Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Underground Railroad

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
 Tɛmplet:Infobox Criminal organization Tɛmplet:Slavery


Underground Railroad daa nyɛla soya mini ya' nim din sɔɣi ka "freedom seekers" doli li n-zori tiligiri ka cheri "abolitionist Northern United States"[1] mini Eastern Canada. Daba shɛba bɛ ni daa gbahi Africamini African Americans daba daa zomi tiligi ka che dab' tali 16th century, ka bɛ pa daa bi nya sɔŋsim;[2][3][4] amaa, amaa ya' shɛŋa ni bɛ ni daa tooi kperi ka tiligira ka bɛ booni li "Underground Railroad" daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa pili shɛli nambu 1780s, tiŋsi din daa be North ka kpuɣi niya ni bɛ kari dab'tali n daa nam li.[5][6] Pan-African bɔhimbu ni wuhi shɛm, J. Blaine Hudson, ŋun daa nyɛ "dean" zaŋti College of Arts and Sciences din be University of Louisville, "Civil War" daa ti yɛn naai, niriba tuhi kɔbisinu bee n gari lala n daa nyɛ African Americans n daa nyɛ ban doli lala "Underground Railroad" n zo n-tiligi.[7]

African Americans ŋɔ ni daa nam so' shɛŋa ŋɔ,[8] nyɛla nambozɔriba shɛba ni daa pahi ka shɛli niŋ.[9][10] Sɔ' shɛŋa daa lahi beni n-kuni Mexico,[11] luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni kari dab'tali, zaŋ chaŋ "islands" din be Caribbean din daa ka lala daba dabu ŋɔ ni.[12] Tuuli soli daa beni n-kuni Florida, ka shɛli daa naan yi ti pahi n-kuni Spanish (gbaa yihi yuuni 1763–1783), ka di daa ti lahi beni 17th century bahigu zaŋ chaŋ kamani yuuni 1790.[13][14] "American Civil War" saha, "freedom seekers" daa zoya kuli "Union lines" din be South ni bɛ ti deei bɛ maŋsulinsi. So daa buɣisiya ni zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1850, kamani daba tuhi kɔbiga 100,000 n daa doli lala soya ŋɔ n tiligi ka che dab'tali.

Eric Foner n daa sabi lala bach ŋɔ "din tooi nyɛ "Washington newspaper" n daa tuui zaŋ lala bachi ŋɔ n-tum tuma yuuni 1839, bɛ daa tɔɣisirila bipuɣinga ŋun daa bori ni o doli ziliji soli n zo 'din daa be tiŋgbani ni zaŋ hali ni Boston'".[15][16] Dr. Robert Clemens Smedley daa sanili mi n doli ban gbahiri daba' ni daa di barigi zaŋ chaŋ north Columbia, Pennsylvania, ka bɛ daa yɛli ni "ni ziligi soli ni tooi be tiŋgbani ni luɣ'shɛli," ka lala bachi maa daa pili ni.[17] Scott Shane takari gbaŋ din zaŋ lala bachi ŋƆ tum tuma tuuli n-nyɛ Thomas Smallwood lahabali din daa yina August 10, 1842, Tocsin of Liberty sabbu, lahabali din daa yi Albany. Yuuni 1879 o daa lahi sabi buku yuli booni Sketches ka di nyɛ "Underground Railroad" taarihi ka daa yɛli ni lala lahabali ŋmaa maa daa be la yuuni 1839 Washington lahabali churi ni, ka lala ŋun sabi lahabali ŋɔ daa yɛli ni o teei la lala lahabai ŋɔ yuun pihinahi nyaaŋa.[18][19]

Ban daa be Underground Railroad maani daa tooi zooya ka bɛ mali bachi shɛŋa kuri bukaata. Kotomsi:

  • Ninvuɣ'shɛba abn daa sɔŋ "fugitive slaves" daa nya ka "railroad" maa nyɛla "agents"
  • "Guides" nyɛla bɛ ni daa booni shɛli "conductors"
  • Luɣ'shɛŋ bɛ ni daa sɔƔiri n daa nyɛ "stations" bee "way stations"
  • "Station masters" daa sɔɣirila daba ban daa zori tiligiri bɛ yinsi
  • Ninvuɣ'shɛba ban zori tiligiri ka cheri dab'tali n-nyɛ bɛ ni daa booni shɛba "passengers" bee "cargo"
  • "Fugitive slaves" daa deeri la "ticket"
  • Kamani "gospel lore", "wheels daa kuli nyɛla din labiri tiligira"
  • Ban daa mali lala "Railroad" ŋɔ nyari liɣiri n daa nyɛ bɛ ni booni shɛba "stockholders"[20]
  • Promised Land – dalinli zaŋti Canada
  • River Jordan – dalinli zaŋti Ohio River
  • Heaven – dalinli zaŋti maŋsulinsi bee Canada[21]

[22]

David Ruggles between two men confronting John P. Darg
The Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park in Dorchester County, Maryland

International Underground Railroad Month

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Anashaara goli September n daa nyɛ bɛ ni piigi shɛli International Underground Railroad goli, dama Anashaara goli September n daa nyɛ goli shɛli Harriet Tubman mini Frederick Douglass ni tiligi dab'tali ni.[48][49]

The Underground Railroad is memorialized on the reverse of the 2023 Ohio American Innovation dollar

Inspirations for fiction

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Underground Railroad nyɛla kompini shɛli Tupac Shakur ni daa nam, Big D the Impossible, Shock G, Pee Wee, Jeremy, Raw Fusion ni Live Squad ka bɛ daliri nyɛla bɛ sɔŋ paɣaba mini dobba ban nyɛ gbansabila, ka sɔŋ yɛligi bi yila tuma.[52][53]

