Tramadol
Tɛmplet:Infobox drug/maintenance categories
Tramadol, ti shɛli din daa yuli booni Ultram ni yu shɛŋa din pahi,[1] nyɛla bierim kubu ti shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri biɛrim din saɣisi bee din mali yaa.[3] Di nyala biɛrim kubu ti shɛli alaafee baŋdiba ni dii bi yu biɛrim tima puuni .[8] Di yi ti niŋ ka nira vali di din wuligiri yom n kpɛri ʒisoya ni, biɛrim baligibu nyɛla din kanna zaŋ chaŋ awa yini(1 hour).[3] Di lahi mali din chibira.[9] Bɛ ni tooi kohi di mini paracetamol, bee ti shɛli din tumdi yuura.[3][9]
Di barina shɛŋa din niŋ bayana puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ yoɣuni damdibu tom, ni zaɣisibu, ni ni lɛbigibu.[3] Di barina shɛŋa din mali yaa puuni shɛŋa n nyɛ luhibu, hankali ni yibu, ni zaŋ tima valibu lɛbi tuma .[3] Tim maa valibu zaŋ ti ninvuɣu shɛba ban mali yaannini bee binsabili doro bela di ko.[3] Di bi yu ni nira ŋun bori O nyavuli dibu bee ŋun mali pua valli.[3][9] Di bi yu ni paɣa so ŋun moɣisiri bia valli, amaa lala paɣa yi vali di zaɣ'yini, di bi moŋdo ni O moɣisi O bia.[10] Di yi kpe binsabili ni, Tramadol lɛbigiri la O-desmethyltramadol (desmetramadol), ti shɛi din gbaari μ-opioid receptor viɛnyala .[3][11] Tramadol lahi nyɛla serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).[3][12]
Tramadol daa nyɛla ban yihilina ni gu shɛli malibu (patented) yuuni 1963, ka yihilina ni yu shɛlli din nyɛ "Tramal" yuuni 1977, tuma du shɛli ban daa yilina maa n nyɛ West German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH.[12][13] Yuuni 1990 nima puuni, United Kingdom mini United States daa nyɛla ban saɣi tili.[12] Dipa nyɛla ti shɛli din niŋ bayana, ka bɛ kohirili ni yuya balibu duniya yaaŋa zuɣu.[3][1] United States puuni, di yim valibu saale daa nyɛla din pori gari US$0.05, ti yi kpuɣi yuuni 2018.[14] Canada puuni, di valibu yim daa nyɛla kaman 1.20 CAD, ti yi kpuɣi yuuni 2021.[8] Yuuni 2017, dina n daa nyɛ ti shɛli din pahiri pihita ni ayi (32nd) dooshee ti shɛŋa bɛ ni daa tiri barinima United States puuni, ka bɛ daa tili n gari millioŋ pishi ni yi (21 million).[15][16]
References
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- 1 2 3 Tramadol (en).
- ↑ Tramadol. MedlinePlus. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (1 September 2008).
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Tramadol Hydrochloride. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
- ↑ (1997) "[Pharmacology of tramadol].". Drugs 53 Suppl 2: 18–24. DOI:10.2165/00003495-199700532-00006. PMID 9190321.
- 1 2 Brayfield, A:Tramadol Hydrochloride. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Pharmaceutical Press (13 December 2013).
- 1 2 Ultram, Ultram ER (tramadol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more. Medscape Reference. WebMD.
- ↑ Australian Label: Tramadol Sandoz 50 mg capsules (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services (4 November 2011).
- 1 2 [131 Tramadol: Where do we go from here?].
- 1 2 3 British national formulary : BNF 74 (74 ed.). British Medical Association. 2017. pp. 447–448. ISBN 978-0857112989.
- ↑ Tramadol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings.
- ↑ (2012) "Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol". Expert Opin Pharmacother 13 (10): 1437–49. DOI:10.1517/14656566.2012.696097. PMID 22698264.
- 1 2 3 (November–December 2009) "Tramadol as an analgesic for mild to moderate cancer pain.". Pharmacological Reports 61 (6): 978–92. DOI:10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70159-8. PMID 20081232.
- ↑ Fischer, Jnos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery (in English). John Wiley & Sons. p. 528. ISBN 9783527607495. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ↑ NADAC as of 2018-12-19.
- ↑ The Top 300 of 2020.
- ↑ Tramadol Hydrochloride - Drug Usage Statistics (23 December 2019).