ni tooi tahiri shɛli na ningbuna ni, di shɛŋa n-nyɛ ʒim ʒi'soli chirimbu, ʒim kpaabu bee filiŋ, binnɛma dɔriti, n ti pahi cardiac output din nye barilim dini.
  • "Atherosclerosis" fiimdila ʒim chandi "arteries" ni, ka di daliri nyɛla "atheroma" pɛrila "arteries" ka mulimdi li. "Atheroma" nyɛla din pahiri din yi niŋ ka yuma pahira, ka nyɔhi nyubu ni tooi tahi di pahibu na, ʒiduli, di yi ti niŋ ka kpa' nɛma galisi ʒim puuni n-ti pahi shikiri doro.
    • Ʒim kpulimbu ni tooi tahi "thrombosis" na, ka di ni tooi gbuni ʒi'soya.
  • Di ni tooi lahi tahi yɛlimuɣisira zaŋ kana ʒim nɛma polo, suhi tobu polo yɛli' gɔla, bee ʒi' soya barilim filimbu ni tooi mali yɛlimuɣisira kamani pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri niŋdi ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim suŋ kalinsi ʒim puuni, din chani ningbuŋ yaɣa la ni la. Bachi shɛli din nye Ischemia za' mi n ti ningbuŋ yaɣi shɛli ʒim ni bɛ tooi paari a, ka infarction mii za' n ti ningbuŋ yaɣi shɛli yi ti kpi bee n pooi bɛ ni boli shɛli ( necrosis) la, ka ŋa niŋ da saha shɛli ʒim yi ti ŋmaai chandi lala yaɣili ŋɔ (bee ka ʒi' shɛli din paari ni maa filimbu paai tariga)

Dɔriti Din Gbaari Ʒim

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
    • Ʒim ni binneen ʒehi yi bi galisi (anemia) ni tooi tahi ʒim yibu na, ʒim chirimbu kamani "thalassemia", bee alaafee yɛlimuɣisira, ka ni tooi bori ʒim kpɛhibu kamani yim bee buyi. Anemia lahi nyɛla "genetic disorder" ni yɛn tooi tahi shɛli na ka di che ka ʒim ni binneen ʒɛhila bi tooi tumdi viɛnyɛla. Anemia dihitabi ni tooi niŋ "hemoglobin" zahimbu ni di yi niŋ ka di bi paai 13.5 gm/dl dobba ni bee di yi pɔri gari 12.0 gm/dl paɣaba ni.[44] Tiŋgban pam mali ʒim din kpehiri niriba. Bɛ ni kpehiri so ʒim tu ni o ʒim mini bɛ ni mali so ʒim kpehri o ʒim ni tooi deei taba.
    • Sickle-cell anemia
  • Chirimbu din be binnɛma ni
  • Ʒim kpulimbu chirimbu
    • "Hemophilia" nyɛla dori shɛi din ni tooi che ka din sɔŋdi kpulimdi ʒim koŋ ʒim kpulimbu. Din bɔŋɔ nyela din ni tooi mali barina zaŋ ti nyɛvui,amaa di tooi zooya ka di tahirila "hemarthrosis" naa, bee ʒim guui kpe falinsi din be kɔba sunsuuni, ka di tooi tahi gbambu na.
    • "Platelets' gba yi bi galisi bee n bɛ tumdi di tuma viɛnyela gba ni tooi tahi ʒim kpulimbu doriti bɛ ni boli shɛli coagulopathy ( ʒim yibu alaafei yɛligɔla).
  • "Hypercoagulable" (thrombophilia) yiɣisiri mi di yi ti niŋ ka chiriŋ niŋ zan kpa 'platelets' bee ʒim binnɛma ŋan sɔŋdi li kpulimbu bee gbihibu polo, ka ŋa gba ni tooi tahi "thrombosis" na.
  • Doriti din be ʒim chirimbu ni
    • Ʒim nyɛla din niŋ talahi doro gbaabu ni. HIV, binneeŋa ŋun tahiri AIDS, nyɛa din doli ʒim loora, maneei be kom din kuli oahi be ningbuna ni. Hepatitis B mini C gbaa dolia ʒim loora. Dori'shɛŋa din loori n doli ʒim la zuɣu, neeni kam ʒim ni tabili pa leeri la binshaɣu din ni tooi tahi alaafei yɛlimuɣisira na.
  • Binnɛma ʒim ni kpebu nyɛla "bacteremia" bee sepsis. Binnɛma ban mii nye 'virus' la yi ti kpe ʒim ni, bɛ booni li la 'viremia'. Lala n lahi nyɛli, kpahiʒeɣu doro mini trypanosomiasis nyɛla ŋan binnɛma doli ʒim n tahiri dɔriti ŋo na.

Carbon monoxide Daadam Dihibu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Binyɛr'shɛŋa din pahi ka pa "oxygen" ni tooi laɣim ni "hemoglobin"; saha shɛŋa, din bɔŋ nyɛla din ni tooi tahi barina din ku tooi lahi tibi ningbuna ni. "Carbon monoxide", kamani shɛhira, di mali barina pam di yi vuhi niŋ sapuɣu puuni, dama "carbon monoxide" laɣimdimi ni "hemoglobin" n-namdi "carboxyhemoglobin", din yɛn che ka "hemoglobin" ni tooi laɣim ni "oxygen", ka "oxygen molecules" bela ni tooi yi n-kpe ʒim. Lala ŋɔ ni tooi tahi vuhim fabu na. Buɣim yi diri du' shɛli din yo puuni ka pɔhim bɛ kpɛri di puuni viɛnyela nyɛla din mali barina zaɣi titatli, din niŋ ka di ni tooi che ka pɔhim shɛli din vuhiri bahiri na ningbuŋ puuni ka nye pɔhim biɛɣu la yɛn zooi pɔhim vuhirili ni. Lala n lahi nyɛli pɔhim bieɣu ŋɔ kpa tooi tabiliri 'hemoglobin' niri yi ti nyuri taba [45]

Ʒim nyɛla din mali ti bukaata pam, ka nira yi ti ka alaafee ka di nyɛla ʒim yɛltɔɣa nyɛ din bɛ tu ni o niŋ zinchili zaŋ kpa di tibbu shee. Ʒim dɔriti ŋɔ shɛŋa n nyɛ;

  • ʒiduli(high blood pressure ).
  • ʒim din pɔra (anemia).
  • ʒim din kpulimda(blood clot)
  • blood cancers
  • bleeding disorder.
  • Ʒiduli

Di nyɛla ʒim dɔr'shɛli din damdi niriba pam be ningbuŋ ni. Dina ka simiinsi boli hypertension maa.Nira yi mali ʒiduli,ya shɛli din ʒiri ʒim maa n doli o ʒisoya maa malila yaa. O suhimaa tumi ni di mali yaa n tooi tumdi viɛnyɛla ka tooi ŋmahimdi ʒim maa. Ʒiduli nyɛla din zahindi ni milliliters meccury ni. Ka ŋo zaa nyami ʒim maa karindila 130/80mmHg bee ka di gari.America college din nyɛ cardiology la ni bɛ suhuri laɣingu la nyɛla ban pirigi ʒiduli bunahi zuɣu. Ŋannima n nyɛ;

  • Din tu ni ʒim nyɛ shim.

Kpe ʒim yaa nyɛladin bɛ paai 120/80mmHg.

  • ʒim din du Bela.

Kpe ʒim yaa din kuli du nyɛla kamani 120-129/80mmHg bee ka di gari.

  • ʒi'shɛli bɛ ni boli yaɣi yini la.

Kpe ʒim yaa kuli nyɛla din be 130-139/80 ni 89mmHg.

  • ʒi'shɛli din nyɛ yaɣa aɣi la.

Kpe ʒim ŋo nyɛla 140/90mmHg bee garibu. Ʒim gari 180/120mmHg nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ʒiduli din mali yaa.nira ŋun mali ŋo yi bɛ bori tibbu n tiri li ni tooi nya suhini doro, gbali ni bɔɣu,ni ŋan pahi pahi.di tu ni nira lihiri o ʒim zuɣu saha kam. Ka che shigaari Nyubu, ka diri viɛnyɛla.

Niriba pam ban mali ʒiduli bɛ nyari di daalaama nima. Alaamanima maa shɛŋa n nyɛ;

  • Zuɣuyaali
  • Vuhum fabu
  • ʒim yi yirina nira nyahi ni.ŋo nima n kuli nyɛ din mali yaa, shɛŋa bɛ nyɛra naɣila di ti niŋla nimmɔhi.

