Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Wahu

Malimi soya nim ŋɔ niŋ
Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
(Wɔhu ka di tom m-bahina)
wahu
taxon
Yaɣ sheliEquidae, domesticated mammal, milk yielding animal Mali niŋ
Di bukaataequestrianism, draft animal, chariot, horse-drawn vehicle Mali niŋ
Nangban yiŋga YuyaEquus ferus caballus Mali niŋ
Yaɣili Kpamlisubspecies Mali niŋ
Taxon common namecaballu, horse, omid Mali niŋ
Di malila tumaallergy to horses Mali niŋ
Ŋun bɔhim ŋa nyɛhippology Mali niŋ
Depicted byhorses in art Mali niŋ
Gaithorse gait Mali niŋ
Nahingbaŋimpulsion Mali niŋ
Ŋun zaŋli tum nyɛequestrian Mali niŋ
Di bukaata nimahorseshoe Mali niŋ
Kumsi malibuneigh Mali niŋ
Unicode bachinima🐎, 🐴 Mali niŋ
Lihigu pubuCategory:Views of horses Mali niŋ

Wahu[1] nyɛla binkɔbiri ni yino. Wahu nyɛla binkɔb' so din zooi ka niribi mali be yiŋsi puuni, ka lahi nye ŋun mali noombil' gaŋa. Wahu nyɛla binkɔb' so ŋun pili yuun' kurumbuna ha, yuma din kuli ni paai millioŋ pihinahi ni anu zaŋ chaŋ pihinu ni anu. Zaɣ'yini boonila wahu, ka dibaayi be pam booni yuri.

Diagram of a horse with some parts labeled.
External anatomy of a horse[2][3]

Nyɛvuli waɣilim mini nyɛvuli biɛhisi

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Wahu nyɛbu waɣilim doli la o ni nyɛ shɛm ni luɣishɛli o be, ʒiɛmana ŋɔ wahu nyɛvuli waɣilim nyɛla yuun’ pishi ni anu zaŋ chaŋ yuun’ pihita 25 to 30 years.[4] Binkoriba ban yuuri paari yuun’ pihi nahi bee n-yaɣi bi yaɣi lala.[5] Binkob' so ŋun yuui gari sokam ka di do taarihi ni n-nye "Old Billy", sɛnchiri pishi yin'ka wahu ŋun daa niŋ yuun’ pihiayobu ni ayi.[4] Saha ŋɔ, Sugar Puff, ŋun nye binkob’ so ŋun yuui gari sokam ka o yuli be Guinness World Records'’ ni, daa kpi la yuuni 2007 ka mali yuun’ pihinu ni ayobu (56).[6]

Hali wahu doɣim dabisili yi bi mi viɛnyɛla, kompatiisa zuɣu, silimin goli January kam ni bɛ pahiri la yuuni o yuma zuɣu Northern Hemisphere[4][7] and each August 1 in the Southern Hemisphere.[8] Di ni bi niŋdi shɛli n-nye babu kompatiisa ni, luɣishɛli din zaya ni di wahu ŋun ni tooi ba yuma kuli doli bɛ ni daa dɔɣi dahin shɛli.[9]

Bachi shɛŋa ŋan do gbunni nyɛla din mali buɣisi wahu kam yuma ni nye shɛm:

Foal
Wahu ŋun na bi paai yuuni. Wa' lɛɣu ŋun na mɔɣiri nyɛla bɛ ni tooi booni so “ŋun mɔɣira”, ka ŋun bi mi mɔɣiri mi nye “ŋun bi mɔɣira”.[10] Yu' bihi shɛba bɛ ni tooi dɔɣiri yiŋa nyɛla bɛ ni ni tooi che ka bɛ bi lahi mɔɣiri bihili chira anu zaŋ chaŋ ayopɔin, amaa bɛ ni tooi lahi niŋ ba lala bɛ chira anahi ni ka di kaba barina shɛli.[11]
Yearling
Wahu ŋun nye yuun’ yini zaŋ chaŋ yuma ayi.[12]
Colt
Wahu ŋun nye yuma anahi ka nye doo.[13] Chiriŋ zaŋ yi bachi ŋɔ bolibu ni n-nye a boli yu’ bil’ kam "colt", ka di nyɛla di zami ti yu’ bihi ban nye doba.[14]
Filly
Wahu ŋun nye yuma anahi ka nye paɣa.[10]
Mare
Wahu ŋun nye yuma anahi zaŋ chana.[15]
Stallion
Wa' so ŋun nye yuma anahi zaŋ chana ka bi guni ka nye doo.[16] Bachi ŋɔ “wahu" nyɛla saha shɛŋa bɛ ni tooi kuli mali booni wahu ŋun nye yuma zaŋ chana ka bi guni.[17]
Gelding
Wahu ŋun guni (di bi doli o yuma).[10]

Di yi kana yuri babu kompatiisa ni, lala buɣisibu nim ŋɔ nyɛla din wali: Nahingbaŋ, British Isles ni, “Thoroughbred” yuri babu yaɣili nyɛla ban buɣisi “colts” mini “fillies” ni yuri ban yuma bi paai yuma anu.[18] Amaa, Australian Thoroughbred yuri babu yaɣili nyɛla ban buɣisi “colts” mini “fillies” yuri ban yuma bi paai yuma anahi.[19]

Buntaaŋa, di yi kana binniɛma vihigu polo nyɛla ban mini yuri nye yim. Bɛ ni tooi mali shɛli waligiri wahu mini pony nyɛla waɣilim, din bahi bahindi di yi ti kana babu kompatiisa ni. Amaa, ka waɣilim ŋɔ ko n-kuli n-nyɛli; waligimsim din ni tooi lahi be yuri mini ponies sunsuuni n-nye kob'tuɣa balibu, nti pahi bɛ biɛhigu mini bɛ nahingbana.