Big Jim mini White Boy, David F. Walker ni Marcus Kwame Anderson's lahabali din yuli booni Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Big Jim mini Huck n daa niŋ Underground Railroad kpamba zaŋ chaŋ Civil War-era United States ni bɛ ti faai daba ban daa be ni bahi.[54]

Lua bi niŋ dede:bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal')

  1. ↑ Hudson 2015, pp. 1, 6, 10.
  2. ↑ Special Resource Study, Management Concepts Underground Railroad. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center. 1995. p. 19.
  3. ↑ What is the Underground Railroad?.
  4. ↑ New Jersey's Underground Railroad Heritage. New Jersey State Library.
  5. ↑ Historic Context for the Underground Railroad. The National Park Service.
  6. ↑ The Underground Railroad c. 1780–1862. PBS.
  7. ↑ Hudson 2015, p. 10.
  8. ↑ Hunter, Carol (December 20, 2013). To Set the Captives Free. Reverend Jermain Wesley Loguen and the struggle for freedom in central New York 1835–1872 (2nd ed.). Hyrax Publishing. p. 139. ISBN 978-1494767983.
  9. ↑ "Underground Railroad". dictionary.com. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2011. Tɛmplet:-'A network of houses and other places abolitionists used to help enslaved Africans escape to freedom in the northern states or in Canada ... ' – American Heritage Dictionary
  10. ↑ The Underground Railroad. Public Broadcasting Service.
  11. ↑ This underground railroad took slaves to freedom in Mexico, PRI's The World, Public Radio International, March 29, 2017. Public Radio International (2017).
  12. ↑ Leesa Jones Interview Transcript, 2020-01-07 [SHE.OH.017]. 2020.
  13. ↑ Smith, Bruce (March 18, 2012). "For a century, Underground Railroad ran south". Associated Press. https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jiODwWs22MG9qBGQ_ZI9U-6W3s9g?docId=b67287f0636841dfbad57fb14222cd97.
  14. ↑ McIver, Stuart (February 14, 1993). "Fort Moses's Call To Freedom. Florida's Little-known Underground Railroad Was the Escape Route Taken by Slaves Who Fled to the State in the 1700s and Established America's First Black Town". Sun-Sentinel. http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-02-14/features/9301090665_1_slaves-underground-railroad-francisco-menendez/2.
  15. ↑ Foner 2015, pp. 6–9.
  16. ↑ Pettit, Eber M. (1999) [1879]. Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad. Westfield, NY: Chautauqua Region Press. ISBN 0-9658955-3-X., p. 131
  17. ↑ Smedley, Robert C. (1883). History of the Underground Railroad in Chester and the neighboring counties of Pennsylvania. Mechanicsburg, Pa: Stackpole Books. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-0-8117-3189-8.
  18. ↑ Shane, Scott (September 11, 2023). "How the Underground Railroad Got Its Name". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/11/opinion/man-who-named-underground-railroad.html.
  19. ↑ Shane, Scott, Flee North A Forgotten Hero and the Fight for Freedom in Slavery's Borderland (Macmillan, London, 2023), pp. 117–118.
  20. ↑ Blight, David, 2004, p. 98
  21. ↑ Signal Songs of the Underground Railroad.
  22. ↑ History – National Underground Railroad Freedom Center.
  23. ↑ William Still, "George Corson," The Underground Rail Road, (Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1872), pp. 721–23.
  24. ↑ Letters: Underground Railroad site threatened in Montco.
  25. ↑ Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates Jr, Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience, Oxford University Press, 1999 ISBN 978-0195170559
  26. ↑ "Aboard the Underground Railroad" – Boston African American NHS. Nps.gov (September 5, 1962). Retrieved on August 16, 2013.
  27. ↑ The Rochester Years.
  28. ↑ For the People: A Newsletter of the Abraham Lincoln Association v.8 number 1 Spring 2006, Springfield, Illinois.
  29. ↑ Foner 2015, pp. 155–159.
  30. ↑ Foner 2015, pp. 9–10.
  31. ↑ Calarco 2008, pp. 144–152.
  32. ↑ Calarco 2008, p. 153.
  33. ↑ Foner 2015, p. 156.
  34. ↑ Foner 2015, p. 180.
  35. ↑ Foner 2015, pp. 146–147.
  36. ↑ Mary Meachum and the Underground Railroad. St. Louis Public Radio (October 9, 2012).
  37. ↑ Calarco 2008, pp. 210–211.
  38. ↑ Calarco 2008, pp. 222–224.
  39. ↑ Calarco 2008, pp. 225–228.
  40. ↑ Calarco 2008, pp. 236–238.
  41. ↑ St. John's Founder Peter Quire (February 18, 2021).
  42. ↑ Calarco 2008, pp. 242–250.
  43. ↑ Foner 2015, pp. 2–3.
  44. ↑ Foner 2015, pp. 58–59, 123–124.
  45. ↑ Foner 2015, p. 13.
  46. ↑ Foner 2015, pp. 87–88.
  47. ↑ Foner 2015, pp. 190–194.
  48. ↑ International Underground Railroad Month.
  49. ↑ "September is Underground Railroad Month in Maryland". Southern Maryland News. 2024. https://www.somdnews.com/news/state/september-is-underground-railroad-month-in-maryland/article_7cecbb74-6add-11ef-95fb-a7670ec183af.html.
  50. ↑ The 2017 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Fiction (en).
  51. ↑ Tɛmplet:Cite wikisource
  52. ↑ 2Pac Full UNSEEN Interview (1992) Speaks on Police Brutality (January 20, 2018).
  53. ↑ 2Pacalypse Now 1991 Biography, Part 2 (December 19, 2016).
  54. ↑ Big Jim and the White Boy: An American Classic Reimagined. Ten Speed Graphic (October 15, 2024).

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