Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Iznik pottery

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
(İznik pottery ka di tom m-bahina)
Iznik pottery
pottery style
Tingbani shɛli din yinaTurkey Mali niŋ
Intangible cultural heritage statusRepresentative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Mali niŋ
Described at URLhttps://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/01058, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/01058, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/01058 Mali niŋ
Two tiles, circa 1560, fritware, painted in blue, turquoise, red, green, and black under a transparent glaze, Art Institute of Chicago (Chicago, USA)
Dish with foliate rim decorated with flowers and a cypress tree, with a dollar pattern border, c. 1575

Iznik pottery, bee Iznik ware, nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ tiŋa yuli booni İznik ka be Anatolia yuli m-boli shɛli, ni ka bɛ maani li. Di nyɛla parante shɛli bɛ ni daa mali 15th century ni daa pirigi zaŋ hali ni 17th century naabu ni. Turkish sitaaya ŋmanila Chinese Porcelain.[1]

İznik n daa nyɛ luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni daa maani "earthenware" duɣiri ni "underglaze" nachintɛri, di ni daa niŋ ka, 15th century naabu ni ha,ka baŋdiba pili duɣi maŋa malibu ni "fritware" ka di ningbuŋgbaŋ peenti ni "cobalt blue". Di dizaai laɣim la "Ottoman arabesque" kali dizaai mini "Chinese elements". Di taɣibu maa daliri daa nyɛla palli Ottoman kootu palli shɛli bɛ ni daa mɛ Istanbul ni daa da li ka daa niŋ nintiɣili li "Chinese blue-and-white porcelain".

16th century nachintɛri sitaaya da nyɛla din taɣi. Nahigbaŋ pala daa nyɛla din pahi. Piligu "turquoise" mini "cobalt blue" din mali shilinshiya ti pahi "piney green" din mali shilinshia ni "pale purple" gba daa nyɛla bɛ ni pahi shɛli [2]. Di ni daa chaŋ tooni ha, Iznik parante maaniba daa pa maani la "underglazed tiles" pam pam ni bɛ dizaani yanima dizaan shɛli Mimar Sinan ŋun daa mɛri tandi ni daa niŋ. "Tiles" maa malibu ni bɛ daa pahi nahingbana kamani"bole red " ni di zani n-ti "purple n-ti tabili "emerald green" din daa nyɛlisiri a gba daa nyɛla din zani n-ti "sage green". Zaŋ chaŋ yuma maa bahigu di zaɣi maŋa malibu daa nyɛla din dɔni tiŋa amaa ka bɛ daa tuɣi malibu 17th century, ka dizaai maa da leei bi chaŋ viɛnyɛla. Bɛ ni zaŋ lala "tiles" maa dihi du'shɛli nachiinsi bahi Iznik n daa nyɛ Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Blue Mosque) din be Istanbul ka di mɛbu tuma daa naai 1616.

Ceramic collection of the Topkapı Palace mali gari 10,0000 "Chinese porcelain" amaa ka di pam nyɛ Iznik malibu. "Iznik vessels" nima pam din na beni nyɛla din be binkura biɛhigu sheei din ka Turkey yiŋa, amaa tiŋgbani maa "tile" nima malibu shɛhira nyɛla din be tiŋ'si pam ni Turkey yaɣili polo, kamani Istanbul, Bursa, Edirne ni Adana. Istanbul tiŋgbani ni, Iznik "tile" nima zaŋ tum tuma tooi zooi la jiŋa ni, gbala, bukunima biɛhigu sheei mini nanima yiŋsi, kamani Rüstem Pasha Mosque, Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Mosque, Selim II gballi din be Hagia Sophia complex, n-ti tabili Topkapı Palace complex kamani Circumcision room mini Baghdad Kiosk.

Overview: role of Chinese porcelain

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Left: Ming dynasty porcelain dish with grape design, Jingdezhen, China, 1403–1424.
Right: Fritware dish with grape design, Iznik, Turkey, 1550–1570.

Ottoman Empire ni daa pili 14th century,piligu Iznik pkaloSnima malibu daa chanimi n doli "eljuk Empire antecedents."

Lala saha ŋɔ nyaaŋa, "Iznik vessels" nyɛla Chinese porcelain ni daa niŋ nintiɣili ni shɛli, ka Ottoman sultans daa duhi di daa zuɣusaa. Di ni daa niŋ ka ban maani li maa kɔŋ porcelain makibu, bɛ ni daa maani shɛli daa nyɛla "fritware", din daa mali silica mini kalo.

Thnemaani ki maa zaɣi maŋ tali daa chami ka bɛ buɣisi originazaɣiemaŋ tali nyɛla bɛ ni buɣisi shɛli ni ti nyɛla bɛ piili mi amaa ka di pa bɛ tɔɣisi li mi has been dekalonimaanyɛla niriba ni yu shɛli, ka musulinima mali li n kuri bukaata .[3] Di bahi bahindi "Ottoman court" puuni mini "Safavid court" din be Persia din mali "Chinese blue-and-white porcelain". Lala "Chinese porcelains" malila nuu timbu ni Safavid kalonima ka nyɛ din sɔŋdi "Iznik ware".[4] Zaŋ chaŋ 16th century sunsuuni, Iznik malila di maŋmaŋa Turkish bachinima ni fulaawaasi anfooni nima mini "palette" dizaai nima. Nachintɛri chaŋmi ti gbaai "pure symmetry" mini "subtle rhythms".