Ʒim kpulimbu tooi tahiri barina pam na ti ningbuna puuni,dɔɣite ni tooi daŋ n nya so dini alaama yomyom, di mi yi bi tibi,di ni tooi che ka ʒi'soya puuni kpulim kpulim n doya n che ka nira vuhum tooi fara bee ka di kuli ku nira yim. Ʒim yi ti kpulim, di tibbu dolila luɣushɛli polo kpulimbu maa ni be maa, ni di yaa ni be shɛm.ti'shɛŋa beni n ni tooi che ka ʒim bɛ kpulimda bee ka di kpulimbumaa bɛ ŋmelim. Tima kamani thrombolytic ŋan ni tooi tibi ʒim din pun kpulim. Tibbu din nyɛ catheter -directed la kamani percutaneous transcatheter tibbu nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ catheter maa n kpehi ʒi'soli maa ni ka di mia maa chaŋ hali ni kpulimbu maa shee n ti wurimli zaa. Surgical thrombectony gba nyɛla bɛ ni ni tooi zaŋ shɛli n tibi ʒim kpulimbu. Kpe, be ni niŋ bara ŋo apuleesa n yihi kpulimbu ŋo o ʒi'soya maa puuni.bɛ tooi niŋdili bɔɣirini bee Naba ni, amaa di ni tooi niŋ luɣulikam.barinima shɛba ban Dina mali yaa n tooi kpulindi bɛ ʒi'soya din be bɛ naba ni maa ka bɛ boli Dee Vein thrombosis (DVT) maa.di yi ti kana n ŋo intermittent peneumatic compression (IPC) n ni tooi n tibili viɛnyɛla. Kpe, bɛ ni zaŋ bɛ ni boli binshɛɣu cuff la n kpehi o gbali maa puuni, ka tooi niŋndi pɔhim n niŋdi dinni saha shɛli kam n ŋmahindili ka di tooi sɔŋ n zaŋ ʒim n tahi suhu maa ni.

Anemia nyɛla nira ʒim puuni binneen'ʒiɛhi ban beni tumdi tuma maa yi bɛ galisi.bɛ yi zahim nira ʒim anemia nyɛla bɛ ni buɣisi shɛli hemoglobin. Hemoglobin nyɛla protein kpani din be nira ʒim ni binniɛma puuni.di nyɛla din mali oxygen n chani n gindi nira ningbuŋ puuni zaa.nira yi mali anemia,o hemoglobin maa been galisi,di yi pɔri yaɣi,o ningbuŋ yaɣi'shɛli been nyari oxygen. Alaama kamani vuhim fabu tooi niŋda ka di nyɛla ningbuŋ maa yaɣ'shɛŋa be tooi tumdi dini tu di tumdi shɛm. Ayi lihi, anemia nyɛla din niŋ bayana pam,di kuli gbaai niriba kamani kɔbiga puuni vaabu dibaa ayɔbu bɛ kalinli puuni.paɣiba,bihi ni ninvuɣ'shɛba ban mali dɔri'bihi bɛ ningbuna ni nyɛla dinni tooi gbahi shɛba. Anemia malila payapaya, ka di zaa mali din tahiri li na ni di tibbu.shɛŋa nyɛla din ka yaa,ka shɛŋa nyɛ din kuli bɔri tibbu pam.anemia nyɛla din tibira,di nyɛla saha bila yɛltɔɣa.din ni tooi kuli tibi ni nira yi taɣi o bindiri dibo bee ti'shɛŋa valibu

BLOOD CANCER

Blood cancer nyɛla dɔri shɛli din be nira ʒim puuni binniɛma ni n damdili bee n nahindili. Binyeri shɛŋa bene n taɣi ti ningbuna ni n ni tooi tahi blood cancer na,lala taɣibu ŋo ni tooi che ka ʒim ni binniɛma ŋo Kpeei n yi. Hali ayi lihi shɛba, lala taɣibu tooi chanimi n ti do shɛli polo dini ku tooi lihi bee n tibia.di niŋdila nira nyavuli puuni.dinzuɣu di pa dɔr'shɛli din yɛn mali nira ka o niŋli n baɣaka. Blood cancer bali shɛŋa gba tooi gbahiri bihi,amaa alaamanima maa din Lee walimi zan chaŋ bihi ni ninkira sunsuuni.Niriba gari tih'pihitahi(40.000) blood cancer ni gbahiri shɛba yuuni kam U.K tingbanni kalinli puuni, ka saha ŋo niriba tuh'kɔbishiyi ni pihinu (250.000) n mali blood cancer.

BLOOD CANCER BALIBU

Blood cancer balibu galisiya, di shɛŋa n nyɛ;

  • Leukaemia
  • Lymphoma
  • Meloma
  • Myelodisplastic Syndromos (MDS)
  • Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPS).

Di zaa malila di alaamanima,di tibbu ni din ti beni nyavuyani.

Leukaemia balibu nyɛla chronic lymphocytics leukaemia(CLL) ka Lymphoma balibu mi nyɛ Hodgkin lymphoma ni Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.blood cancer nyɛla bɛ ni buɣisi shɛli ka di nyɛ buyi zuɣu.Dina n nyɛ;

  • ACUTE ( blood cancer din zoori yomyom i
  • CHRONIC ( din bɛ tooi zoora )
  • DIN TAHIRI BLOOD CANCER NA

Hali gba bin din tahiri blood cancer maa na dii bɛ baŋda,amaa ti tooi mi shɛŋa n nyɛ;

  • Ninkurilim
  • Paɣa ni doo laɣimbu shee
  • Zuliya ni
  • Daŋ puuni
  • Dɔr'shɛŋa ni di tibbu shee.

Ŋo zaa dolila blood cancer bali shɛli din yɛn gbaai nira.


BLOOD CANCER ALAAMANIMA

Ninvuŋ'shɛba ban mali blood cancer tooi nyari alaamu nima kamani;

  • Ʒim yibu
  • bɛ yaa tooi vuura
  • be tooi nyari morilim
  • Vuhum fabu
  • waligu tiɛbu yuŋ yuŋ
  • daɣiri doro
  • feeba
  • ningbungbaŋ zuɣu dɔriti
  • kɔbani biɛrim
  • wumsi
  • BLOOD CANCER TIBBU

Blood cancer tibbu belapayapya,nira ni tooi mali zaɣ'gaŋa bee zaɣ'bɔbigu.shɛŋa din tooi zooi n nyɛ,

  • Clemotherapy
  • Targeted therapy
  • Immunotherapy
  • Radiotherapy
  • Stem cell transplant.

Nira yi mali blood cancer din bɛ tooi zooira,o tibbu bɛ to,hali bɛ shɛba ŋuna gba bɛ bi bori tibbu.blood cancer tibbu tooi mali basins di nyaaŋa,ka niriba pam tooi nyari ŋa.

BLEEDING DISORDER

Bleeding disorder nyɛla binshɛɣu din dahindi ti, di yi ti niŋ ka ti ʒim bɛ tooi kpulimda.lala kpulimbu soya maa bɛ booni la coagulation, di nyɛla taɣibu din be liquid ni solid puuni. Nira yi nya daŋa, o ʒim yɛn pilila kpulimbu, din yɛn che ka ʒim maa bɛ yi o yaɣi.sajashɛŋa,binyɛr'shɛŋa chɛmi ka ʒim dii be tooi kpulimda, din ni tooi tahi ʒim yibu pam na bee ka di yi n yaɣi. Bleeding disorder ni tooi tahi ʒim yibu pam na ningbuŋ ni bee ningbuŋ zuɣu,ni kɔb'tɔɣa ni, ni zuɣ'puri ni.

CAUSES OF BLEEDING DISORDER

Di nyɛla binshɛɣu din tooi zooi ka di niŋdi nira di yi niŋ ka o ʒim bɛ tooi kpulim viɛnyɛla. Kaafin ka ʒim ti kpulim nira ningbuŋ ni,di tu ni lala ningbuŋ ŋo mali ʒim puuni protein shɛli bɛ ni boli clotting factors la ni ʒim puuni binneen shɛba bɛ ni boli platelets la. Di tooi zooi ka platelets laɣim taba n tooi nam bɛ ni boli binshɛɣu plug la, saha shɛli nira yi ti nya daŋa ʒi'soya maani.clotting factors maa yi laɣim taba n nam fabrin clot, di yɛn chɛmi ka platelets shɛli din beni maa gulika taɣili ka che ka ʒim maa yiri ʒi'soya maa ni. A yi lihi niriba ban tooi zooi ka ŋo Paari ba, di wuhurimi ni bɛ platelets maa bɛ tooi tumdila din di tu ni di di tumdi shɛm. Ʒim maa yi bɛ kpulim, ʒim ni tooi yi o pam, ka ni tooi chɛ ka ʒim maa tooi yiri o kɔbani na, o kɔbtɔɣani bee o ningbuŋ yaɣ'sylhɛŋa ni. Niriba pam ban tooi mali bleeding disorder nyɛla bɛ ni siɣi shɛli,amaa shɛŋa mi nyɛla nira yi min biɛra ka bɛ tibi o, o ni tooi nuali tibbu maa shee. Din tooi lahi tahiri lina n nyɛ;

  • Nira red blood cells yi bɛ galisi
  • Vitamin K deficiency
  • Dɔri'shɛŋa tibbu nyaaŋa barinanima.