Wahu bee bariba waɣilim ni tu ni di nye shɛm n-nye nuu ŋmɛbu saŋli1 4.2. Binkobigu ŋun waɣilim paai saŋli14.2 bee n-gari n-nye wahu ka ŋun waɣilim mi bi paai saŋli 14.2 nye bariba,[20]:12​ amaa zaɣisibu nim beni ti lala zaa ŋɔ. Di yi kana Australia, bariba n-nye ban waɣilim bi paai saŋli 14.1[21] Di yi kana kompatiisa ni Western Division din be United States Equestrian Federation, tarigi n-nye saŋli14.1.[22] [[International Federation for Equestria], anduniya diɛma ni yiɣijam yaɣila din zanti yuri babu kompatiisa, nyɛla ban zahimbu doli “metric” ka bɛ buɣisi ni pony nyɛla wahu ŋun waɣilim bi paai 148cm di yi niŋ ka o bi piri namda muna, din gari 14.2, ni 149 centimetres (58.66 in; 14.2+1⁄2 hands), di niŋ o piri namda muna.[23]

Ka waɣilim ko n-nye so’ doligu din mali waligiri yuri ka chari buntaansi. Ban sabiri binkobiri bira zaŋ ti yuri din namdi yuri ban waɣilim bi paai ni ban waɣilim gari saŋli 14.2 nyɛla ban gbubi ni binkobigu kam ŋun nye lala birili ŋɔ nyɛla wahu, di bi doli o waɣilim.[24] Yaha, pony ŋɔ bali shɛŋa mini yuri ni tooi mali nahingbaŋ yinsi, ka bɛ zaŋ yino kam ni tooi zooi yaɣi saŋli 14.2, amaa ka na kuli nye ponies.[25]

Buntaansi tooi nyɛla ban kobiri, zuya, ningbuna timsa. Bɛ lahi mali gbaya din bi waɣa, pu’ yɛlima, kob’ timsa, nyingɔ’ ŋmahi din timsa, ni zuɣu jihi mini gbɛ’ yɛlima. Bɛ ni tooi mali suhu maha gari yuri ka ni tooi lahi mali hankali pam din tooi bee bi zaŋ be viɛnyɛla ni bɛ guliba. Zaɣi jia tali ko din pala din waligiri li. Nahingbaŋ, Shetland buntaaŋa ŋun waɣilim paai saʋli 10|lk, nyɛla buntaaŋa.[20]:12​Yaha, bira ka mani Falabella mini miniature yuri, ban ku tooi waɣi yaɣi 76 centimetres; 7.2 hands (30 in), nyɛla ban sabira bɛ bira ŋɔ ni gbubi ni shɛba nyɛla yu’ bihi amaa ka buntaaŋa.[26]

Yuri nyɛla ban mali kob'tuɣa pihiyobu ni ayi.[27] Wahu kob'tuɣa daa nyɛla din piɛ yuuni 2007. Di paai kob'tuɣa biliyɔŋ diba ayi ni chɛnji (2.7),[28] din gari baa koba, amaa ka pɔri ni daadam koba.[29] Di maapu beni ti vihi niŋdiba.[30]

Yɔɣu yuri ban tiligi na beni saha ŋɔ

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Three tan-colored horses with upright manes. Two horses nip and paw at each other, while the third moves towards the camera. They stand in an open, rocky grassland, with forests in the distance.
A small herd of Przewalski's Horses

Wahu ŋun nye yɔɣuni wa’ maŋli nyɛla bali shɛlu ŋun ka yannima ban na min pun be yiŋa. Dinzuɣu, yɔɣuni yuri zuŋɔ nyɛla feral horses, binkob’ shɛba ban zon barigi bee ban kpariba daa niŋ zinchili ka bɛ zon barigi ni yaansi ban yina lala binkobiri maa ni.[31] Yuri balibu buyi, tarpan mini Przewalski's yuri ko n-ye binkob’ shɛba ban daa tiligi ka yuya be taarihi ni, ka ŋun doli nyaanŋa ko nye din kpalim saha ŋɔ.

Lala Przewalski's horse (Equus ferus przewalskii), ka bɛ zaŋ Russia vihi vuhira Nikolai Przhevalsky yuli ti o, nyɛla Asia binkobiga. Ŋuni n-lahi nye Mongolian yɔɣu wahu; Mongolia niriba ban mili la taki, ka Kyrgyz niriba mi booni li kirtag. Di bali shɛŋa nyɛla lahabali ni daa wuhi ni di naaya yuma 1969 mini 1992 sunsuuni, ka bɛ birili biɛla daa diligi binkobiri biɛhigu shee anduniya. Yuuni 1992, kpaŋmaŋa daa lahi niŋya zaŋ binkobiri ŋɔ gubu polo.[32] Zuŋɔ, bɛ birili biɛla nyɛla din be Mongolia.[33][34] Binkob' bali shɛba nyɛli bɛ ni kuli gu shɛba niŋ binkobiri biɛhigu shee anduniya zaa.