Provenance of Iznik pottery

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19th century pirigili zaŋ hali ni 1930s gabbu daa paai Europea nima ban dari kalonima zaŋ chaŋ Iznik kalo nima sitaaya balibu ka bɛ daa kpuɣi ni di nyɛla maani kɔŋkɔba. Amaa saha ŋɔ dihitabili kana ni kalonima maa zaa daa maani la Iznik (bee Kütahya, lihimi din doli ŋɔ na) bɛ ni daa tuui booni lala sitaaya nima ŋɔ yu shɛŋa nyɛla bɛ ni na kuli booni shɛli . 19th century zaŋ hali ni 1860s Musulinsi kalo nima daa nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli 'Persian' ware.[5] Amaa, yuuni 1865 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1872, Musée de Cluny din be Paris daa laɣisi polychrome fritware kalonima din dizaani ni 'sealing-wax red'.[lower-alpha 1] Di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ ni laɣisi shɛli maa zaa daa yina Rhodes kosunsuuni tiŋgbani li la, bɛ daa kpuɣimi ni kalo nima maa nyɛla bɛ ni maani shɛli lala kosunsuuni tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni. European kalo dariba ŋɔ daa lahi nyɛla ban da kalo nima din dihi nachiinsi ni "blue, turquoise, sage green" ti pahi "pale purple" bɛ ni daa mali dihitabili ni shɛli pili la Damascus din be Syria ka bɛ booni li Damascus' ware. Nuɣiso mini zaɣi piɛlli "fritware" kalonimanyɛla bɛ ni daa booni shɛli Abraham of Kutahia ware' ka di daliri.nyɛla di nachiinsai daa chaŋmi ti ŋmani "ewer" bila din daa na min' be Frederick Du Cane Godman ka pa be British Museum.[6] Lala m "ewer" nyɛla dn be iArmenian script ni ka be di gbunni ka wuhiri ni di malimi ni di teeri Abraham yɛla, Naawuni dabili, zaŋ ti K'ot'ay [Kütahya]. Yuuni 959 [AD 1510]".[7][8] Yuma din gbaai 1905–1907, bɛ ni da mɛri "post office" palli Sirkeci district din be Istanbul ka baɣi Golden Horn, bɛ daa kurigi kalonima din mali dizaai kpula ka di maŋmaŋa nyɛ zaɣi piɛla. Ka di zuɣu che ka bɛ booni kalonima din mali lala dizaai maa 'Golden Horn ware'.[8]

1930s polo ka taarihi baŋdiba baŋ ni kalonima din daa mali dizaai kɔnkɔba daa naan tooi nyɛ Iznik malibu.[9] Yuuni 1957, Arthur Lane, ŋun daa guli Victoria and Albert Museum, daa yina ni lahabaya din wuhiri bee n teeri kalonima malibu taarihi lala yaɣili maa ka buɣisi dabisi shɛŋa .[10] O daa yina ni tɛha ni 'Abraham of Kütahya' ware nyɛla din daa mali yuuni 1490 zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1525, 'Damascus' mini 'Golden Horn ware' daa malila yuuni 1525 zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1555 ka 'Rhodian' ware mi mali yuuni 1555 zaŋ hali ni Iznik kalonima malibu du'zuɣuri kpihimbu nyaaŋa 18th century piligu. Lala buɣisibu ŋɔ nyɛla sokam ni saɣiti shɛli.[11]

'Abraham of Kutahia' ewer, probably made in Kütahya, dated 1510

'Abraham of Kutahia' ewer din daa mali yuuni 1510 nyɛla kalo shɛli din yɛn mali balibu Kütahya. Ko'nyuri kalo din saɣim ka bɛ zaŋli dihi nachiinsi pa 'Golden Horn' sitaaya zuɣu malila "underglaze" sabbu Armenian script ni; yini, din dabisili nyɛ 1529, wuhiri la ŋun pili ki malibu, Bishop Ter Martiros, ka dibala maa wuhiri "vessel" din yina ni "an object of K'ot'ays" zaŋ ti "monastery".[12] Lane daa ŋmɛ nangbankpeeni ni di bi ŋmani 'Abraham of Kutahia' ewer bee kom kalo maa nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli Kütahya.[13] Amaa, tooni ha binkura kurigibu Kütahya nyɛla bɛ ni kurigi duɣu kaba din mali nuɣiso mini zaɣipiɛlli din nyɛ Iznik dizaan din saɣim di malibu sheei ('wasters') ka yina ni shɛhira ni "fritware" kalonima daa nyɛla bɛ.ni maani shɛli tiŋa maa ni .[14] Dizaan nima, binyɛr'shɛŋa bɛ ni zaŋ mali li mini bɛ ni mali li shɛm ŋmani la İznik. Kütahya daa nyɛla din yina Istanbul ka dii bi kperi di tiŋa zuɣu maa ni ka di ni tooi niŋ ka di nyɛla kalonima bela bela malibu sheei n daa nyɛ nima ni 16th century.[14] Yaha, di lahi ŋmani la saha ŋɔ kalonima din sabi 'Iznik' daa nyɛla Kütahya malibu. "Art" taarihi baŋda, Julian Raby sabi ya: "Saha shɛli ti ni daa ka piibu pahila ti boli "Ottoman glazed" kalonima din yina 16th mini 17th centuries ni sabbu 'Iznik', ka mali tahama ni saha kani na ka ti ni baŋ 'Kütahya ware' nahingbana."[11]