Dɔr'shɛŋa din tooi tahiri bleeding disorder na di tibbu nyaaŋa ka bɛ boli ANTICOAGULANT.

BLEEDING DISORDER ALAAMANIMA

Bleeding disorders alaamanima Bela payapayan doli di bali shɛli din yɛn gbaai nira,dinzuɣu,Alaama din nyɛ zaɣ'kpɛŋ n nyɛ;

  • Nira sɔrilim yi yiri o pampam.
  • Nira nyɛhi yi yiri ʒim sahakam.
  • ʒim yi yiri nira pam pam di yi niŋ ka o nya daŋ bila.
  • Nira yi nyari ʒi'yibo o kɔb'tɔɣa ni.

Di tu ni nira bo dɔɣita shee, di yi niŋ ka o yi nyari alaamanima ŋo zaa. A dɔɣita ni tooi nya lala Doro ŋo ka tooi sɔŋ a ka di bi chaŋ tooni. Wula ka bɛ niŋdi n nyari Doro ŋo? A yi yɛn nya bee n baŋ bleeding disorder, a dɔɣita ni Bɔhi a a daalaama nima, o ni tooi lahi niŋ a zahimbu shɛŋa n baŋ dini nyɛ shɛm. Di tu ni a yɛli ŋo zaa.

  • A ni na min pun mali dɔri shɛli .
  • Ti shɛŋa ani namin pun Vanda.
  • Ʒim maa ni tooi yiri a shɛm.
  • A ni di niŋdi binshɛɣu ka ʒim maa naan yi piligu a yibu.

Ŋo zaa yi naai, a dɔɣita ni zahim a ʒim maa n nya din be dini.lala zahimbu ŋo shɛŋa n nyɛ;

  • a complete blood count(CBC)

Ŋo yɛn zahimmi ka Wuhu a red and white blood cells zaa a ningbuŋ ni.

  • A platelets Aggregtion test.

Ŋo mi nyɛla din yɛ lihi a platelets clump ni laɣim taba n be viɛnyɛla shɛm.

  • A bleeding time test.
Ŋo wuhirila a ʒim ni kpulimdi yom shɛm n ni tooi GU ʒim yibu.


BLEEDING DISORDER BALIBU

Bleeding disorder ni tooi nyɛ siɣili bee ka di kuli gbaai nira.din nyɛ siɣili maa nyɛla din yiri dɔɣin ni na, ka din mi gbaairi maa mi nyɛ din kuli gbahiri niriba bɛ biɛhisi puuni.bleeding disorder ni tooi kuli tahi ʒi'yili la pam di yi niŋ ka nira nya darati bee daŋa, amaa shɛŋa beni n tooi kuli tahi ʒi'yili ŋo na ka di pa ni shɛli n tahili. Bleeding disorders maa galisiya ka lahi be taba ni. Amaa ŋan do gbunni ŋo n kuli niŋ bayana.

  • HEMOPHILIA A MINI B

Ŋo nyɛla din niŋda di yi ti niŋ ka nira ʒim kpulimbu pɔra o ningbuna ni.di tooi chɛri ka nira kɔb'tɔɣani yiri ʒim, hali dini tooi di nira nyavili.

  • Factor II,V,X bee XII:

Deficiencies nyɛla bleeding disorder din tahiri ʒim yibu yiriŋ yiriŋ na.

  • Von Willebrand's Diseases :

Di nyɛla bleeding disorder din nyɛ siɣili maa zaɣ'yini,nira tooi nyarili di yi niŋ ka o ʒim kɔŋ Von Willberant factor, din sɔdi ʒim maa ka di kpulimdi maa.

BLEEDING DISORDER TREATMENT

Blessing disorder tibbu bela payapaya,di dolila di bal'shɛli din mali nira, ni di yaa.hali bleeding disorder tibira, ka ni tooi baligi ni di alaamanima shɛŋa. Tibbu maa so'shɛŋa n nyɛ;

  • IRON SUPPLEMENTATION

Dɔɣite ni tooi Wuhi a iron supplement shɛli, ka a zaŋ n pahi iron shɛli din pun be a ningbuŋ ni, di yi niŋ ka ʒim yi nira pam ka iron bɛ galisi o ni, dini tooi ti o iron deficiency anemia.lala ŋo tooi tahiri wumsim na nira ningbuŋ ni, ninsabigu bee ka o ningbuŋ kuli kab'siri o.o no tooi bori ʒim kpɛhibu.

  • BLOOD TRANSFUSION

Di nyɛla ʒim kpɛhibu di yi ti niŋ ka nira ʒim yi vuui ka chɛ o. Bɛ tooi voori niriba ʒim n kpɛhiri shɛba, di mi dolila yi ʒim maa yi nyɛ ʒi'yinsi.ŋo zaa mi niŋdila ashibitini.


OTHER TREATMENT (TIBIRI SHƐŊA)

Bleeding disorder tibbu ni tooi lahi nyɛ binshɛŋa kamani din pɔbsiri n niŋdi nyahini la(nasal spray) shɛŋa kamani jeomophilia ni tooi tibi ni factor replacement therapy, ŋo nuɛla shariha nkperi ʒim maa maŋmaŋa puuni.ka ni tooi gula ysɣi ʒom pampam yibu. Nira ni tooi lahi nya fresh frozen plasma transfusions don dee yi niŋ ka o bɔri clotting factors shɛŋa.fresh frozenplasma malila V factors ni VIII factors, di dibaa ayi ŋo malila protein din mali anfaani ka sɔŋdi ʒim kpulimbu ni amm ŋo tu ni di niŋdi ashibitini.

POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS OF BLEEDING DISORDER

Yɛlkpana pam tooi pahi bleeding disorder ni ka ni tooi GU ka taɣi di tibbu ni. Dinzuɣu,di tu ni nira yi mali li ka o bo tibbu n ti o maŋa yomyom. Yɛlkpana ŋo tooi kanna di yi niŋ la nira bɛ no tibbu yomyom n ti o maŋa.yɛlkpana ŋan tooi zooi biɛhigu ni n nyɛ;

  • ʒim yibu binnɔri puuni
  • ʒim yibu zuɣ'puri ni.
  • ʒimyibu kɔb'tɔɣa ni.
  • kɔb'tɔɣa ni biɛrim.

Yɛlkpana ni tooi kpaŋsi di yi niŋ kdisoder maa tahi ʒim yibu pampam na.bleeding disorder nyɛla Nyɛla din bɛ viɛlà n titi tipƔaba balled bɛ yi bɛ nya tibbu yomyom.di tooi tahiri ʒim yibu na pampam dɔɣibu ni, puli zaŋbahi shɛɛ bee puli yhibu ni.paɣiba ban mali bleeding disorders tooi nyari bɛ paɣibu ka di Yoruba pampam.ŋo ni tooi tahi anemia na.

Anfooni din wuhiri Ʒi' shɛli din yina Ʒi' so' shɛli be ni bɔli 'Vein' la ʒim kpɛhibu saha.

Wʒim kpehibu nyɛla so shɛli bɛ ni doli n voori ʒim bee ʒim puuni bimbɔra n ti ninsali bee daadam so ŋun ʒim bi saɣiri o.[46] Ʒim kpehibu nim nyɛla Dɔɣate nim ni di dɔli soshɛli ashibiti nim puuni n labisiri daadam ʒim din kpe yɔɣu. Tuuli tuuli ha, ʒim kpehibu daa kuli nyɛla din jendiri ningbuna ni ʒim zaa polo, amaa sahaŋɔ ashibiti yɛltɔɣa nim nyɛla ban ʒim kpehibu chaŋ ti gbai ʒim balibu kamani red blood cells, plasma, platelets, n ti pahi clotting factors shɛŋa. Ʒim bali shɛli din yuli booni White blood cells la nyɛla din kpehibu dii bi yɔli bee n niŋ alahi, ka di ni niŋ ka granulocyte transfusion nyɛ din tuma dii bi galisi la.lala n nyɛli ka Whole blood nyɛ din labina yaɣishɛŋa ni sahaŋɔ.[47]

Bɛ ni mi shɛli ni Red blood cells (RBC) la nyɛla din mali silimiingi ni boli shɛli ni hemoglobin la di puuni ka sɔŋdi ningbuna yaɣa pam ni vuhim pɔhim shɛli bɛ ni bɔli Oxygen la. Bɛ ni bɔli shɛli ni White blood cells nyɛla din dii bi yɔli ʒim kpehibu shee.