Be zaa zaŋ chaŋ yɔɣu yu' maŋa daa din mali bɔhisi di ni daa niŋ ka yuri ban daa njŋ yuun’ tusaa nu (5,000), Botai culture din be Central Asia daa nyɛla ban biɛhigu chaŋ ti ŋmani Przewalski's yuri n-gari E. f. caballus. Vihigu daa nyɛla din wuhi noli ni saha ŋɔ Przewalski's yuri nyɛla ban ni tooi yina feral yuri yaansi ni, Botai. Amaa, noli na ku lahi beni wuhiri ni Botai yuri mini saha ŋɔ Przewalski's yuri nyɛla ban zaa yina konkoba kurumbuni sa Przewalski's yuri ni.[35][36][37]

Tarpan bee Europe yɔɣu wahu (Equus ferus ferus) daa nyɛla bɛ ni nya so Europe mini Asia luɣishɛŋa. Di daa diligiya kurimbuni sa, amaa ka daa naai yuuni 1909, di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ kpalinkpaa daa kpi Russia binkobiri biɛhigu shee.[38] Di saha, bɛ birili ŋɔ daa nyɛla din zombarigi maa. Moli daa moya ni di labi nam tarpan,[38][39][40] ka di ti nam yuri ban mali bɛ nahingbana kpee, amaa dizaa yoli bɛ bi bahi pa yɔɣu yu’ maŋa.

Saha saha, yuri ban waligi be yaɣa yaɣa nyɛla bɛ ni wuhiri ni be nyɛla yɔɣu yuri zuliya, amaa di yɛlimaŋli wuhiya ni bɛ nyɛla feral bee yiŋ’ dini. Nahingbaŋ, Riwoche wahu ŋun nye Tibet nyɛla di ni wuhi ni dinai m-bala,[34] amaa zahimbu daa bi wuhi koba waligimsim ni yiŋ yuri.[41] Yaha, Portugal Sorraia daa nyɛla din wuhi ni o kuli nyɛla Tarpan yaaŋa, ka di tamla o nahingbana zuɣu,[42][43] amaa koba vihigu wuhiya Sorraia nyɛla ŋun tabi yu’ shɛba dabam, ka kpaŋ nahingbana pa di ni ni tooi zaŋ shɛli zahim bɛ ŋmanibu.[42][44]

Niŋgbauŋ kom mini dalima

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Two horses in a field. The one on the left is a dark brown with a black mane and tail. The one on the right is a light red all over.
Bay (left) and chestnut (sometimes called "sorrel") are two of the most common coat colors, seen in almost all breeds.

Yuri nyɛla bam mali niŋgbuŋ ko’ bɔbigu ni dalima pam, ka bachi kahindili m-buɣisiri li. Ti tooi zooya, ka wahu niŋgbuŋ kom ka be mali waligiri o, pɔi ni o birili bee paɣa n-nye o bee doo.[45] Yuri ban mali niŋgbuŋ ko’ yinsi waligimsim ni tooi nye daliŋ piɛla,[46] ka ŋɔ ni binshɛŋa dabam, nyɛla siɣili din yina niŋgbuŋ kom ni.[47]

Kob' tuɣa shɛŋa din namdi wahu niŋgbuŋ kom mini dalima nyɛla din yi polo. Zahimbu din na kuli yoli niŋ zaŋ chaŋ koba polo ni tooi nye binyɛra pia ni ata din mali nuu tumbu niŋgbuŋ kom zuɣu,[48] ka vihi na bi zani ka kuli na wuhiri kob’ tuɣi pala din tabi nahingbaŋ shɛŋa. Din tahiri chestnut mini black niŋgbuna kom nyɛla kob' tuɣi shɛli Melanocortin 1 receptor ni mali yiko shɛli zuɣu,[49] di lahi mi shɛli "extension gene" bee "red factor".[48] Di fobu biɛhigu nyɛla “zaɣi ʒee" (chestnut) ka di taɣi dee biɛhigu mi nye zaɣi sabinli.[50] Kob’ tuɣi shɛŋa gba lahi pahiya tooi mahiri niŋgbuŋ shɛŋa din kom di yɛn nye zaɣi sabinli ka di lee zaɣi ʒiɛ-tankpaɣu, daliŋ yaɣa ka mani wa' chichariga bee jaŋgbuni niŋgbuŋ kom, kob’ tuɣi wiligira ka mani palomino bee dun, ni kob’ piɛla, ni n-ti kuli shɛli kam din niŋ kamaata zaŋ chaŋ niŋgbuŋ ko’ shɛŋa din be yuri ni.[48]