Imperial workshops in Istanbul

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16th century piligu polo "underglaze" kalo nuɣiso mini zaɣi piɛla din peenti daa nyɛla bɛ.ni maani shɛli Istanbul. Laasabu malibu buku yuuni 1526 din daa wuhiri "Ottoman court" ni yori bɛ ni kpuɣi shɛba ka maani kalonima shɛm, kali la "tiles" malibu Tabriz ni ban sɔŋdi ba ninvuɣi pia.[15][16] Lala "tile" maani ŋɔ daa naan tooi nyɛ baŋdi so bɛ ni ʒina Istanbul Selim I ni daa sabi shɛli niŋ Tabriz yuuni 1514 nyaaŋa. "Tile" nima maa tuma duri daa be la Tekfur Sarayı tiŋa shɛli din baɣi Palace of the Porphyrogenitus.[16] Dihitabili daa bɛnimi wuhiri ni baŋdiba ŋɔ n daa mali "tile" shɛŋa din daa tabili. "imperial buildings" pɔi ka bɛ naan yi ti mɛ Süleymaniye Mosque din daa mɛ 1550s.[15] "Tile" nima pam daa nyɛla din daa dizaani ni cuerda seca (dry cord) nahingbaŋ, amaa "tiles" shɛŋa daa nyɛla din "underglaze" din peenti "cobalt blue" mini "turquoise". Lala "underglaze tiles" daa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli n tabili Holy Mantle Pavilion (Privy Chamber) din be Topkapı Palace mini Çoban Mustafa Pasha (d. 1529) din be Gebze.[17][18] Di shɛhira nima balibu nyɛla "tiles" mɔrimɔri dibaa anu, 1.25 m (4.1 ft) waɣilim, din pahi be "façade of the Circumcision Room (Sünnet Odası)" din be Topkapı Palace. Di mini la du ŋɔ mɛbusaha nyɛla yuuni 1641, dihitabili bɛni ni lala "tiles" maa daa pun be la duu din daa mɛ 1527–1528. Lala "tiles" kara ŋɔ nyɛla din mali dizaan gahinda.[19][20][21]

Amaa taarihi kani n wuhiri di tuun tumdiba maa ni daa mali li shɛm tariga, di ni tooi lahi niŋ ka di nyɛla kalo maaniba maa ban daa maani "tiles" din peenti nuɣiso mini zaɣi piɛla daa lahi mali binyɛri shɛŋa pahi kootu maa.[22] [23][lower-alpha 2] Bɛ ni daa kpuɣi shɛba ka bɛ maani "tiles maa kalinli daa kuli boori mi ka zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1566 niriba ata ko daa kpalim. Süleymaniye Mosque, mɛbu ni, Iznik daa niŋ luɣishɛli "underglaze tiles" malibu yaa ni be.[24]

Miletus ware (15th century)

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Fragmentary blue and white Miletus ware bowl

Binkura gbibu ni İznik, Oktay Aslanapa ni daa gari tooni ka shɛli niŋ 1960s daa wuhiya ni tiŋa maa daa nyɛla luɣishɛli bɛ ni daa maani "earthenware" kalonima pɔi ka naan yi ti pili "blue-and-white fritware" malibu.[25] Bɛ daa lahi kurigi bɛ ni booni shɛli 'Miletus ware'. "kiln-wasters" daa nyɛla din daa zaŋ dihitabili na ni kalonima maa nyɛla bɛ ni daa maani shɛli kali ni. Di yuli maa yimi na "sherds" nyabu ni sahashɛli German binkura baŋda, Friedrich Sarre ŋun daa be Miletus, Anatolia teeku noli polo 1930s piligu. Di ni niŋ ka Miletus taarihi waɣinli di di kalonima malibu la, bɛ daa kpuɣili ni bɛ daa maani la kalonima maa bɛ maŋmaŋa ka boli li 'Miletus ware'. Dihitabili pa bɛni ni İznik n daa be luɣishɛli bɛ ni maani 'Miletus ware' ka bɛ leei maani ki bela bela Kütahya mini Akçaalan.[25] Binkura ŋɔ kurigibu dii bi wuhi kalonima malibu ni pili sahashɛli amaa bɛ kpuɣi ni di saha kuli nyɛla 15th century. Dihitabili lahi yina Turkey wuhiri ni Miletus ware nyɛla bɛ ni daa maani shɛŋa pam pam m-piiri chani luɣ'shɛŋa.[26]