Ʒim din nyɛ din kpehiri nyɛla bɛ ni nyari shɛli daadama ban voori ʒim sani ʒim voobu shɛhi, ka lee zaŋdili n sɔŋdi Ʒim duri ni bɛ ni boli shɛli blood bank. ʒim balibu balibu zooya pam ninsalinima ni, kamani ti mali ABO blood group system, n-ti pahi Rhesus blood group system di yoli ka nye mali anfaani pam. N kpɛhi ʒi' shɛli n niŋ daadam din bie deei o ningbuna nyɛla din ni tooi ʒi barina titali ŋɔ, hali n ni tooi di o nyɛvuli, ka di zuɣu che ka crossmatching niŋ talahi din ye n che ka dɔɣatenima baŋ ʒi' shɛŋa din simsi ni bɛ zan kpɛhi daadam.

ʒim neen' shɛŋa bɛ ni lahi kpɛhira ninsali ningbuŋ ʒi' soya ni n nye platelets, blood plasma, cryoprecipitate n-ti pahi ʒim neen' shɛŋa din sɔŋ dili zan kpa di gbihibu polo.

Tilahi Shɛŋa Din Chibiri N-niŋdi Daadam Ʒi' sɔya ni

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Tima pam balibu din yirina silimiingi ni bɔli shɛli antibiotics n ti taɣi chemotherapy) nyɛla dɔɣate nima ni chibiri shɛŋa n niŋ barinima ni, din niŋ kabi bɛ tooi kpɛri ningbuŋ kaliŋ kaliŋ bee viɛnyela bɛ yi dɔli bindirigu soli n-kpe ningbuŋ mali puuni la zuɣu.

Di yi niŋ ka ʒim yi niri pam saha bili sunsuuni n naai, ti' kɔma, bɛ ni boli shɛŋa 'plasma expanders', ni tooi chibi niŋ lala niri ŋɔ ʒim ni, ka ti' kɔma ŋɔ ni tooi nyɛla yɛlim kamani (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 ni din pahi) ka ŋan nye ningbuŋ ni ni tooi deei shɛli, bee ti' kɔ' shɛŋa din gbirisa kamani tim yuli booni 'dextran', 'human serum albumin' n-ti pahi, ʒi' ko' shɛli bɛ ni yoli m maai. Sarati nima yi ti niŋ, 'plasma expanders' n-ti barinima maa nyɛla din mali nyɛvuli tahibu anfaani n gari ʒim kpɛhibu n ti ba, ka daliri maa nye din niŋ ka ʒi' shɛli bɛ ni kpɛhi nira 'metabolism' (di nambu ni saɣimbu) ni bɛ labiri piinda bɛ ni kpɛhili naai.

Ʒim Yihibu Ningbuŋ ni Tibbu Sɔli
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Sahaŋɔ vihigu din jendi tima polo, ʒim Ʒim Yihibu nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli n tibiri dɔriti shɛŋa, kamani dɔriti din gbaai hemochromatosis ni polycythemia.din saha, Ʒim Yihibu ni 'leeching' daa na bɛ niŋ Bayana ni dihitabili zaŋ kpa di niŋsim polo yala n daa ti paai yuun'pishi yinika, ka dɔriti pam daa bɛ lihiri viɛnyɛla dɔmini ʒim galisim zaŋ kpa hippocratic tilaa polo.

Jan Janský nyɛla bɛ ni mi so ka o pu' ʒim n niŋ balibu balibu anahi ni ka ŋa nye ʒi' shɛli din nye (A, B, AB, n ti pahi O)

Silimiinsilini zɔŋɔ ʒim sabirimi (blood) ka silimiinsili kurili ni di daa sabiri (blod) ka lala di yuli ŋɔ nyɛ din yina Germanic ni na, ka di gbundi nyɛ zaɣi yini Germanic bala nim pam ni, shɛhira kamani bala kamani; German Blut, Swedish blod, Gothic blōþ nim ni. Di nyɛla din bi saɣiti Indo-European etymology la.[48]

Tabibiibi baŋsim yaɣili din yuli booni Classical Greek medicine baŋdi kuɣunli ŋun yuli booni

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Robin Fåhræus (o nyɛla Swedish physician ŋun daa niŋ baŋsim yaɣili dinyuli booni erythrocyte sedimentation rate) nyɛla ŋun daa gbaai shaawara ka yɛli ni bɛ ni mi yaɣi shɛli ni Ancient Greek system din be humorism la, n be ningbuna puuni la nyɛla o ni daa tɛhi ka mali dihitabili ni ningbuna nyɛla din mali ningbuŋ zim binbɔra din pu ʒii bu nahi zuɣu, ka ŋa zaa nyɛ din tuma nim yi di ko, di ni niŋ ka o vihi ʒim kuubu daadama ningbuna zuɣu gbam bili shɛli din puuni nɛ la. Di ni niŋ ja ʒim kpaai n niŋ koliba kaapuni ka chɛli zali kamani hawa muni zuɣu, di daa nyɛla din pani paɣali di baanahi. Ʒi kuun sabimli nyɛla din daa doni gbambili maa gbunni dini ka silimiingi boli ni "black bile". Lala ʒi kuuni ŋɔ zuɣusaa, ʒi ʒiɣu n daa paya, dini n nyɛ ʒim mamaŋ. Lala ʒi ʒiɣu ŋɔ mi gba zuɣu saa, kopiɛli din mali mali ʒim bin bɔra n daa paya lala dini ŋɔ ka silimingi boli ni "phlegm" la. Ka kaapu maa mi zuɣusaa nyɛ zaɣi dɔzim dini ka silimiingi boli ni "yellow bile" la.[49][failed verification]

Ʒim balibu nyɛla din pubu dɔli, yaɣi shɛli, ABO ʒim pubu sɔli di yi ti niŋ ka ʒim neen' shɛli bɛ ni boli 'antigens' la bie ʒim binneenbihi ʒehi la zuɣu .

Ʒim balibu lan nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli silimiingi zilinli zuɣu ni (blood group), di nyɛla ʒim ni pumpu sham n jendi di mali silimiingi ni boli bin nien shɛbi ni antibodies be din ni bee di kani ni inherited antigenic binyɛrala la din be ʒim binbɔra bali shɛli silimiingi ni boli ni red blood cells (RBCs) la zuɣu . Lala binbɔra ŋɔ ni tooi nyɛ bindira balibu kamani silimiingi ni boli ni proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, bee glycolipids, di jendirila ʒim bali shɛli din be binvuhirigu maa ni.[50]

ABO blood group system

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
ABO ʒim pubu sɔli : Anfooni din wuhiri alaafee yɛlibɔrili din tiri yaa, bɛ ni boli shɛli 'carbohydrate' gabu gabu din wuhiri ABO ʒim pubu balibu
Anfooni din kahigiri viɛnyela Punnett square din jandi bihi genotypes mini bɛ phenotypes saha shɛli bɛ ma nima given genotypes mini bɛ phenotypes (rows) n ti pahi bɛ ba nima gba genotypes ni bɛ phenotypes (columns) ka kahigibu maa yi polo anfooni maa zuɣu n dɔli bɛ phenotypezaɣi do' zim; Ʒim balibu Azaɣi va' kaɣili; Ʒim balibu ABzaɣi nuɣuso; Ʒim balibu Bzaɣi taampilim; Ʒim balibu O

Lala ABO ʒim balli ŋɔ nyɛla din mali antigens dibaayi ni antibodies gba dibaayi ka ŋa nim nyɛ din be ninsalinim ʒim ni. Lala antigens dibaayi ŋɔ n nyɛ antigen A mini antigen B. Lala n nyɛli ka antibodie nim dibaayi maa gba n nyɛ antibody A nti pahi antibody B.