Yuri ban mali niŋgbuŋ ko’ piɛla tooi nyɛla bɛ ni tooi kabiri shɛba sabbu; wahu ŋun niŋgbuŋ kom ŋmani zaɣi piɛli tooi nyɛla zaɣi saringa bee zaɣi kurili (kob’ piɛla). Yuri ban gurigimsim kob’ piɛla nyɛla ban sabigi bɛ dɔɣim saha, ka pili neebu bɛ yi zoora, amaa ka kob’ sabila na kuli be bɛ niŋgbuna puuni ka zaɣi pɛila ŋɔ pa di zuɣu, (gbai yihi niŋgbuna din nye pinki m-be daliŋ piɛla gbunni). Yu' shɛba bɛ ni kuli booni zaɣi piɛla bee m-mi zaɣi piɛla nyɛla bɛ ni kuli dɔɣiri shɛba ka bɛ pun mali kob’ piɛla ni niŋgbuŋ pinki, din dii bi yoli.[50] Kob’ tuɣi konkoba mini din bi ŋmani taba ni tooi laɣim nam kob’ piɛla yuri niŋgbuna ni, nti pahi kob’ shɛŋa dabam din nye zaɣi piɛla ni din nye zabisi.[51] Amaa, ti ka yuri ban nye zabisi, ka bɛ buɣisibu nye yuri ban laɣim mali niŋgbuŋ pinki mini ninbihi ʒiɛhi zaa.[52]

Mare with a foal

Wahu puli nyɛla din niŋdi ka mani biɛɣu kobisita ni pihinahi (340), ka ni tooi lahi niŋ biɛɣu kobisita ni pishi hali pisopɔin (320–370),[53][54] ka tooi zooi ka di dɔɣiri la bia kaŋa; jahi din bi zooi.[55] Yuri nyɛla binkob’ shɛba ban bihi gbaŋdi pɔi ka naai yiri na, ka di zuɣi che ka bi yi dɔɣi yu’ bila ka o ni tooi zani karicha hali ka ni tooi guui.[56] Yu' bihi nyɛla bɛ ni tooi dɔɣiri shɛba siɣili piligu. Wahu baɣili nyɛla din piini biɛɣu pishi yin'ka hali pishi ayi, ka beni siɣili piligu hali ni di bahigu bahigu. Yu’ nyɛma pam nyɛla ban bi kpuɣiri puli wuuni.[57] Yu' bihi nyɛla bɛ ni waligiri ka chari bɛ manima bɛ chiri anahi zaŋ chaŋ chiri ayobu saha.[58]

Yuri, di bahi bahindi yu’ bihi dobba ban nye yuma anahi nahi, nyɛla saha shɛŋa ban ni tooi nam zuliya ka mani chira anii saha, amaa yiŋ’ yuri ban nyɛla bɛ ni tooi che ka shɛba dɔɣiri yuma ata saha, ka mani yu’ nyɛma.[20]:129​ Yuri ban paai yuma anahi nyɛla bɛ ni zaya ni bɛ biya, amaa bɛ koba na kuli nyɛla din be zoobu hali ni bɛ yuma ayobu ni; bibu gba doli la wahu ŋɔ zaa, birili, paɣa bee doo, ni gbubbu viɛnyɛla. Yu' kara nyɛla ban mali kob’ kara; dinzuɣu, ka koba ŋɔ ko n-yuuri jila nambu, amaa kob’ ŋmani gba nyɛla din yɛlima, ka di che ka di yuuri kobili nambu. Lala ŋmana ŋɔ nyɛla din taɣira koba yaɣi shɛŋa, ka di mali bukaata pam kobili zoobu ni.[59]

Bɛ tooi yuri ban nye yuma zaŋ chaŋ yuma anahi niŋdi ka wuhiri ba babu, ka ŋɔ doli la o bibu, birili, ni tuma din ʒi o zuɣu.[60] Amaa Thoroughbred yu' bara, nyɛla bɛ ni tooi yuuni shɛba zuɣu bɛ yuma ayi saha tiŋgbani shɛŋa ni,[61] yuri nyɛla bɛ ni kuli dɔɣiri shɛba diɛma ni yiɣijam zuɣu ka bɛ bi mali beni niŋdi naɣila bɛ ti nye yuma ata bee anahi, dama bɛ koba mini niŋgbuna pala din nye viɛnyɛla.[62] Di yi kana babu kompatiisa ni, yuri nyɛla ban na bi zaɣi babu, naɣila bɛ ti paai chir’ muna ayob (yuma anu) .[9]

Diagram of a horse skeleton with major parts labeled.
The skeletal system of a modern horse

Wahu kob’ tuɣa paai kobili kobishii ni anu.[63] Waligimsim din be wahu koba ni mini daadam dini nyɛla kob’ tuɣi shɛli din bɔɣisa piŋ mini nyingɔli kalinsi—wahu nu'chɛhi nyɛla din tabi nyaan kob’ daa ŋɔ ni yaa kpɛŋ din nye jila,, ni jila din tabiliri koba din zaŋ chaŋ di gbaai biya tabili nyoɣu maŋmaŋa. Wahu gbaya anahi ŋɔ mini hooves gba lahi nyɛla din yi di ko. Bɛ gbaya ni koba nyɛla din piɛ n-doya di ko ka che daadam dini. Nahingbaŋ, wahu luɣishɛli di ni mi ni wahu duni nyɛla kob’ yusa ni be shɛli ka ni nyɛla daadam ŋun nu’ cheeni koba ni nye shɛli m-bala. Yaha, wahu dun'kpila nyɛla din mali kob’ shɛŋa din be daadam napɔŋ kpuɣiligu ni mini napɔŋ kpaa ni. Wahu nyaanŋa gbaya ŋɔ koba nyɛla din mini daadam nuu bee napɔŋ koba nye yim, ka takarifeeni (din gabi shɛli booni "napɔŋ kpuɣiligu") n-lee nye dun’ kpuɣɣiligu din be bein koba ni (din mini daadam beeni bee nu'chɛhil koba nye yim) ni nu'chee, be luɣishɛli a ni yɛn nya daadam "knuckles". Wahu nyɛla ŋun ka koba o napɔŋ kpuɣiligu gbunni, niŋgbuna ko, kobiri, kobili, jili miya, kob'sala, jili salugu, ni jila din nye wahu takari fɛba[64]

