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Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

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Tɛmplet:US Constitution article seriesTɛmplet:United States constitutional law Thirteenth Amendment (Amendment XIII) zaŋti United States Constitution karila daba dabu mini tum ti di pa suhuyurilim, gbaa yihi din nyɛ tibili darigibu. Senate n daa zali zaligu maa Anashaara goli April 8, yuuni 1864, House of Representatives daa zali li Anashaara goli January 31, yuuni 1865.

Section 1. Daba dabu n-nyɛli bee tum ti din pa suhuyurilim, gbaa yihi din nyɛ tibili darigibu, nyɛla zaligu ni yɛn di shɛli, ka nyɛ din yɛn be United States, be luɣ'li kam ni be bɛ nuuni.

Section 2. Laɣingu maa mali yaa ni bɛ zali zaligu ŋɔ bɛ ni bɔrili shɛm.[1]

United States dab' tali

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Abolitionist imagery focused on atrocities against slaves.[2] (Photo of Peter, 1863.)

Da' tali daa nyɛla din be United States of America ka nyɛ bɛ ni saɣiti shɛli tum di ni pili yuuni 1776. Di nyɛla European colonization ni pili shɛli "thirteen American colonies" din be British America yaɣili zaa.[3] Fugitive Slave Clause ni, Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3, "No person held to Service or Labour in one State" would be freed by escaping to another. Article I, Section 9, Clause 1 ti la Congress maa soli ni di zali zaligu ni "Importation of Persons", ka bi yɛ zaŋ tum tuma zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1808. Amaa, "Fifth Amendment" daliri zuɣu—din yɛli ni "Ninvuɣ' so n ka ...ka bɛ yɛn mɔŋ o ni benibu, gamazuɣu zanibu, bee n su o ni mali shɛli, ka di pala zaligu pala di zuɣu"—daba daa nyɛla aʒianima.[4]Amaa daba dabu karibu daa zaŋla "Fifth Amendment" n-ŋme nangbankpeeni ni dabilim, di daa pahi Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) zalisi din kari daba nahimbu ni bɛ aʒia'tali.[5][6][7]

Di ni daa niŋ ka tiŋgbani maa yɛligira ,tiŋgbani pala daba daabiligu niŋbu n daa pa lahi nyɛ yɛltɔɣa.[8] Yuuni 1820 Missouri Compromise daa deei la Missouri ka di niŋ daba tiŋgbani ka Maine mi leei vuhim tiŋgban[8] Compromise of 1850 daa na zaŋla California "free state" saha biɛla zuɣu ni, ka zaani Fugitive Slave Act din mali yaa, ka kariti Washington, D.C., ka che ka New Mexico mini Utah gba yina ni bɛ tɛha zaŋ chaŋ daba dabu polo.[9]

[10]

Proposal and ratification

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Crafting the amendment

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Abraham Lincoln

Tiŋgbani zuɣulana tali yaa zaŋ tum tuma puuni zaŋ chaŋ tɔbu polo, Lincoln daa yina ni "Emancipation Proclamation" Anashaara goli September 22, yuuni 1862, ka di daa piini Anashaara goli January 1, yuuni 1863.[11] Bɛ lahi tɛha zaŋ chaŋ zalisi maa taɣibu siɣim buta zuɣu. Ka tuuli dini nyɛ tiŋgbani maa yɛn bɔrimi ni bɛ kari daba dabu Anashaara goli January 1, yuuni 1900.[12][13]Zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli December yuuni 1863, Lincoln daa lahi zaŋ o tɔbu yaa n yina ni "Proclamation for Amnesty and Reconstruction", din ti Southern states soli ni bɛ labi kpe nangbanyini laɣingu ni.[14] Southern states daa bɛ niŋ shili ni bɛ saɣiti li, ka daba dabu na ka di ni za shɛli.

Representative James Mitchell Ashley proposed an amendment abolishing slavery in 1863.