Miletus ware ningbuŋgbaŋ daa nyɛla yaɣ'ʒee ni "white slip" ka bɛ peenti li ni dizaai nima din nyɛ "alkaline lead glaze" ka nɛ. Dizaai nima maa daa tooi zooi la "cobalt blue" din daɣi amaa saha shɛŋa ka di nyɛ "turquoise, purple" ni vakahili. Parante nima pam malila "central rosette" ka "gadroons" pɛ n gili li.[27][28]

Large dish (charger) with foliate rim. Design reserved on a dark cobalt ground, ca. 1480

Bini din gbaai 15th century naabu ni ha, Iznik daa pili kalo shɛŋa bɛ ni daa mali cobalt blue dihiri nachiinsi ka di ningbungbaŋ nyɛ fritware. Bɛ ni daa maani li shɛm daa nyɛla din yi di ko ka che Miletus ware shɛŋa bɛ ni daa pun' maana. Fritware nyɛla bɛ ni daa maani shɛli Near East bini din gbaai 13th century, amaa Iznik fritware, din ningbuŋgbaŋ daa nyɛ zaɣi piɛlli nyɛla bɛ ni daa pili shɛli malibu.[29]

Fritware (bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli stonepaste) nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ "quartz sand" mini "ground glass" baligu (bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli frit) mini yaɣiri laɣim taba mali shɛli. Bɛ yi niŋ buɣim niŋ li, "Frit" kalo maa nyɛligirimi ka che ka binyɛra din pahi maa laɣim taba. 13th century saha tiŋa din yuli booni Kashan ka be Iran n daa nyɛ luɣishɛli fritware malibu ya ni be.[30] Abū'l-Qāsim, ŋun daa yina "tiles maaniba zuliya ni lala tiŋa ŋɔ ni, daa nyɛla ŋun sabi sabbu m-pa kuɣili zuɣu yuuni 1301 ka fritware ni maani shɛm be din ni.[31] O sabbu maa daa jɛndi la fritware din mali "silica" yaɣili pia mini "glass frit" yaɣ'yini mini yaɣiri gba yaɣ'yini. Sabbu din jɛndi Iznik kalo nima malibu din kani, amaa vihigu wuhiya ni İznik gba maani la lala malibu ŋɔ. Kashan tiŋgbani ni "frit" malibu daa nyɛla bɛ malila quartz mini soda din leeri flux ka bɛ yɛn zaŋ laɣim taba mali li. Ka bɛ naan yi zaŋ niŋ kiln puuni n duɣi li. Iznik gba , quartz mini soda, lead oxide ka bɛ daa mai gabiri "frit" ni.[32]

Di daliri nyɛla "fritware" bi nyɔɣri taba ka di zaŋ tum tuma tɔ. Ka di daa naan tooi niŋ gba ka bɛ mali shɛli tibyɛn naai ka di bi niŋ bɛ ni di bɔri ni di be shɛm.[33][34]

Large dish (charger), 1500–1510

Bɛ daa niŋdi la bin piɛla pari "fritware" zuɣu. Binyɛr' shɛŋa din mali "fritware" ka bɛ lahi mali tiri li nahingbaŋ, amaa bɛ leei niŋdi li sariyasariya, din yɛn che ka di bi gabisi zaɣ'piɛlli. Bɛ daa lahi pahiri shɛli ka di zaani n-tiri tragacanth gum.[34] Amaa Abū'l-Qāsim sabbu maa daa nyɛla din ti pahigu ni "fritware vessels" nyɛla bɛ ni deeni shɛli ka di kuuri pɔi ka bɛ naan yi dihiri li nachiinsi.[34][35]

Piligu ha "cobalt blue" ko ka bɛ daa mali dihiri kalonima nachiinsi. Di daa naan tooi niŋ ka di nyɛla bɛ daa nyarila "cobalt ore" tiŋkpaŋ din yuli booni Qamsar ka miri Kashan din be central Iran.[36] Qamsar nyɛla cobalt ni be shɛli saha waɣila, ka Abū'l-Qāsim Qamsarin yɛli di yɛla o sabbu ni.[31] Bini din gbaai yuuni 1520 sabbu (copper oxide) nyɛla bɛ ni daa mali shɛli pahiri "palette" ni. Din daa pahi nyɛla "purple (manganese oxide), green, grey and black". "Bright bole red" din yi di ko nyɛla din daa yina yuuni 1560.[37] [38]

Kalonima daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa kɔŋdi shɛŋa ni "lead-alkaline-tin glaze", ka bɛ ni daa zaŋ binyɛr' shɛŋa mali li nyɛ bɛ ni nya ka shɛli nyɛ lead oxide vaabu 25-30 kɔbigukɔbigu, silica vaabu 45–55 kɔbigu puuni, sodium oxide vaabu 8–14 kɔbigu mini tin oxide vaabu 4–7 kɔbigu puuni[39] Tin oxide.[40]

Abū'l-Qāsim daa buɣisila "earthenware saggars" ni linsi din saɣisi li.[31] [41]

Blue-and-white ware (1480–1520)

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Mosque lamp with lotuses c. 1510. Similar to four lamps that hung in the mausoleum of Bayezid II in Istanbul