Naba ni napɔŋ bihi bukaata paaya ka be ŋmaali jia ni, “napɔŋ yi kani, wahu gba kani”.[65] Wahu takari feeni piini mi ni nu'chɛhi, din mini daadam nubihi nyoya bee napɔŋ bili nyoli nye yim, ka kob’ sala ni shɛŋa gili li. Takari feeni kapŋ mini yiligu nyɛla din bi kpɛm pam, di mini daadam mini nyinyari nye yim.[66] Di nyaaŋa nyɛla, wahu ŋun timsim paai 500 kilograms (1,100 lb),[67] ni tooi chaŋ koba ni yim ka mani din yɛn nye shɛm daadam ni.[68] N-yɛn tooi gu takari fɛba ŋɔ, yu’ shɛba nyɛla bɛ ni maani yuri namdima pirita bɛ naba. Takari fɛba nyɛla din zoori saha kam, ka be yu’ shɛba ban be yiŋa ŋuna be tooi ŋmahiri li dakulo anu zaŋ chaŋ anii ni,[69] amaa yu’ shɛba ban yɔɣu ni ŋuna bɛ dini yi zooi ti yaɣi, di kaɣisiri mi ka labi kpa n-saɣisi yaha.

Yuri nyɛla ban ŋubiri mɔri. Yu' kura nyɛla ban mali nyina pia ni ayi zuɣusaa, din ŋubiri mɔri bee din kuli pahi ŋmani mɔri. Nyina pishi ni anahi mi n-nye bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli ŋubira, nyin'dahi din be noli gbunni. Yuri ban nye yuma anahi zaŋ chana ka bi guni ni yuri ban guni nyɛla ban lahi mali nyina anahi anahi bɛ nyin’ gaŋsi nyaaŋa, ka di yuli nye "tushes". Yu' shɛba, yu’ lɔri mini yu’ nyɛma nyɛla ban gba lahi bindi nyina bɛ nyindahi tooni, ka di yuli nye “kunduŋ" nyina, din ni tooi gbaa vuɣi di yi niŋ ka di gaɣiri o mɔri ŋubbu shee. Polo nyɛla din be nyin’ kaŋsi ŋɔ mini nyindahi ŋɔ sunsuuni, luɣishɛli dimbu ni chani ti luri nyin'baɣiti zuɣu.[70]

A ni tooi zaŋ wahu nyina buɣisi o yuma ni nye shɛm. Nyina ŋɔ kuli nyɛla din kpara saha kam ka lahi vuɣira mɔri ŋubbu shee. Dinzuɣu, nyin’ gaŋsi ŋɔ nyɛla din taɣiri kom di yi niŋ ka wahu ŋɔ kurigira; di vuɣibu soli yiri la polo, ka taɣibu kani na nyina ŋɔ biɛhigu ni, ni nyina ŋubbu ni kpa yaɣa shɛli. Ŋɔ cha mi ka a ni tooi buɣisi wahu yuma, amaa dibu viɛnyɛla ni yuligu viɛnyɛla ni tooi che ka nyina ŋɔ shibu taɣi.[4]

Yiŋ’ wumsibu ni taarihi

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Bhimbetka rock painting showing a man riding on a horse, India

Wahu wumsibu nyɛla din pili Asia, yuma 3500 BCE. Dihitabili yɛltɔɣa ayi n-nye din wuhiri saha shɛli ni luɣishɛli bɛ ni daa tuui wumsi wahu ni wahu wumsibu ni yɛligi gili anduniya shɛm. Tuuli dini maa dumi tam daadam taarihi zuzu (palaeological) mini baŋsim din nye daadam ʒinɛli taarihi; din pahi ayi maa mi n-nye zaŋ ʒɛmana ŋɔ yuri koba (DNA) ti maɣisi kurumbuni ha yuri koba kura mini nyina.