.[51][52]

Phenotype and genotype of blood types
Phenotype Genotype
A IAIA or IAi
B IBIB or IBi
AB IAIB
O ii

Ʒim balibu nim nyɛla din yiri laambini n kpɛri bɛ bihi ni ka di nyɛ din yirina bɛ ba nim mini bɛ manim ʒim yi laŋin gaba.Bin din gbai silimiingoli December bɛɣu pihita ni yini dali yuuni 2023 ni, bɛ ni mi shɛbi ni [53] International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) nimla daa kpahinmi n niŋ vihigu nyɛl ʒim balibu balibu din daa paai balibu pihinahi ni anu.[54] Ʒim balishɛga din mali dariza ka gari di tabi maa za n nyɛ bin booni shɛli ni ABO mini Rh; bɛ nyɛla shɛbi ʒim bala ka di nyɛ (A, B, AB, ni O, with + or − denoting RhD status) din kuli yan lu n zahim ʒim kpɛhibu ni.

Ʒim balibu kam din pali nyɛla din yan wuhiri ʒim balibu pihinahi ni anu la, ka daadam kam ʒim balli nyɛri din yan mali ʒim balibu puuni binbɔra.[55] Kamani daadam kam nyɛla ŋun mali ʒi bali yini bɛ nyɛvuli puuni, amaa ka ni tooi taɣi di yi ti niŋ ka yɛla kamani silimiingi ni bɔli shɛŋa ni; infection, malignancy, or autoimmune disease nimŋɔ zaɣi yini kam yi ti kpe n gabi daadamm ʒim ni.[56][57][58][59] Bin shɛɣu din lan yɔli pam ka nyɛ din tooi taɣiri daadam ʒim balli n tiri balli shɛli n nyɛ silimiingi ni boli shɛli ni bone marrow transplant la. Lala Bone-marrow transplant nimŋɔ nyɛla din tumdi tuma pam n tiri silimiingi ni boli binshɛŋa ni leukemias mini lymphomas nim la ,nti pahi dɔriti pam ni. Di yi niŋ ka daadam yi deegi bone marrow o daadam kpee ŋun mali ʒim bali ABO sani (kamani ŋmahinli ; di yi nniŋ ka dɔrɔ lan ŋun mali ʒim bali shɛli din nyɛ ' O 'deegi ʒim bali shɛli din nyɛ ' A bone marrow' la ), lala bariŋɔ ʒim kalaamii, di yan taɣi mi nti ʒi'bali shɛli bɛ ni zaŋ n kpɛhi o maa di ni niŋ ka bariŋɔ mali silimiingi ni bɔli shɛli ni hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) la nyɛ din zaa saɣim ka wurim la. Din ni tooi niŋ ka bariŋɔ ʒim ŋɔ ni tooi saɣim ŋɔ, o ningbuna yan yan taɣimi n ti bɛ ni kpɛhi o ʒi'shɛli maa.

Red blood cell compatibility

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  • Blood group AB Daadam kam nyɛla ŋun mali ʒim bali shɛŋa din nyɛ A mini B ka di be bɛ ni bɔli binshɛɣu ni RBCs la zuɣu, ka bɛ blood plasma nyɛ din ka antibodies di ni . Lala n nyɛli, ka daadam kam ŋun mali AB ʒim balli nyɛ ŋun ni tooi deegi ʒim ŋun mali lala AB ʒi'balli, amaa ka ku tooi voogi ʒim nti sokam naɣila ŋun gba mali AB ʒim balli ŋɔ. Ban mali lala ʒim balli ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni mi shɛbi ka bi nyɛ ban ni tooi deegi ʒim sokam zaa sani.
  • Blood group A individuals Daadam kam ban mali ʒi'balli din nyɛ A antigen din be bɛ RBCs zuɣu, n ti pahi bɛ ni booni shɛli ni ( blood serum) nyɛla din mali bɛ ni mi shɛli ni IgM antibodie , ka di taɣiri ʒi balli din nyɛ B antigen la. Lala zuɣu, ban mali A ʒim balliŋɔ nyɛla ban ni tooi deegi ʒim ban gba mali A mini 'O 'ʒim balli konko sani, ka ni lee tooi voogi ʒim nti ban mali A bee AB ʒim bala ŋɔ.
  • Blood group B individuals Daadam kam bam mali B ʒim balli ŋɔ ka di be bɛ RBC ni , n ti pahi blood serum din mali IgM antibodies nim din taɣiri A ʒim balli. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu, salinim bam B ʒim balli nyɛla ban ni tooi deegi ʒim bam mali B bee O ʒim bala konko, ka ni tooi voogi ʒim nti bam mali B bee AB ʒim bala konkk.
  • Blood group O (or blood group zero in some Daadama nim ban ka A bee B ʒim bala ka di be bɛ RBCs zuɣu, ka bɛ blood serum mali IgM anti-A mini anti-B antibodies nima. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu, bam mali 'O' ʒim balli nyɛla ban ni tooi deegi ʒim la ban gba mali 'O' ʒim balli konko, amaa ka ni tooi voogi ʒim nti ban mali ABO ʒim balli , A, B, O bee AB ʒima zaa. Di yi niŋ ka bari bɔri ʒim, ka o ni bɔri ʒibali shɛli maa na kani bee ka di nyɛbu na yan di saha , bɛ nan tooi kpɛri lala bari maa ʒim bali shɛli bɛ ni boli ni ' O negative' la . Di ni niŋ ka di ni tooi kpe ŋ gabi sokam ʒim ni la, vihigu wuhiya ni ʒim balli din nyɛ ' O negative' ŋɔ nyɛla din niŋ di shaara sahakam. blood .[60] .[60]
Red blood cell compatibility chartIn addition to donating to the same blood group; type O blood donors can give to A, B and AB; blood donors of types A and B can give to AB.
Red blood cell compatibility table[61][62]
Recipient[1] Donor[1]
O− O+ A− A+ B− B+ AB− AB+
O− Green tick Red X Red X Red X Red X Red X Red X Red X
O+ Green tick Green tick Red X Red X Red X Red X Red X Red X
A− Green tick Red X Green tick Red X Red X Red X Red X Red X
A+ Green tick Green tick Green tick Green tick Red X Red X Red X Red X
B− Green tick Red X Red X Red X Green tick Red X Red X Red X
B+ Green tick Green tick Red X Red X Green tick Green tick Red X Red X
AB− Green tick Red X Green tick Red X Green tick Red X Green tick Red X
AB+ Green tick Green tick Green tick Green tick Green tick Green tick Green tick Green tick

Compatibility of ABO and Rh system for Red Cell (Erythrocyte) Transfusion

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Adaka din do gbunni ŋɔ nyɛla adaka shɛli din wuhiri ʒim balibubalibu ni kpini tabi sham di yi kana kpa bin voori so ʒim mini bɛ ni malili n kpɛhiri so ka di jendi ʒim balishɛŋa din nyɛ ABO mini Rh system. Ʒim ŋmahinli ŋɔ nyɛla din wuhiri ʒim ni deeri tabi sham

Donor
O− O+ B− B+ A− A+ AB− AB+
Recipient AB+
AB−
A+
A−
B+
B−
O+
O−
Agglutination (clumping) of red blood cells due to an incorrect transfusion.

Ʒim nyɛla din mali balibubalibu pam, ka ŋa nim zaa nyɛ din be binvuhira shɛŋa puuni ŋa nim ni be. Ʒim bali shɛli bɛ ni mi ni ABO ʒim balli la nyɛla bɛ ni daa nyɛ shɛli binvuhira ni yuuni 1900 ni, ka ŋun daa nyɛli maa yuli booni Karl Landsteiner. Tabijbi baŋdi so ŋun yuli booni Jan Janský nyɛla ŋun daa nyɛ tuuli ŋun daa pu ʒim bunahi zuɣu m boli ni (A, B, AB, n ti lahi O) yuuni 1907 ni, ka di na kuli nyɛ din tumdi tuma zɔŋɔ. Yuuni 1907 ni, tuuli blood transfusion daa nyɛla din niŋ ka di nyɛla was ABO ʒim balli la ja bɛ daa zaŋ m baŋ ʒim ni deeri tabi sham.[63] Tuuli bɛ ni mi shɛli ni non-direct transfusion la daa nyɛla din niŋ silimiingoli March bɛɣu pishi ni ayɔpoin dali yuuni 1914 ni. Lala n nyɛli ka bɛ ni mi shɛli ni Rhesus factor la nyɛ bɛ ni daa nyɛ shɛli yuuni 1937 ni.

Zaŋmaɣisi tabi adaka
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Adaka ŋan do gbunni ŋɔ nyɛla din wuhiri ʒim kpɛhibu ni kpini tabi sham taɣimalisi nima din jendi ʒim din mali kpaɣiʒɛɣu.[64]
+ =Occasionally present   ++ =Frequently present
Febrile nonhemolytic TRALI Acute hemolytic Bacterial contamination
Appearance of symptoms during or after transfusion Usually toward end.

5–10% appear up to 2 hours after.