15th century naabu ni, Iznik kalo maaniba daa pili la "blue-and-white fritware" kalonima malibu ka di mali dizaan shɛŋa Ottoman court din be Istanbul nima ni daa zaŋ bɛ zaɣa niŋ. Shɛhira din yi polo kani n wuhiri lala ŋɔ ni daa pili shɛm. [42] Binyɛra din dabisa yi pol nyɛla "blue-and-white border tiles" din dihi mausoleum (türbe) din be Bursa nachiinsi, Şehzade Mahmud nachiinsi, ŋun nyɛ Bayezid II bidibisi ni puuni yino , ŋun daa kpi 1506–1507.[43][44]

Yɛltɔɣa ŋmaa din nyɛ 'Abraham of Kütahya ware' nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli booni "blue-and-white" Iznik kalonima din nyɛ 'Abraham of Kütahya' ewer, ka di dabisa nyɛ 1510, ko n-nyɛ din sabi sɔŋ. "Art" taarihi baŋda, Julian Raby daa yɛliya ni lala bachi ŋɔ nyɛla din mali gabbu ka yɛli n on bɛ ni tooi booni li 'Baba Nakkaş ware'.[45] Tuuli Iznik fritware binyɛra din niŋ nyɛvuli, ka di saha nyɛ kamani yuuni 1480, ka bɛ dihi tabili ni di nyɛla "vessels" shɛŋa din peenti "dark cobalt blue" ka di gbunni nachiinsi din nyɛ zaɣi piɛlli mini nuɣiso. "Vessels" din nyɛ "Ottoman arabesque and Chinese" fulaawaasi dizaan. Bɛ booni la lala sitaaya dibaa ayi laɣimbu ŋɔ Rumi-Hatayi ka Rumi wuhiri "Ottoman arabesque patterns" mini Hatayi, Chinese fulaawaasi niɣima.[46] [47][48]

Amaa Chinese porcelain n da maani kalonima din daa yina Yuan mini Ming, Tuuli Iznik fritware daa nyɛla din yi di ko ka che Chinese dizaan. Di shɛŋa kamani Çinili Koşk Museum din be Istanbul, malila Ottoman Rumi dizaan nima ko.[49]

16th century yuun pishi ni taɣibu bela din daa nyɛ nuɣiso din nyɛlisiri daa kana, ka kpaŋsi fulaawasi.nima anfooni pam zaŋ tum tuma.[50] Lala saha binyɛra n-nyɛ mosque lamps din yina mausoleum, Sultan Bayezid II din be Istanbul ka daa mɛ yuuni 1512–13.[51][52][53] Lala kalonima jiŋli binkpula ŋɔ malila nahingbana din ŋmani Mamluk kalo binkpula.13th century di daa niŋla kali ka bɛ tabindi jiŋa lala kalonima ŋɔ. [54] [51]

Form of Blue-and-white ware

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Kalonima ŋɔ nahingbana din yoli nyɛla nuɣiso mini zaɣ'piɛli, di nyɛ "Chinese art". Nahingbaŋ din nyɛ zaɣi piɛlli maa be la gbunni ka nuɣiso maa mi dihi li nachiinsi.[55]

Patronage by the Ottoman court: Süleyman the Magnificent

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Fruit sellers carrying ceramic jars in front of Sultan Murad III, c. 1582.

Constantinople ni da kpe ni yuuni 1453, Ottoman sultans daa pili la du'titali mɛbu. Lala duri ŋɔ ni, di bahi bahindi Süleyman ni daa pili shɛli, o paɣa Hürrem (Roxelana) mini o "Grand Vizier Rüstem Pasha", "tiles" din bara. Sultan Ahmed Mosque din be Istanbul ( "Blue Mosque") ka malila 20,000 "tiles". Rüstem Pasha Mosque nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ "tiles" pam daa ka sɔŋ shɛli, di be la Topkapı Palace. Dini daa dari pam maa zuɣu, "tiles" daa n daa du Iznik kalonima ni.

Süleyman the Magnificent (1520–66) sulinsi saha, Iznik dabu daa nyɛla din du zuɣusaa. Kopu nima,parante nima, ni ŋmana nyɛla bɛ ni daa maani shɛli. Ŋmana pam daa yina ka di dizaan nima dii bi viɛla,ka mali pɛri, binkɔbiri ni tihi,n-ti pahi fulaawaasi.[56] 1520s dizaai nima shɛŋa n-nyɛ saz style, din mali "serrated saz (reed) leaf" waɣinli. 16th century pirigibu ni "quatre fleurs style" gba nyɛla bɛ ni daa pili shɛli. Bɛ daa malila "tulips, carnations, roses and hyacinths" n niŋdi dizaai nima. Kara Memi (Kara Mehmed Çelebi) daa kpaŋsi li, yuuni 1557/8 Sultan Süleyman's court kalo maaniba naa.[57]

'Golden Horn ware' (c. 1530 – c. 1550)