Indo-Europeans ban be Eurasia n-daa tuui wumsi wahu.[71][72][73] Shɛhira shɛŋa din nye daadam ʒinɛli taarihi ka tuui yina tam yuri wumsibu zuɣu nyɛl din yina Ukraine mini Kazakhstan yaɣa, yuma 4000–3500 BCE.[74][75][76] Zaŋ chaŋ yuma 3000 BCE, wahu daa nyɛla ŋun pa kuna yiŋ zaasa ka zaŋ chaŋ yuma 2000 BCE, yuri koba daa pa nyɛla di yam daadam ʒinɛli ni Europe tiŋgbani ni, ka di wuhiri yuri wumsibu ni niŋ bayana shɛm lala yaɣali maa.[77] Din na kuli yuui, amaa ka pa shɛhirili din tabi ʒiri wuhiri yuri wumsibu nyɛla din yina luɣishɛŋa bɛ ni daa nya ka yu’ koba mini kohi goriba koba laɣim be gbala yinsi ni Indo-European Sintashta mini Petrovkac. 2100 BCE.[78]

Yuuni 2021, koba vihigu daa wuhiya ni saha ŋɔ yuri shɛba bɛ ni wumsira nyɛla ban yina Volga-Don region. Ancient horse genomes, ka di wuhiri ni lala yuri maa nyɛla ban mali nuu timbu ni saha ŋɔ yu’ baligu ban be Eurasia bobili ŋɔ, din gbaai yuun’ tuhi pihinahi ni kobishii (4,200) din gari. Di lahi wuhiri mi ni shɛba daa beni ka bɛ pii ba mi babu zuɣu, ni equestrian material culture, n-ti pahi Sintashta kohi goriba ni daa pii yu' shɛba bɛ maŋmaŋa.[79][80]

A ni tooi lahi baŋ yuri yiŋ wumsibu ŋɔ, di yi niŋ ka zaŋ koba yusa din be saha yuri koba ni maɣisi kurumbuni ha yuri koba dini din yina daadam taarihi vihigu mini daadam ʒinɛli taarihi vihigu ni. Waligimsim din be kob’ yusa ŋɔ ni wuhiri ni yɔɣu ni yuri nuu timbu yiŋ yuri ni bi yaɣi lala,[81][82] ka yu’ bihi pam daa be bɛ ni daa tuui wumsi binkob shɛb’ yiŋa.[44][83][84] Ŋɔ yiri na mi waligimsim din be koba tuɣa ni nye DNA din doli do’ tali pol, bee (Y-chromosome) ni din doli paɣa tali poli, bee dam soli (mitochondrial DNA). Y-chromosome ŋɔ waligimsim bi yaɣi lala,[81][82] amaa ka lee zooi koba waligimsim din be mitochondrial DNA.[44][83][84] Waligimsim lahi nyɛla din be mitochondrial DNA ni ka di nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋdi yɔɣu ni yu’ bihi pahiri wumsiri yiŋ maa.[44][83][84][85] Nahingbana din lahi wuhiri yiŋ wumsibu ŋɔ n-nyɛ niŋgbuŋ kom pahibu waligimsim.[86] Yuri ni, lala pahibu ŋɔ daa nyɛla yuma 5000 ni 3000 BCE sunsuuni.[87]

Pɔi ka tabibi zaŋ jɛndi DNA yɛltɔɣa polo kana ti maligu ti bɔhisi din daa kpa wahu yiŋ wumsibu polo, buɣisibu pam daa nyɛla din buɣisi. Buɣisibu tuuli daa doli la yuri niŋgbuna biɛhigu, n-wuhi taɣibu balibu diba anahi din kpe bɛ biɛhigu shee tum bɛ yiŋ kundi na.[88] Buɣisibu din lahi pahi daa wuhiya ni lala taɣibu bunahi shɛli di ni yɛli zuɣusaa ŋɔ maa, daa nyɛla din yina yɔɣu yu’ bali yini sani na, ka niŋgbuŋ bali shɛli kam din pahi yina la birili piibu ni bɛ yiŋ kundi na nyaaŋa.[89] Amaa, pirim la shɛli ku kani ka yɛn nya li wahu ni zuɣu che mi ka be bi zaɣiti lala buɣisibu diba ayi ŋɔ zaa .