Tiŋ'bihi tɔbu ŋmebu yuma ni, ban zaani zalisi laɣinsi ni daa tɛhiya ni bɛ labi mali bɛ zalisi zali.[15] Di shɛli n daa nyɛ bɛ boli soli kari daba dabu luɣ'li kam ka di ku lahi labina dahinshɛli kam. Anashaara goli December 14, yuuni 1863, James Mitchell Ashley ŋun yina Ohio daa yina ni lala zalisi maa.[16][17] James F. Wilson ŋun yina Iowa gba daa ti yina ni di kpee.

Radical Republicans din nyɛ Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner mini Pennsylvania nira Thaddeus Stevens gba daa yina ni pahisi di yɛliri zalisi maa labi teei.[18]Anashaara goli February 8, yuuni 1864, Sumner daa zaŋ tiŋgbani zalisi labi-teei n-ti ka di yɛra:

Zaligu maa nyɛla din ni tooi di sokam, din yɛn che ka so ku tooi gbaai be n gbubi so dabili.[19][20]

Sumner daa moya ni o zaŋ o tɛha pahi o maŋmaŋa komitii maa ni, ka di pa ni Judiciary Committee, din daa be Trumbull nuu ni, amaa ka Senate maa daa zaɣisi.[21] Anashaara goli February 10, Senate Judiciary Committee daa zani Senate zaani ni zalisi maa labi teei din nyɛ Ashley ni daa tɛhi shɛŋa, Wilson n-ti pahi Henderson.[22][23]

Komitii maa yaɣili daa malila sabbu din yina Northwest Ordinance yuuni 1787 tumdi tuma, din wuhira ni, "Daba dabu bee talahi tumti nyɛla din bi yɛn be tiŋgbani ŋɔ yaɣ'shɛli, gbaa yihi ban tum taali ka di yɛn darigi bɛ tibili[24][25]: Tɛmplet:R/where [26]

Senate daa zali zaligu maa mali niŋ Anashaara goli April 8, yuuni 1864..[27] Amaa, Anashaara goli June 15, chira ayi nyaaŋa, bɛ daa bɛ tooi niŋli.[28] Yuuni 1864 gɔmanti tali kpaɣiri bo ni, Free Soil Party nira John C. Frémont daa varisi Lincoln, ka saɣiri tiri dab'tali karibu.[29][30] Frémont daa yi kpaɣiribu maa ni Anashaara goli September 22, yuuni 1864, ka daa saɣiti Lincoln.[31]

Southern states shɛli nuu daa ka din ni, Congress maa shɛba daa yina ni biɛhigu ni adiini yɛltɔɣa din zaɣisi dab'tali.[32] [33] Ŋun daa be din ni Chilton A. White, ni ban pahi pahi, daa kpahi bɛ zuɣuni ni lala taɣibu ŋɔ nyɛla din yɛn che kansabila lee bilichini nima.[34][35] Shɛba mi daa ʒimi ni lala zalisi ŋɔ nyɛla din mali barina n-ti gbanpiɛla.[34][36]

Gbanpiɛla, Northern Republicans mini Democrats daaniŋ suhupiɛlli ni lala zzalisi ŋɔ taɣibu, ka ʒini laɣinsi ka bɔri maligu soya.[37] Gbansabila ban daa be South, daa zaŋla bɛ zaɣa niŋ tiŋgbani mini shikuru baŋsim bɔbu ni.[38] Di ni daa niŋ ka siyaasa ka nuu timbu daba dabu ni, Northern Democrats shɛba daa yina ti moli ni bɛ ni tim nuu lala zalisi ŋɔ labi-teei ni, n-ti pahi James Brooks,[39] Senator Reverdy Johnson,[40] ni New York political machine so bɛ ni booni Tammany Hall gba daa bela din ni.[41]

Celebration erupts after the Thirteenth Amendment is passed by the House of Representatives.