 Early (after 10–15 ml) Early (after 50–100 ml) Up to 8 hours after transfusion
Fever + ++ ++ ++
Chills ++ ++ ++ +++
Cold ++ - + -
Discomfort ++ - - -
Rigors + - - -
Headache + - + -
Nausea and/or vomiting + - ++ -
Dyspnea + ++ ++ -
Cyanosis - ++ ++ -
Hypotension / circulatory shock - ++ ++ ++
Disseminated intravascular coagulation - - ++ ++
Hemoglobinuria - - ++ +
Renal failure - - ++ ++
Back pain - - ++ -

"Normoblast' yɛligibu malila yaɣa dibaa anahi.:

IllustrationDescriptionImage
Pronormoblast
Basophilic normoblast
Polychromatic normoblast (also polychromatophilic)
Orthochromatic normoblast (also orthochromatophilic)

Zuliya nim mini Adiini nim Dihitabili ni ʒim

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Di ni niŋ ka di bukaata n zaŋti nyɛvuli ka zaŋbuɣusi, ʒim nyɛla niribi pam ni mali dihi tabili pam bɛ ʒilɛya ni. Din yɔli zaŋ chaŋ niribi ni mali dihi tabili sham n kpa ʒim polo n nyɛ bɛ shɛbi ni zaŋdi ʒim ka di wuhiri bɛ daŋ bee bɛ mabili ni kpini tabi sham di yi kana dɔɣim polo; 'ka yi ti yan mali ʒi yinsi ' naɣila yi yila yabi do yino ni na amaa ka amiliya niŋbu. Yɛligu ŋɔ nyɛla din chaŋ ti wuhiri ʒi yinsi, kamani di ni yɛli '' ʒim nyɛla din gburisi n gari kom''.

Ʒim nyɛla din tɔɣisiri n jendi yɛltɔɣa yini konko zuɣu adiini nim kamani Musulinsi, Jewish nti pahi Dolodolo adiini nim ŋɔ ni, dama kundi buku din yuli booni Leviticus 17:11 yɛli ni ''bin'namdili kam nyɛvuli nyɛla din be ʒim ni''. Lala yɛltɔɣali ŋɔ nyɛla din be kundi buku din yuli booni Levitical zalikpan shɛli din mɔŋ ʒim nyubu bee n ŋubiri nimdi ka ʒim na tabitabi nimdi maa la puuni.

Indigenous Australians
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

A yi lihi indigenous Australian Aboriginal nima kaya, din yuli booni ochre dibahibahindi bin ʒee min ʒim zaa nyɛla din mali silimiingi ni bɔli ningbuŋ binbɔra shɛli din yuli booni ni iron la ka bɛ bolli ni Maban la, nyɛla bɛ ni mala shɛli n niŋ di bɛ wa-waribi nachin tɛri ni bɛ baɣayuya malibu saha. Kamani bɛ ni mi so ni Lawlor la ni yɛli: ni a yi lihi bɛ ni mishɛli ni Aboriginal la baɣiyuya malibuni mini ɛ suuna nim ni, bɛ wa-waribi nyin goya ni zaa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ nachiinsi nein shɛli bɛ ni bɔli ni Ochre ʒehi n-ye bɛ nyingoya ni zaa. Bɛ ni bɔli shɛli ni Secret la puuni, ban nyɛ bidibisi Sacret nim suuna nim ni, ʒim nyɛla bɛ ni yihiri shɛli wa waribi maa nuhini ʒi m sɔyani n zaŋli taɣi n zaŋ ye bɛ nyingoya ni.Lala n nyɛli ka bɛ ni bɔli shɛli ni Ochre ʒee la nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli gba n tumdi tuun yinsi suuna nim ni Lala n nyɛla ka ʒim nyɛ bɛ ni mali ʒim n niŋdi noonsi kɔbirini n dihiri bɛ maŋmaŋ nachiinsi. Noonsi kɔbiri nyɛla din mali purootin din nyɛ din mali paawa taɣimalisi dinni.

Lawlor lahi tɔhikom ni ʒim nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli n pahiri diri nachiinsi nyɛla lala daadama ŋɔ ni zaŋdi shɛli n pahiri bɛ wawaribi wahi niɛma . Din nyaanga, Lawlor nyɛla ŋun zaŋ lala paawa dindii bi nyɛri ŋɔ n ti pahi bɛ ni bɔli shɛli ni magnetic fields la, n yɛli ni bɛ ni bɔli shɛli ni Iron la nyɛla din mali paawa di ni.magnetic.

Balishɛbi ban nyɛ Germanic bala la ni, ʒim nyɛla bɛ ni daa mali shɛli tumdi tuma bɛ maliŋ nim shɛhi; blood bɛ ni mi shɛli bɛ zilima zuɣu ni Blóts la. Ʒim maa nyɛla bɛ ni mali dihitabili ni shɛli nyɛla din kuli mali yaa ka di ni yina binso ni maa, bɛ daa yi ŋmahi nimdi ŋɔ naai, bɛ yan niŋla zim maa n mihi sarisari dikiya maa luɣishɛŋa bɛ buɣa maa ni be n ti oahi bɛ ban tumdi maa mamaŋa. Lala bɛ niŋ ʒim ŋɔ n sariti dikiya ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni blóedsian din be silimiinsili kurili la ni, ka di daa nyɛ dolodolo nim bali shɛbi ban yuli booni Roman Catholic Church ni paŋ shɛli n niŋ bɛ bachinim puuni. Ban nyɛ Hittite la nim ʒim bachi din yuli booni ishar nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛli n yihi bachi nim kamani cognate to words for "oath" mini "bond", a ni tooi bɔli Ishara ni Ancient Greeks nyɛla ban mali dihitabili ni buɣa ʒim din yuli booni , ichor, daa nyɛla bin shɛɣu din daai gbaaigi pɔizin.[65]

Baabuli kundi buku yaɣishɛli din yuli booni Genesis 9:4 la ni, Naawuni nyɛla ŋun kpahi o dabili ŋun yuli daa booni Noah la mini o bihi ka che ʒim dibu lala zaligu ŋɔ nyɛla din yina zalikpana yagili buku yuli bokni Noahide Law. Lala zalisi ŋɔ nyɛla din na kuli tumdi tuma, ka ba lihhiri di zuɣu nyɛ ni Eastern Orthodox Church.

Di lahi nyɛla din sabi do baabuli ni n wuhiiri ni di yi ti niŋ ka mallayikka so ŋun su nyɛvuya deebula ti chjaŋ luɣili kam Hebrew nim ni be, ni bi lɛɣu bɛ ni na kuli yɔli dɔɣi nyɛlaa ŋun bi lahiyankpi, di yi niŋ ka malaayika maa yi nya ʒim ni tɔɣi-tɔɣi n do zonpaɣa.

A yi lihi Council of Jerusalem nim ni, ban nyɛ apostles nim la nyɛla ban yɛli ni ʒim dibu nyɛla din chihira, lala yɛlli ŋɔ nyɛla din sabi do Acts 15:20 mini 29 ni. Di yaɣili kam nyɛla din mali gbunni, di pahi bahindi di ni be dolodolo kundi maa ni suurili pinaawei zaŋ ni suurili pishi ni yini . Di daa nyɛla din yan gu ka taɣi bɛ ni mi bali shɛli ni Jews ban nyɛ dolodolo nim la taya ni bee bɛ gbaɣu ni kpebu ni dama zali kpana yaɣili din yuli booni Mosaic Law Code la nyɛla din bi saɣiti lala tuma maa.

Anabi Yissah ʒim nyɛla din gbunni ni nyɛ di nyɛhirila daadama nim taya. Yaha, "... Anabi Yissah ʒim nyɛla din nyɛhi daadama taya zaa." Bu din yuli booni (1 John 1:7) la puuni yɛliya , "... Ŋuni n nyɛ ŋun yuriti ka lahi zaŋ o mamaŋ ʒim paɣi ti taya zaa labi ." Lala ka buku din yuli booni (Revelation 1:5) ni yɛli , "Bɛ nyɛla ban nyɛ yaa o zuɣu (Shintɔɔni) ka di nyɛla shiikasi ʒim ( Anabi Yissa) nti pahi bɛ mamaŋ testimony ..." din be (Revelation 12:11 buku la ni.

Dolodolo nim cheechi nim dingbai Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, nti pahi Assyrian Church of the East nyɛla ban wuhiri ni , ni ayi zaŋ amaŋ ti naawuni , din yuli booni Eucharistic wine la nyɛla din yan lɛbi Anabi Yissah ʒim din yan nyɛ naawuni paɣibu ni nyubu. Di zuɣu a yi lihi lala consecrated wine maani, Anabi Yissah nyɛla ŋun lee shihira lan mini kɔbili lana. Lala wuhibu ŋɔ nyɛla din yina bɛ ni mi shɛli ni Last Supper la ni.

