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Trans-Saharan slave trade

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Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia

19th-century engraving depicting an Arab slave trading caravan transporting sub-Saharan African slaves across the Sahara to North Africa.

Tɛmplet:Slavery

Trans-Saharan slave trade, nyɛla bɛ ni lahi mi shɛli Arab slave trade,[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] daa nyɛla dabba daabiligu shɛli bɛ ni daa gbahiri dabba Sahara. Bɛ pirigili nyɛla bɛ ni daa gbahiri shɛba sub-Saharan Africa n tahiri North Africa n ti kɔhiri n-tiri Mediterranean mini Middle Eastern; ka di bela nyɛla din daa chani di yaɣa shɛŋa din pahi maa .[9]

Bɛ daa nyɛla gbaŋsabila dabba bɛ ni gbahiri sub-Saharan Africa tahiri Arab world ka bɛ kalinli nyɛ din yiɣisi kamani miliyɔŋ dibaa ayobu zaŋ chaŋ miliyɔŋ pia, trans-Saharan daabilim ŋɔ kalinli gba nyɛla din daa yiɣisi kamani 7.2 miliyɔŋ bin din gbaai 7th century sunsuun zaŋ hali ni 20th century saha shɛli bɛ ni daa kpɛhim li.[10][11] Arabs nyɛla ban daa su trans-Saharan dabba daabilim ŋɔ yaa,[12] amaa Berbers gba nyɛla ban daa be di ni.[13]

Ban daa pahi sub-Saharan Africans zuɣu nyɛ Turks, Iranians, Europeans n-ti pahi Berbers nyɛ ninvuɣ shɛba Arabs, ni daa mali shɛba niŋdi dabba daabilim ŋɔ ka nyɛ din daa niŋdi Larigu tiŋgbana zaa ni amaa ka daa leei dahi Western Asia, North Africa, East Africa n-ti pahi Europe.[14]

Early trans-Saharan slave trade

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Taarihi zaŋ n-ti dabba daabiligu Sahara nyɛla din daa piligi 3rd millennium BC, Egyptnima Naa Sneferu saha, ŋun nyɛ ŋun daa chaŋ Nile bɛ ni mi shɛli zuŋɔ Sudan n daa ti gbaahi dabba na north.[15][16]

Garamantes nyɛla ban daa mali dabba ban yina sub-Saharan Africa n tumdi bɛ tumanima.[17] Bɛ nyɛla ban daa mali dabba ŋɔ bɛ tiŋsi ni n daa mali ba gbiri ka maani mɔɣu shɛŋa bɛ ni mali kɔra ka daa booni li Berbers kamani foggara.[18] Ancient Greek taarihilana Herodotus nyɛla ŋun daa sabi li 5th century BC ka daa yɛlli ni Garamantes dabba ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa tooi zoogi Ethiopians ka bɛ daa booni ba Troglodytae.[19]

Roman Empire piligu, tiŋzuɣu zaŋ n-ti Lepcis nyɛla ban daa piligi dabba daa ni bɛ dari ka kɔhiri dabba ban yina Bantu African.[9] 5th century AD saha, Roman Carthage nyɛla ban daa niŋdi gbaŋsabila dabba daabilim Sahara.[20] Bɛ daa ti zali ninvuɣ shɛba ban niŋdi dabba daabilim ŋɔ laɣa yora.[9][20][21][22]

Trans-Saharan slave trade in the Middle Ages

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The main slave routes in medieval Africa

Arabs gba nyɛla bɛ ni daa ti pa dari shɛba dabba saha shɛŋa trans-Saharan slave trade.[23][24] Mecca, Arab paɣaba nyɛla bɛ ni daa ti kɔhiri shɛba dabba Ibn Butlan mini West Africa gba nyɛla ban daa mali dabba ban nyɛ Arab bilichininima.[25][26] Lahabali din yina al-Maqrizi, wuhiya ni dabba paɣaba nyɛla bɛ ni daa kɔhi shɛba n-ti West Africans ka bɛ be hajj.[27][28][29] Ibn Battuta nyɛla ŋun daa laɣim ni Arab dabili ŋun nyɛ paɣa ka daa miri Timbuktu din be Mali yuuni 1353. Battutai nyɛla ŋun daa sabi yɛlli ni dabba ban daa nyɛ paɣaba maa nyɛla ban daa yɛri Arabic ka daa yina Damascus ka o masta yuli daa booni Farbá Sulaymán.[30][31][32]

French-language map of major historic trans-Saharan trade routes (1889)
A slave market in Cairo. Drawing by David Roberts, circa 1848.