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Bɛ ni kuli booni shɛli 'Golden Horn ware' ŋɔ daa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ nuɣiso mini zaɣ'piɛlli n dihi shɛli nachiinsi balishɛli din daa mali yuli pam 1520s zaŋ chaŋ 1550s.[58] Golden Horn ware daa nyɛla yuli ŋɔ ka di bi yi shɛli pahila bɛ daa kurigi la kalo ŋmama Golden Horn yaɣili din be Istanbul.[lower-alpha 3] Bɛ daa ti baŋ ya ni bɛ daa malila lala kalonima ŋɔ İznik dini daa niŋ ka anfooni shɛŋa din daa pa di zuɣu ŋmani din nuɣiso mini zaɣ'piɛlli din daa pa Iznik kalonima zuɣu.[59] Di nachiinsi maa lahi malila va baligu. Di dizaan maa ŋmanila dizaan din be Sultan Suleyman's Tuğra, bee imperial monogram dizaan gbunni ni. Julian Raby n daa yina ni yuli din nyɛ 'Tuğrakeş spiral ware' di ni daa niŋ ka tuğrakeş nyɛ "specialist calligraphers" m-be "Ottoman court".[59] Tuuli kalo daa peenti mi ni "cobalt blue" ka din doli nyaaŋa daa pahi "turquoise", "olive-green" ni zaɣ'sabinli.[60] Parante shɛŋa bɛ ni mali lala saha wuhirila Italy kalonima ni mali pahiri shɛli. Ŋman bihi mini din galisi ka yɛlim ŋmanila maiolica tondino ŋmana din daa mali yuli Italy bini din gbaai yuuni 1500 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1530.[61]

[62][63]

Polychrome ceramics (1560–1600)

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Tiled lunette panel decorated with bole red on the Süleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul, c. 1557
Tiled panel under the portico of the Rüstem Pasha Mosque in Istanbul, c. 1561

16th century piligu ha, kalomaaniba ban daa be Iznik daa piligi "fritware tiles" din mali nahingbana balibu ni bɛ zaŋ n dihi Mimar Sinan ni daa dizaani du shɛŋa nachiinsi.[64] Bɛ ni daa kpuɣi lala niya ŋɔ saha shɛli nyɛla din bi yi polo, amaa Sinan ŋun daa nyɛ tan mɛra daa nyɛla ŋun zaŋ o nuu niŋ "tile" malibu tuma ni, n-ti pahi tan mɛriba.[65]

"Tiles" gbali ka bɛ da bɔra. Yuuni 1550s mini 1560s piligu, kalo maaniba ban be Iznik daa mali "tiles" n-ti Süleymaniye Mosque din be Istanbul,[66] Hurrem Sultan (Roxelana)Mausoleum (daa naai la yuuni 1558),[67] Great Mosque din be Adana (daa naai la kamani yuuni 1560),[68][lower-alpha 4]Rüstem Pasha Mosque din be Istanbul (daa naai la kamani yuuni 1563),[70] ka Süleyman I mausoleum (naai yuuni 1567).[71] Süleyman I mausoleums mini o paɣa Hurrem Sultan zaa nyɛla ban be Süleymaniye Mosque tiŋgbani din be Istanbul.[72]

Lala bɛ ni daa taɣi zaŋ bɛ haŋkali labisi "tiles" malibu ni ŋɔ daa nyɛla "aesthetics" din niŋ talahi.[73] Lala nahingbaŋ din nyɛlisiri ŋɔ nyɛla "iron" din mali "bole" ni daa ʒi shɛli malibu na. Nahingbaŋ ʒee maa nyɛla din yɛn niŋ bayana Iznik "tiles" mini kalonima malibu ni.[74] Tuuli du shɛli bɛ ni tabili "tiles" ka di mali nahingbaŋ ʒee daa nyɛla Süleymaniye Mosque din be Istanbul ka Mimar Sinan ŋun nyɛ ta mɛra daa dizaani li ka di daa naai yuuni 1557.[66] "Tile" nima ŋɔ nachiinsi dihibu jiŋli ŋɔ ni daa nyɛla din be mihrab zaŋ chaŋ qibla dikpuni polo ko. Fulaawaasi nima dizaa din be din ni nyɛla nuɣisi amaa "turquoise",zaɣi piɛlli mini zaɣi ʒee.[75] [76]

"Tiles" "monument" shɛli Sinan ni daa dizaani daa be la Rüstem Pasha Mosqueka bɛ daa mɛli naai yuuni 1563. Zaŋ maɣisi Süleymaniye Mosque, din puuni daa dihi nachiinsi ni "tiles".[77] Dizaan nima balibu gari pihinu n-nyɛ din be din ni."Tiles" maa biɛhisi tooi ŋmani la taba. Jiŋ maa n-nyɛ tuuli din mali Kara Memi "red tulips" mini "carnations". Mihrab nyɛla bɛ ni dihi shɛli nachiinsi balibu.[78] "Purple" shɛli bɛ ni zaŋ maali 'Damascus ware' ka di mini "red bole" taba laɣimbu bɛ niŋ viɛnyɛla ka duri bɛla ko m-mali lala dina ŋɔ.[79][80]

'Damascus ware' zaŋ di la "sage-green" - vakahili din mali "greyish tone". Lala nahingbaŋ ŋo nyɛla din daa be Hurrem Sultan (Roxelana) mausoleum yuuni (1558) amaa vakahili daa ka Great Mosque din be Adana (c. 1560) bɛ di ti yari Rüstem Pasha mausoleum yuuni (1562).[81] Gbaa yihi din yuli boli ŋɔ, Rustem Pasha Mosque shɛli daa kani m-mali vakahili di nachiinsi dihibu ni.[78][81][71]