Judaism puuni, bunŋkɔbiri ʒim nyɛla bɛ ni tooi bɛ diri shɛli hali di yi pɔrimi kawala, ka ŋa nyɛ din yina bɛ kundi yaɣi shɛli dinyuli booni animal blood Leviticus suuraa'ta zaŋni suuri pia ni ayɔpoin ni, ŋa nyɛla din lahi yina bɛ Jewish bindira zalikpana zaligu buku ni, ka ŋa yuli booni (Kashrut).[66] Gala gba nyɛla din simdi ni bɛ lihiri shɛli poi n nyɛn nya ʒim taɣimalisi be di puuni bee di kani, di yi beni dinŋuna ka bɛ yihili poi ka naanyi tooi di li. [67] Hali di kuli niŋya ka ʒim din yina zimbili ni na nyɛ dinyuli booni kosher, di nyɛla din chihiri di bɛ daadam di zahim ʒim, din kuli yan niŋ ka lala niri bi birigi tingbani maa zalikpana.[68]

Tabiibi tuma din jendi ʒim nyɛla din pɔbiri Nokia m bee mɔɣini bee yiŋ binkɔri ʒima bɛ ti kɔrigi nai lala yɛligu ŋɔ nyɛla din yina bɛ kundi yaɣishɛli bɛ ni boli ni (Leviticus 17:13); [69]

Musulinsi din wuhi hizini n wuhiri bindira zaa din mali ʒim ŋa nim puuni zaa dibu ni chihirisham, ka lala zaligu ŋɔ nyɛla din yina musulinsi zalikpana yaɣali din yuli booni Islamic dietary laws la ni na. Ka lala zaligu ŋɔ nyɛ din yina Alikuraani puuni suurili yuli booni Al-Ma'ida ( aaya dibaa'nu zaŋ labina dibaa'ta ni): ka lala aaya ŋɔ yɛli :"bindiri shɛŋa yi ni ku tooi di bee musulumi ni mɔŋ shɛŋa dibu n nyɛ binkpiŋ nimdi, ʒim, the flesh of swine, nti pahi din yuya ka di pala naawuni ni pii shɛli n ti ŋa''.

Din tahi ʒim dibu bi viɛli ŋɔ nyɛla; ni ʒim nyɛla din mali saɣiri din'ni . Zalikpani mini dinchihiri shɛŋa din jendi paɣibi sɔrilim nyabu polo. Di yi niŋ ka bɛ kɔrigi binkɔbiga, o nyingoli nyɛla bɛ ni kuli chibi bee n gbeei shɛli bɛla, din kuli yan niŋ ka o ningbuna maa tooi nyɛ yiko n ti o suhi tibili ni di bɔri ʒim ni vuhim.

A yi lihi bɛ ni mali dihitabili ni bɛ kundi yaɣishɛli din booni Acts 15:28, 29 din yɛli ni (" niŋmiya katiŋ ka che. .. ʒim ."). Jehovah's Witnesses nyɛla ban bi diri ʒim bee ban bi kpɛhiri ʒim di yi ti niŋ ka ʒi pooli gbai so bee ʒim puuni niɛma shɛli nyɛla bɛ ni bi mali dihitabili ni shɛŋa zaa: kamani ʒim balibu ŋan yuya nyɛ red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (thrombocytes), n ti pahi plasma la. Bɛ niribi nyɛla ban mali yiko ni tooi sagiti ashibiti yɛltɔɣa din jendi bɛ mamaŋ ʒim yɛltɔɣa bee binyɛra din yina lala ʒim balibu dibaa'nahi ŋɔ.[70]

Vampire nim nyɛla naawuni bin'namda puuni shɛbi ban nuri ʒim n tooi kuri bɛ kum, ka bɛ tooi yurila daadama nim ʒima. Taada bee bala kam duniya puuni nyɛla ban mali dihitabili ni lala ʒi'nyuribi ŋɔ; ŋmahinli kamani 'Nosferatu' legend, daadam ban nyɛri nasara damnation ni, ka lahi nyuri bɛ nin sali tabi ʒima, ka bɛ nyɛ ban yina duniya yaɣishɛŋani kamani; Eastern European folklore nim ni . Bin'niɛma kamani Ticks, leeches, female mosquitoes, vampire bats, n ti pahi bin'niɛmda pam nyuri bɛ bin'niɛmdi tabi shabi ʒim, amaa zɔna koŋko n nyɛ ban mini bɛ ni boli shɛbi ni vampire nimla ŋmani taba.

Din be invertebrate puuni, ningbuŋni kom din yuli booni analogous din be ʒim ni ka di yuli booni hemolymph nyɛla din be ʒim ni, di waligin sim nim nyɛla, bɛ ni mi shɛli hemolymph nyɛla din bi be silimiingi ni mi ningbuna ni shɛli ni circulatory system la puuni. Lala Hemolymph ni tooi nyɛ din ʒiri vuhim pɔhim kpuli shɛli din yuli booni oxygen la n gindi ningbuna ni, hali di ni ni tooi niŋ ka hemoglobin nyɛ din katuma.Bɛ ni mi shɛli ni Crustaceans la mini mollusks din be daadama ʒim ni la nyɛla din mali bɛ ni mi shɛli ni hemocyanin n tumdi tuma ka lee bi zaŋdi hemoglobin din n tumda.[71] Bin'niɛma pam ni , bɛ hemolymph nyɛla vuhim pɔhim kpula din yuli booni oxygen-carrying molecule la ni ka shɛli ni, ka di daliri nyɛla bɛ ningbuna ni pɔri shamla zuɣu ka yaɣi shɛli din yuli booni tracheal system ku tooi ti bɛ ningbuna maa oxygen.

Di tuma bee anfaani nim shɛŋa

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Forensic Mini archaeological

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Ʒim puuni saɣiri nyɛla din sɔŋdi forensic vihigu nim ka bɛ vihiri nyɛri tubu niɛma nima. Din yuli booni bloodstain pattern analysis puuni, bɛ ni mi shɛli ni forensic la lahibali nyɛla bɛ ni ni tooi nyɛ shɛli ʒim yaɣi shɛli din yuli booni bloodstain la puuni.

Lala Blood residue analysis ŋɔ gba nyɛla baŋsim parishɛli din tumdi tuma archeology la ni.

Ʒim nyɛla ningbuŋ ni kosalisi ni yini ban tumdi Art tuma ni mali shɛli tumdi tuma bɛ tuma maa shehi..[72] Di daaha puuni, din yuya booni Viennese Actionist Hermann Nitsch, Istvan Kantor, Franko B, Lennie Lee, Ron Athey, Yang Zhichao, Lucas Abela nti pahi Kira O'Reilly tuma puuni, nti gbai bɛ ni mi shɛli Andres Serrano la, nyɛla din zaŋ ʒim ka di lee be Art tuma puuni tuun nien kpeŋ. Tuma ŋɔ baŋdi ŋun yuli booni Marc Quinn nyɛla ŋun niŋ lala Art ŋɔ yaɣishɛli din yuli booni sculpture la, ka di nyɛla o zaŋla ʒi'shɛli din yuli booni frozen blood la, nti pahi o mamaŋ zuɣuni ʒim m pahi.

Lala yuliŋu 'ʒim' nyɛla din tumdi tuma bɛ ni mi shɛli ni genealogical circles la ni, ka di wuhiri daadam ancestry, origins, nti pahi ethnic background din zaa be bachishɛli din yuli booni bloodline lani. Yu'shɛoa din gba zaa tumdi tuma mabiligu bee daŋpuuni ʒi'sɔya wuhibu n nyɛ blue-blood, royal blood, mixed-blood nti pahi blood relative nim zaa.