  1. ↑ Naden, Tony. 2020. Pictures and words, Dagbani Dictionary.
  2. ↑ Goody, John (2000). Horse Anatomy (2nd ed.). J A Allen. ISBN 0-85131-769-3.
  3. ↑ Pavord, Tony; Pavord, Marcy (2007). Complete Equine Veterinary Manual. David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-1883-6.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Ensminger, pp. 46–50
  5. ↑ Wright, B. (March 29, 1999). The Age of a Horse. Government of Ontario.
  6. ↑ Ryder, Erin. World's Oldest Living Pony Dies at 56.
  7. ↑ British Horse Society (1966). The Manual of Horsemanship of the British Horse Society and the Pony Club (6th edition, reprinted 1970 ed.). Kenilworth, UK: British Horse Society. p. 255. ISBN 0-9548863-1-3.
  8. ↑ Rules of the Australian Stud Book (PDF). Australian Jockey Club (2007).
  9. 1 2 Equine Age Requirements for AERC Rides. American Endurance Riding Conference.
  10. 1 2 3 Ensminger, p. 418
  11. ↑ Giffin, p. 431
  12. ↑ Ensminger, p. 430
  13. ↑ Ensminger, p. 415
  14. ↑ Becker, Marty; Pavia, Audrey; Spadafori, Gina; Becker, Teresa (2007). Why Do Horses Sleep Standing Up?: 101 of the Most Perplexing Questions Answered About Equine Enigmas, Medical Mysteries, and Befuddling Behaviors. HCI. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7573-0608-2.
  15. ↑ Ensminger, p. 422
  16. ↑ Ensminger, p. 427
  17. ↑ Ensminger, p. 420
  18. ↑ Glossary of Horse Racing Terms. Equibase Company, LLC.
  19. ↑ Rules of the Australian Stud Book. Australian Jockey Club Ltd and Victoria Racing Club Ltd (July 2008).
  20. 1 2 3 A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named EnsmingerHTA chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named EnsmingerHTA chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named EnsmingerHT
  21. ↑ Howlett, Lorna; Philip Mathews (1979). Ponies in Australia. Milson's Point, NSW: Philip Mathews Publishers. p. 14. ISBN 0-908001-13-4.
  22. ↑ 2012 United States Equestrian Federation, Inc. Rule Book. United States Equestrian Federation.
  23. ↑ Annex XVII: Extracts from Rules for Pony Riders and Children, 9th edition. Fédération Equestre Internationale (2009).
  24. ↑ For example, the Missouri Fox Trotter, or the Arabian horse. See McBane, pp. 192, 218
  25. ↑ For example, the Welsh Pony. See McBane, pp. 52–63
  26. ↑ McBane, p. 200
  27. ↑ Chromosome Numbers in Different Species. Vivo.colostate.edu (1998-01-30).
  28. ↑ Sequenced horse genome expands understanding of equine, human diseases. Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine (2012-08-21).
  29. ↑ (2009-11-05) "Domestic Horse Genome Sequenced". Science 326 (5954): 865–867. DOI:10.1126/science.1178158. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 19892987.
  30. ↑ Ensembl genome browser 71: Equus caballus – Description. Uswest.ensembl.org.
  31. ↑ Olsen, Sandra L. (1996). "Horse Hunters of the Ice Age". Horses Through Time (First ed.). Boulder, CO: Roberts Rinehart Publishers. p. 46. ISBN 1-57098-060-8. OCLC 36179575.
  32. ↑ An extraordinary return from the brink of extinction for world's last wild horse. Zoological Society of London (2005-12-19).
  33. ↑ Home. The Foundation for the Preservation and Protection of the Przewalski Horse.
  34. 1 2 Dohner, pp. 298–299
  35. ↑ Pennisi, Elizabeth (22 February 2018). Ancient DNA upends the horse family tree.
  36. ↑ (2018-04-06) "Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski's horses" (in en). Science 360 (6384): 111–114. DOI:10.1126/science.aao3297. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29472442.
  37. ↑ Ancient DNA rules out archeologists' best bet for horse domestication. ArsTechnica (February 25, 2018).
  38. 1 2 Dohner, p. 300
  39. ↑ Tarpan. Oklahoma State University.
  40. ↑ (June 21, 2002) "Ponies from the past?: Oregon couple revives prehistoric Tarpan horses". The Daily Courier.
  41. ↑ Peissel, Michel (2002). Tibet: The Secret Continent. Macmillan. p. 36. ISBN 0-312-30953-8. Archived from the original on 2023-03-20. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
  42. 1 2 (2005) "The Origins of Iberian Horses Assessed via Mitochondrial DNA". Journal of Heredity 96 (6): 663–669. DOI:10.1093/jhered/esi116. PMID 16251517.
  43. ↑ Edwards, pp. 104–105
  44. 1 2 3 4 Lira, Jaime (2010). "Ancient DNA reveals traces of Iberian Neolithic and Bronze Age lineages in modern Iberian horses". Molecular Ecology 19 (1): 64–78. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04430.x. PMID 19943892.
  45. ↑ Vogel, Colin B.V.M. (1995). The Complete Horse Care Manual. New York: Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc. p. 14. ISBN 0-7894-0170-3. OCLC 32168476.
  46. ↑ Mills, Bruce; Barbara Carne (1988). A Basic Guide to Horse Care and Management. New York: Howell Book House. pp. 72–73. ISBN 0-87605-871-3. OCLC 17507227.
  47. ↑ Corum, Stephanie J. (May 1, 2003). "A Horse of a Different Color". The Horse.
  48. 1 2 3 Horse Coat Color Tests. University of California.
  49. ↑ Marklund, L. (1996). "A missense mutation in the gene for melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R) is associated with the chestnut coat color in horses". Mammalian Genome 7 (12): 895–899. DOI:10.1007/s003359900264. PMID 8995760.
  50. 1 2 Introduction to Coat Color Genetics. University of California.
  51. ↑ Haase B (2007). "Allelic Heterogeneity at the Equine KIT Locus in Dominant White (W) Horses". PLOS Genetics 3 (11): e195. DOI:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030195. PMID 17997609.