Lamp from the Süleymaniye Mosque c. 1557

Binshɛli din kpa talahi Iznik kalo nima malibu ni n-nyɛ "mosque lamp" din pa be Victoria and Albert Museum, London tiŋgbani ni.[lower-alpha 5] Dihitabili bɛni ni lala "lamp" nyɛla bɛ ni daa mali shɛli n-ti Süleymaniye Mosque din be Istanbul ka daa mɛ n naai yuuni 1557. Lala "lamp" n na nyɛ tuuli binshɛli bɛ ni mi ka di mali "bole-red" nachiinsi din pahi Iznik "tiles" mini kalo nima malibu ni.[82][83] "Lamp" din mali zaɣ'ʒee di zuɣu nyɛla din pɔra, ni zaɣ'tankpaɣu. Parante nima din daa ŋmani li gba nyɛla bɛ ni dihitabili ni di gbaa daa nyɛla bɛ ni mali lala sha ŋɔ.[82][84]

"Vessels" shɛŋa bɛ ni daa mali "Dome of the Rock mosque lamp" saha yuuni 1549 zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1606/7.[68][lower-alpha 6] Iznik "tiles" nyɛla din na be du shɛŋa din daa mɛ lala sahas maa zuɣu.[86]


Decline (1600–1700)

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

16th century bahigu ha, kalonima zaɣi maŋa malibu daa nyɛla din dii lahi ka yaa İznik tiŋgbani ni.[87] Ka di daa che ka Ottoman court nima ni darili shɛm booi ka di zuɣu che ka di daa kuli za luɣi yini binyɛra daa ni daa duri saha shɛli.[88] Din daa lahi beni nyɛla 16th century sunsuuni ha "Chinese porcelain" ʒi n-kpe Turkey daa nyɛla din pahi. İznik baŋdiba daa bɛ tooi mali bɛ ni ʒiri shɛŋa kpɛri bɛ tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni.[89] Amaa Chinese daa bi niŋdi nyinhitali ni bɛ ni maani shɛli. Hali kootu maa ni daa bɔri "tiles" kamani bɛ ni daa yɛn zaŋ shɛli n niŋ" mausoleum of Ahmed I" din daa mɛ yuuni 1620 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1623, di daa maa tiŋ'dɔnibu ŋɔ daa nyɛla di labisi kalo maaniba biɛhigu nyaaŋa. Ka bɛ daa labi bɔhi baŋ di da tiŋa shɛŋa din be Ottoman nyaaŋa. Bɛ daa ʒiri la "tiles" n kperi Cairo ni ka bɛ daa mali li n dihiri Aksunkur Mosque nachiinsi ka Ibrahim Agha daa labi mali shɛli li yuuni 1651–52.[90][91] Bɛ daa lahi ʒiri la "tiles" n chani Greece, ni ka yuuni 1678 Monastery of the Great Lavra din be Mount Athos daa dihi nachiinsi ni "polychrome tiles" din mali Greek sabbu.[92][93] Yaha, kalonima malibu daa lahi nyɛla din feei ka zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 17th century bahiug kilns daa kplim ya.[94] Kalkalonima parante nima din yina bahigu daa nyɛla din mali "crude uncial Greek" sabbu yuuni 1678.[95]

Kalonima din mali ni Iznik kali dizaan nima mini ʒemana nahingbana nyɛla bɛ ni pa maani shɛli Kütahya ninliha lihibu sheei.[96]