* Blood type (non-human)

* Human leukocyte antigen

* hh blood group

  1. ↑ Naden, Tony. 2014. Dagbani dictionary. Webonary.
  2. ↑ Definition of BLOOD.
  3. ↑ The Franklin Institute Inc.. Blood – The Human Heart.
  4. ↑ Definition of red blood cell (en) (2011-02-02).
  5. ↑ Aryal, Sagar (2017-01-03). Blood cells and its types with functions (en-US).
  6. ↑ Low Hemoglobin: Causes & Symptoms.
  7. ↑ Is blood blue? 7 facts about blood (en) (2018-04-10).
  8. ↑ Krause, William J. (2005). Krause's Essential Human Histology for Medical Students (in English) (3rd ed.). Universal-Publishers. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-58112-468-2. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  9. ↑ Krause, William J. (2005). Krause's Essential Human Histology for Medical Students (in English) (3rd ed.). Universal-Publishers. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-58112-468-2. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  10. ↑ Séguin, Chantal (2022-01-08). Did You Know That Not All Blood is Red? • The Blood Project.
  11. ↑ Alberts, Bruce (2012). Table 22-1 Blood Cells. NCBI Bookshelf.
  12. 1 2 Elert, Glenn (2012). Volume of Blood in a Human.
  13. ↑ Shmukler, Michael (2004). Density of Blood.
  14. ↑ Composition of the Blood | SEER Training.
  15. ↑ Image by Mikael Häggström, MD. Reference for findings: Syed Zaidi, M.D.. APL with PML-RARA. Last author update: 1 February 2013
    Source image: File:Faggot cell in AML-M3.jpg from PEIR Digital Library (Pathology image database) Archived 2009-03-01 at the Wayback Machine (Public Domain)
  16. ↑ Medical Encyclopedia: RBC count.
  17. ↑ Tallitsch RB, Frederic M, Michael J T (2006). Human anatomy (5th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. p. 529. ISBN 978-0-8053-7211-3.
  18. 1 2 Ganong WF (2003). Review of medical physiology (21 ed.). New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. p. 518. ISBN 978-0-07-121765-1.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Ignatavicius, Donna D.; Workman, M. Linda; Rebar, Cherie R.; Heimgartner, Nicole M., eds. (2018). Medical-surgical nursing : concepts for interprofessional collaborative care (in English) (9th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-323-46158-0. OCLC 1018308697.
  20. ↑ Waugh A, Grant A (2007). "2". Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness (Tenth ed.). Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-443-10102-1.
  21. ↑ Tɛmplet:MerckManual
  22. ↑ Romer AS, Parsons TS (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 404–406. ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5.
  23. ↑ Harvey, William (1628). Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (la).
  24. ↑ Williams PW, Gray HD (1989). Gray's anatomy (37th ed.). New York: C. Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-443-02588-4.
  25. ↑ Frederic, Martini (2009). Fundamentals of anatomy & physiology. Nath, Judi Lindsley (8th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. p. 657. ISBN 978-0321539106. OCLC 173683666.
  26. ↑ (December 1981) "Equality of the in vivo and in vitro oxygen-binding capacity of haemoglobin in patients with severe respiratory disease". British Journal of Anaesthesia 53 (12): 1325–8. DOI:10.1093/bja/53.12.1325. PMID 7317251.
  27. 1 2 Costanzo LS (2007). Physiology. Hagerstown, Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-7311-9.
  28. 1 2 3 Edwards Lifesciences LLC – Normal Hemodynamic Parameters – Adult Archived 10 Silimin gɔli November 2010 at the Wayback Machine 2009
  29. ↑ Ventilatory Physiology and Endurance (23 March 2010).
  30. ↑ Transplant Support- Lung, Heart/Lung, Heart MSN groups
  31. ↑ (July 2005) "Limitations to systemic and locomotor limb muscle oxygen delivery and uptake during maximal exercise in humans". The Journal of Physiology 566 (Pt 1): 273–85. DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.086025. PMID 15860533.
  32. ↑ Blood gas and Saturation measurements (25 September 2010).
  33. ↑ Lecture Notes-20 (2 May 1999).
  34. ↑ (July 2005) "Limitations to systemic and locomotor limb muscle oxygen delivery and uptake during maximal exercise in humans". The Journal of Physiology 566 (Pt 1): 273–85. DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.086025. PMID 15860533.
  35. ↑ Lecture Notes-20 (2 May 1999).
  36. ↑ Martini F, et al. (2007). Anatomy and Physiology. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 643. ISBN 9789712348075. Archived from the original on 1 May 2016.
  37. ↑ Vander's Human Physiology reported similar numbers: 60% carried as bicarbonate, 30% bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin, and 10% physically dissolved. Widmaier EP, Raff H, Strang KT (2003). Vander's Human Physiology (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. p. 493 (ch. Respiratory physiology § Transport of carbon dioxide in blood). ISBN 978-0-07-288074-8.
  38. 1 2 Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. Saunders. 2015. p. 204. ISBN 978-1455770052.
  39. ↑ Prahl. Optical Absorption of Hemoglobin.
  40. ↑ (March 1996) "Why do veins appear blue? A new look at an old question". Applied Optics 35 (7): 1151. DOI:10.1364/AO.35.001151. PMID 21085227.
  41. ↑ (August 2006) "Parasites in a biodiversity hotspot: a survey of hematozoa and a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Plasmodium in New Guinea skinks". The Journal of Parasitology 92 (4): 770–7. DOI:10.1645/GE-693R.1. PMID 16995395.
  42. ↑ (August 2006) "Parasites in a biodiversity hotspot: a survey of hematozoa and a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Plasmodium in New Guinea skinks". The Journal of Parasitology 92 (4): 770–7. DOI:10.1645/GE-693R.1. PMID 16995395.
  43. ↑ Blood – The Human heart. The Franklin Institute.
  44. ↑ The Role of Red Blood Cells in Anemia.
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  46. ↑ Blood Transfusion | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI).
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  48. ↑ Tɛmplet:Cite OED
  49. ↑ (December 2001) "Descriptions of blood and blood disorders before the advent of laboratory studies". British Journal of Haematology 115 (4): 719–28. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03130.x. PMID 11843802.
  50. ↑ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1998). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
  51. ↑ Schmidt, P; Okroi, M (2001), "Also sprach Landsteiner – Blood Group 'O' or Blood Group 'NULL'", Infus Ther Transfus Med, 28 (4): 206–8, doi:10.1159/000050239 (inactive 2024-06-18), S2CID 57677644CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Silimin gɔli June 2024 (link)
  52. ↑ Your blood – a textbook about blood and blood donation.
  53. ↑ Cox, David. "A new understanding of how your blood type influences your health" (2024). New Scientist, 27 January 2024, Issue 3475 (https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg26134751-500-a-new-understanding-of-how-your-blood-type-influences-your-health/).
  54. ↑ Red Cell Immunogenetics and Blood Group Terminology. International Society of Blood Transfusion (2023).
  55. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named isbt-20222
  56. ↑ Dean 2005, The ABO blood group "... A number of illnesses may alter a person's ABO phenotype ..."
  57. ↑ (1987) "B antigen acquired by normal A1 red cells exposed to a patient's serum". Transfusion 27 (1): 41–4. DOI:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1987.27187121471.x. PMID 3810822.
  58. ↑ (November 1983) "Acquired B antigen and polyagglutination in a patient with gastric cancer". The Japanese Journal of Surgery 13 (6): 540–2. DOI:10.1007/BF02469500. PMID 6672386.
  59. ↑ (2007) "Change in blood group in systemic lupus erythematosus". Lancet 369 (9557): 186–7; author reply 187. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60099-3. PMID 17240276.
  60. 1 2 American Association of Blood Banks (24 April 2014), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American Association of Blood Banks, archived from the original on 24 September 2014, retrieved 25 July 2014, which cites
  61. ↑ RBC compatibility table. American National Red Cross (December 2006).
  62. ↑ Blood types and compatibility Archived 2010-04-19 at the Wayback Machine bloodbook.com
  63. ↑ History of Blood Transfusion | American Red Cross.
  64. ↑ Unless otherwise specified in boxes, reference is: Transfusion reactions / M.A. Popovsky. Basel: Karger. 1996. ISBN 978-3-8055-6509-7. OCLC 40288753.
  65. ↑ Brittain, Robert P. (1965). "Cruentation: In Legal Medicine and in Literature" (in en). Medical History 9 (1): 82–88. DOI:10.1017/S0025727300030179. ISSN 0025-7273. PMID 14252331.
  66. ↑ Koshering Meat. Archived 16 Silimin gɔli December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Chabad.org.
  67. ↑ Removing the Blood. Archived 16 Silimin gɔli December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Chabad.org.
  68. ↑ Citron, R. Aryeh. All About Kosher Fish. Archived 16 Silimin gɔli December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Chabad.org.
  69. ↑ Schneerson, R. Menachem M. Igrot Kodesh, vol. vii, p. 270.
  70. ↑ The Watchtower 15 June 2004, p. 22, "Be Guided by the Living God"
  71. ↑ (April 2018) "Molluscan hemocyanin: structure, evolution, and physiology". Biophysical Reviews 10 (2): 191–202. DOI:10.1007/s12551-017-0349-4. ISSN 1867-2450. PMID 29235083.
  72. ↑ "Nostalgia" Artwork in blood Archived 8 Silimin gɔli January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
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