Late trans-Saharan slave trad

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Englishman William George Browne rode with the Darb Al Arbain caravan in the 1790s; it delivered "Slaves, male and female" to Egypt.[33]

Lihimi m-pahi

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References

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  1. ↑ Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (1990). "Islamization in Sudan: A Critical Assessment". Middle East Journal 44 (4): 610–623. ISSN 0026-3141.
  2. ↑ Johnson, Willard R. (1980). "Africans and Arabs: Collaboration without Co-Operation, Change without Challenge". International Journal 35 (4): 766–793. DOI:10.2307/40201914. ISSN 0020-7020.
  3. ↑ Stanziani, Alessandro (2018), "Bondage across the Ocean: Indentured Labor in the Indian Ocean", Bondage, Labor and Rights in Eurasia from the Sixteenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries (1 ed.), Berghahn Books, pp. 175–203, doi:10.2307/j.ctt9qcm9z.11, ISBN 978-1-78238-250-8, JSTOR j.ctt9qcm9z.11, retrieved 11 September 2024
  4. ↑ Shepperson, George (2006). "Islam in Central Africa: a historiographical document". The Society of Malawi Journal 59 (2): 1–5. ISSN 0037-993X.
  5. ↑ Reilly, Benjamin (2015), "Arabian Agricultural Slavery in the Longue Durée", Slavery, Agriculture, and Malaria in the Arabian Peninsula (1 ed.), Ohio University Press, pp. 123–152, doi:10.2307/j.ctt1rfsnxf.10, JSTOR j.ctt1rfsnxf.10
  6. ↑ Mazrui, Ali A. (1975). "Black Africa and the Arabs". Foreign Affairs 53 (4): 725–742. DOI:10.2307/20039542. ISSN 0015-7120.
  7. ↑ Hasan, Yusuf Fadl (1977). "SOME ASPECTS OF THE ARAB SLAVE TRADE FROM THE SUDAN 7th — 19th CENTURY". Sudan Notes and Records 58: 85–106. ISSN 0375-2984.
  8. ↑ Bean, Frank D.; Brown, Susan K. (1 March 2023). Selected Topics in Migration Studies (in English). Springer Nature. p. 27. ISBN 978-3-031-19631-7. Trans-Saharan slave trade was conducted within the ambits of the trans-Saharan trade, otherwise referred to as the Arab trade. Trans-Saharan trade, conducted across the Sahara Desert, was a web of commercial interactions between the Arab world (North Africa and the Persian Gulf) and sub-Saharan Africa.
  9. 1 2 3 Bradley, Keith R. "Apuleius and the sub-Saharan slave trade". Apuleius and Antonine Rome: Historical Essays. p. 177.
  10. ↑ Segal 2001, p. 55-57.
  11. ↑ Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2006). Islam and the Abolition of Slavery. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-19-522151-0. OCLC 1045855145.
  12. ↑ Ayittey, George (1 September 2006). Indigenous African Institutions: 2nd Edition (in English). BRILL. p. 450. ISBN 978-90-474-4003-1. While the Europeans organized the West African slave trade, the Arabs managed the East African and trans-Saharan counterparts.
  13. ↑ Badru, Pade; Sackey, Brigid M. (23 May 2013). Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in Gender Relations and Political Reform (in English). Scarecrow Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-8108-8470-0.
  14. ↑ Akinbode, Ayomide (20 December 2021). The Forgotten Arab Slave Trade of East Africa.
  15. ↑ Gordon, Murray (1989). Slavery in the Arab World. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-941533-30-0. OCLC 1120917849.
  16. ↑ Redford, D. B.. From Slave to Pharaoh: The Black Experience of Ancient Egypt. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. Project MUSE
  17. ↑ Fall of Gaddafi opens a new era for the Sahara's lost civilisation (en) (2011-11-05).
  18. ↑ David Mattingly. "The Garamantes and the Origins of Saharan Trade". Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond. Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–28.
  19. ↑ Austen, R. (2015). "Regional study: Trans-Saharan trade". In C. Benjamin (Ed.), The Cambridge World History pp. 662–686. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139059251.026
  20. 1 2 Wilson, Andrew. "Saharan Exports to the Roman World". Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond. Cambridge University Press. pp. 192–3.
  21. ↑ Segal, Ronald (2001). Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora. Macmillan. pp. 129–130. ISBN 978-0-374-52797-6. OCLC 1014163824.
  22. ↑ Gordon 1989, p. 108-110.
  23. ↑ Muhammad A. J. Beg, The "serfs" of Islamic society under the Abbasid regime, Islamic Culture, 49, 2, 1975, p. 108
  24. ↑ Owen Rutter (1986). The pirate wind: tales of the sea-robbers of Malaya. Oxford University Press. p. 140. ISBN 9780195826913.
  25. ↑ Clarence-Smith 2006, p. 70.
  26. ↑ Humphrey J. Fisher (1 August 2001). Slavery in the History of Muslim Black Africa. NYU Press. pp. 182–. ISBN 978-0-8147-2716-4.
  27. ↑ Chouki El Hamel (27 February 2014). Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam. Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–. ISBN 978-1-139-62004-8.
  28. ↑ Shirley Guthrie (1 August 2013). Arab Women in the Middle Ages: Private Lives and Public Roles. Saqi. ISBN 978-0-86356-764-3.
  29. ↑ William D. Phillips (1985). Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade. Manchester University Press. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-0-7190-1825-1.
  30. ↑ Ibn Batuta; Said Hamdun; Noel Quinton King (March 2005). Ibn Battuta in Black Africa. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-55876-336-4.
  31. ↑ Ibn Battuta (1 September 2004). Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354. Psychology Press. pp. 334–. ISBN 978-0-415-34473-9.
  32. ↑ Raymond Aaron Silverman (1983). History, art and assimilation: the impact of Islam on Akan material culture. University of Washington. p. 51.
  33. ↑ DARB EL ARBA'IN. THE FORTY DAYS' ROAD | W. B. K. Shaw | download.

Further reading

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