  52. ↑ (2004) "Genetic mapping of dominant white (W), a homozygous lethal condition in the horse (Equus caballus)". Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 121 (6): 374–383. DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0388.2004.00481.x.
  53. ↑ Ensminger, p. 156
  54. ↑ How Long is a Horse Pregnant? (en).
  55. ↑ Johnson, Tom. Rare Twin Foals Born at Vet Hospital: Twin Birth Occurrences Number One in Ten Thousand. Oklahoma State University.
  56. ↑ Miller, Robert M.; Rick Lamb (2005). Revolution in Horsemanship and What it Means to Mankind. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press. pp. 102–103. ISBN 1-59228-387-X. OCLC 57005594.
  57. ↑ Ensminger, p. 150
  58. ↑ Kline, Kevin H. (2010-10-07). Reducing weaning stress in foals. Montana State University eXtension.
  59. ↑ McIlwraith, C.W.. Developmental Orthopaedic Disease: Problems of Limbs in young Horses. Colorado State University.
  60. ↑ Thomas, Heather Smith (2003). Storey's Guide to Training Horses: Ground Work, Driving, Riding. North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing. p. 163. ISBN 1-58017-467-1.
  61. ↑ 2-Year-Old Racing (US and Canada). Jockey Club.
  62. ↑ Bryant, Jennifer Olson; George Williams (2006). The USDF Guide to Dressage. Storey Publishing. pp. 271–272. ISBN 978-1-58017-529-6. Archived from the original on 2023-03-20. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
  63. ↑ Evans, J. (1990). The Horse (Second ed.). New York: Freeman. p. 90. ISBN 0-7167-1811-1. OCLC 20132967.
  64. ↑ Ensminger, pp. 21–25
  65. ↑ Ensminger, p. 367
  66. ↑ Giffin, p. 304
  67. ↑ Giffin, p. 457
  68. ↑ Fuess, Theresa A.. Yes, The Shin Bone Is Connected to the Ankle Bone. University of Illinois.
  69. ↑ Giffin, pp. 310–312
  70. ↑ Kreling, Kai (2005). "The Horse's Teeth". Horses' Teeth and Their Problems: Prevention, Recognition, and Treatment. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. pp. 12–13. ISBN 1-59228-696-8. OCLC 59163221.[permanent dead link]
  71. ↑ (2021) "The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes" (in en). Nature 598 (7882): 634–640. DOI:10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 34671162.
  72. ↑ Ramsden, Shaun (2021). "Indo-Europeans in the Ancient Yellow River Valley". Sino-Platonic Papers (311): 3, 6. ISSN 2157-9679.
  73. ↑ Chakravarthy, R. S. (1975). "Ṛgvedic India, a Centre of Domestication of the Horse". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 56 (1/4): 129–139. ISSN 0378-1143.
  74. ↑ (2009) "The earliest horse harnessing and milking". Science 323 (5919): 1332–1335. DOI:10.1126/science.1168594. PMID 19265018.
  75. ↑ Matossian, Mary Kilbourne (1997). Shaping World History: Breakthroughs in Ecology, Technology, Science, and Politics. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. p. 43. ISBN 0-585-02397-2. OCLC 156944228. Archived from the original on 2023-03-20. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
  76. ↑ "Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction". Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald (CBC Radio). 2009-03-07. http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/.
  77. ↑ Evans, James Warren (1992). Horse Breeding and Management. Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 56. ISBN 0-444-88282-0. OCLC 243738023.[permanent dead link]
  78. ↑ Kuznetsov, P. F. (2006). "The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe". Antiquity 80 (309): 638–645. DOI:10.1017/S0003598X00094096.
  79. ↑ "Scientists found modern domestic horses' homeland in southwestern Russia". Science News. 20 October 2021. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/dna-genes-modern-domestic-horses-origin-russia.
  80. ↑ Pablo Librado (October 2021). "The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes" (in en). Nature 598 (7882): 634–640. DOI:10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 34671162.
  81. 1 2 (2009) "Horse Domestication and Conservation Genetics of Przewalski's Horse Inferred from Sex Chromosomal and Autosomal Sequences". Molecular Biology and Evolution 26 (1): 199–208. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msn239. PMID 18931383.
  82. 1 2 Lindgren, Gabriella (2004). "Limited number of patrilines in horse domestication". Nature Genetics 36 (4): 335–336. DOI:10.1038/ng1326. PMID 15034578.
  83. 1 2 3 (2001) "Widespread origins of domestic horse lineages". Science 291 (5503): 474–477. DOI:10.1126/science.291.5503.474. PMID 11161199.
  84. 1 2 3 (2009) "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the origin of the Chinese domestic horse". Journal of Archaeological Science 36 (3): 835–842. DOI:10.1016/j.jas.2008.11.006.
  85. ↑ Olsen, Sandra L. (2006). "Early Horse Domestication: Weighing the Evidence". In Olsen, Sandra L; Grant, Susan; Choyke, Alice M.; Bartosiewicz, Laszlo (eds.). Horses & Humans: The Evolution of Human-Equine Relationships. Oxford, UK: Archaeopress. pp. 81–113. ISBN 978-1-84171-990-0.
  86. ↑ Epstein, H. (1955). "Domestication Features in Animals as Functions of Human Society". Agricultural History Society 29 (4): 137–146.
  87. ↑ (2009) "Coat Color Variation at the Beginning of Horse Domestication". Science 324 (5926): 485. DOI:10.1126/science.1172750. PMID 19390039.
  88. ↑ Bennett, Deb (1998). Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship (First ed.). Solvang, CA: Amigo Publications, Inc. p. 7. ISBN 0-9658533-0-6. OCLC 39709067.
  89. ↑ Edwards, Gladys Brown (1973). The Arabian: War Horse to Show Horse (Revised Collectors ed.). Rich Publishing. pp. 1, 3.
Di yila "https://dag.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wahu&oldid=93694"