  1. ↑ Denny, Walter B.. "Blue-and-White Islamic Pottery on Chinese Themes". JSTOR 72.
  2. ↑ https://delcat.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?&context=L&vid=01UDEL_INST:01UDEL_INST&search_scope=LD_CDI_WC&tab=Everything&docid=alma991012288909707701 (en).
  3. ↑ Carswell 2006, p. 32.
  4. ↑ LACMA: Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
  5. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 71.
  6. ↑ 'Abraham of Kütahya' ewer. Inventory number: G.1. British Museum, London.
  7. ↑ Carswell 2006, p. 46.
  8. 1 2 Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 72.
  9. ↑ Lane 1957a, p. 247.
  10. ↑ Lane 1957a.
  11. 1 2 Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 74.
  12. ↑ Carswell 2006, pp. 46–47.
  13. ↑ Lane 1957a, p. 271.
  14. 1 2 Carswell 2006, p. 48.
  15. 1 2 Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 96.
  16. 1 2 Necipoğlu 1990, p. 139.
  17. ↑ Necipoğlu 1990, pp. 143–145.
  18. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 102, Fig. 129.
  19. ↑ Necipoğlu 1990, pp. 148–152.
  20. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 102.
  21. ↑ Denny 2004, p. 72.
  22. ↑ Necipoğlu 1990, p. 145.
  23. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 102, Figs. 305–306.
  24. ↑ Necipoğlu 1990, p. 156.
  25. 1 2 Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 82.
  26. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 83.
  27. ↑ Carswell 2006, p. 29.
  28. ↑ Lane 1957b, pp. 40–41.
  29. ↑ Carswell 2006, p. 30.
  30. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 50.
  31. 1 2 3 Allan 1973.
  32. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 51.
  33. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 57.
  34. 1 2 3 Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 58.
  35. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, pp. 57, 59–60.
  36. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, pp. 58, 67.
  37. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, pp. 221,228.
  38. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 237.
  39. ↑ Henderson, Julian, "İznik pottery, a technical examination" in Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 67.
  40. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, pp. 60, 67.
  41. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 62.
  42. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 30.
  43. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 90.
  44. ↑ Carswell 2006, p. 38.
  45. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, pp. 76–79.
  46. ↑ Lane 1957a, p. 262.
  47. ↑ Lane 1957a, p. 256.
  48. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, pp. 79, 81.
  49. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, pp. 77, 79.
  50. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, pp. 90, 98.
  51. 1 2 Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 100, Figs. 105–109, 293–296.
  52. ↑ Carswell 2006, pp. 39–41, Fig. 23.
  53. ↑ Mosque lamp. Inventory number: 1878,1230.520. British Museum, London.
  54. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, pp. 41, 94.
  55. ↑ Iznik ware | Facts, History, & Examples | Britannica (en).
  56. ↑ Carswell 2006, p. 55.
  57. ↑ Necipoğlu 2005, pp. 221-222.
  58. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, pp. 108, 113.
  59. 1 2 Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 108.
  60. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 110.
  61. ↑ Iznik Pottery: Evolution 1520-1550.
  62. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 104.
  63. ↑ Lane 1957a, p. 268.
  64. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, pp. 218-219.
  65. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 219.
  66. 1 2 Necipoğlu 2005, p. 208.
  67. ↑ Goodwin 2003, p. 237.
  68. 1 2 Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 228.
  69. ↑ Denny 1976.
  70. ↑ Necipoğlu 2005, pp. 321-322.
  71. 1 2 Goodwin 2003, pp. 237-238.
  72. ↑ Necipoğlu 2005, pp. 219-220.
  73. ↑ Necipoğlu 2005, p. 219.
  74. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 221.
  75. ↑ Denny 2004, pp. 86, 209.
  76. ↑ Necipoğlu 2005, p. 217.
  77. ↑ Denny 2004, p. 86.
  78. 1 2 Denny 2004, p. 91.
  79. ↑ Carswell 2006, p. 75 fig 50.
  80. ↑ Necipoğlu 2005, p. 221.
  81. 1 2 Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 230.
  82. 1 2 Carswell 2006, p. 76.
  83. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, pp. 224–225 fig. 377.
  84. ↑ Denny 2004, p. 79.
  85. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 223, fig 511.
  86. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 231.
  87. ↑ Carswell 2006, p. 106.
  88. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, pp. 274, 278.
  89. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 285.
  90. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 278.
  91. ↑ Behrens-Abouseif 1992, p. 116.
  92. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 279.
  93. ↑ Carswell 2006, p. 108.
  94. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 21.
  95. ↑ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 284.
  96. ↑ Carswell 2006, pp. 118-120.
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  • Lane, Arthur (1957b). Later Islamic pottery: Persia, Syria, Egypt, Turkey. London: Faber and Faber. OCLC 1646726.
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  1. ↑ The collection of 532 items is now housed in the Musée National de la Renaissance in Écouen near Paris.A chirim ya: &It;ref> tuma maa yi laɣingu din yuli nyɛ "lower-alpha", ka lee bi saɣiritiri $It;references group ="lower-alpha"/> tuka maa bon nya
  2. ↑ The hanging mosque ornament is on display at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore (Inv. no. 48.1022). The mosque lamp is displayed at the Tiled Kiosk (Çinili Köşk) in Istanbul.A chirim ya: &It;ref> tuma maa yi laɣingu din yuli nyɛ "lower-alpha", ka lee bi saɣiritiri $It;references group ="lower-alpha"/> tuka maa bon nya
  3. ↑ A bowl excavated at Sirkenci in Istanbul is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London (Inv. No. 790–1905)A chirim ya: &It;ref> tuma maa yi laɣingu din yuli nyɛ "lower-alpha", ka lee bi saɣiritiri $It;references group ="lower-alpha"/> tuka maa bon nya
  4. ↑ The Great Mosque in Adana was an existing building and was not designed by Sinan.[69]A chirim ya: &It;ref> tuma maa yi laɣingu din yuli nyɛ "lower-alpha", ka lee bi saɣiritiri $It;references group ="lower-alpha"/> tuka maa bon nya
  5. ↑ The Süleymaniye Mosque lamp in the Victoria and Albert Museum has the Inventory number: 131–1885A chirim ya: &It;ref> tuma maa yi laɣingu din yuli nyɛ "lower-alpha", ka lee bi saɣiritiri $It;references group ="lower-alpha"/> tuka maa bon nya
  6. ↑ A dish now in the Musée National de la Renaissance in Écouen has the date written on the back as AH [10]15 which corresponds to AD 1606/7.[85]A chirim ya: &It;ref> tuma maa yi laɣingu din yuli nyɛ "lower-alpha", ka lee bi saɣiritiri $It;references group ="lower-alpha"/> tuka maa bon nya
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