Tiŋgbani zuɣulana Lincoln daa malila tɛha ni "Emancipation Proclamation" zaŋti yuuni 1863 ni tooi lahi labi niŋ bee ka bɛ nya ka di bi niŋ dee tɔbu maa nyaaŋa.[42][43][44] O nyɛla ŋun ka zaashee lala zalisi labi-teei ŋɔ ni ka o daliri nyɛla din nyɛla din nyɛ pɔhili zaŋti siyaasa.[45][46][47] O ni daa lahi labi di piibu-piibu maa naai yuuni 1864, Lincoln daa zaŋ "Thirteenth Amendment" zaŋ tum tuma ka di niŋ talahi ti o.[48][49][50]

Lincoln daa yɛli gbaŋ ŋmari zaŋti ti tiŋgbani maa William H. Seward, ŋun daa zani ti John B. Alley ni bɛ kpaŋ bɛ maŋ nya vootinima ni soli kam bɛ ni yɛn doli.[51][52][53][54][55]

Yuuni 1864 Democratic ni daa piigi so ni o zani tiŋgbani zuɣulana paa, George H. Pendleton,daa varila ban ka nam ni haŋkaya kpari lala polo.[56][57][58]

Congressional Vote on the 13th Amendment
April 8, 1864 (Senate)
January 31, 1865 (House)
  Majority party Minority party Third party
 
Party Republican[lower-alpha 1] Democratic Unionist[lower-alpha 2]
Ayes 31 (Senate)
81 (House)		 2 (Senate)
14 (House)		 5 (Senate)
19 (House)
Nays 0 (Senate)
0 (House)		 5 (Senate)
50 (House)		 1 (Senate)
6 (House)
Tɛmplet:Switcher
     Republican aye      Republican nay
     Democratic yay      Democratic nay
     Unconditional Union aye      Unconditional Union nay
     Emancipation-Union aye      Independent Republican aye
     Abstain      Vacant

Anashaara goli January ni daa ti pirigi yuuni 1865, ŋun diri aliza tiri jinaduu Schuyler Colfax daa buɣisiya ka niriba anu vootibu kani ka di zuɣu che ka taɣibu maa ku tooi niŋ. Ashley daa tirisi vootibu maa.[59]Lala saha ŋɔ, Lincoln daa kpaŋsi o niya ni di taɣibu polo, ka daa gindi balindi bɛ shɛba.[60] Anashaara goli January 31, yuuni 1865, jinaduu daa labi boli niriba ni bɛ ti niŋ taɣibu vootibu ŋɔ. [61][62] Din nyaaŋa bɛ shɛba daa diri dari, ka bɛ shɛba mi yi zahara kuhiri nintam.[63][64]

Zaligu daa bi ti tiŋgbani zuɣulana tuun shɛli zaligu ŋɔ mali niŋ ni, bɛ ni daa gbaai shɛm nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛli ti Lincoln ka o dihi gbana ni.[65][66] Anashaara goli February 7, Congress daa yina ti yɛli ni tiŋgbani zuɣulana gbana ni dihibu maa bi kpa talahi.[67][68][69][70][71]

  Ratified amendment, 1865
  Ratified amendment post-enactment, 1865–1870
  Ratified amendment after first rejecting amendment, 1866–1995
  Territories of the United States in 1865, not yet states

Tɛmplet:Slavery[72] [73] [74][75][76][77][78] [78][79][25]: Tɛmplet:R/where [80] Alabama mini Louisiana ni di saɣiti maa pala din gbubi dab' kura.[25]: Tɛmplet:R/where [81] Anashaara goli December tuuli dabisa ni, North Carolina mini Georgia daa niŋ di vootibu din tu ni di niŋ ka bɛ zaŋli pahi zalisi ni.

Tuuli tiŋgbana pishi ni ayopɔin ban daa saɣiti " Amendment" n daa nyɛ:[82]

  1. Illinois: February 1, 1865
  2. Rhode Island: February 2, 1865
  3. Michigan: February 3, 1865
  4. Maryland: February 3, 1865
  5. New York: February 3, 1865
  6. Pennsylvania: February 3, 1865
  7. West Virginia: February 3, 1865
  8. Missouri: February 6, 1865
  9. Maine: February 7, 1865
  10. Kansas: February 7, 1865
  11. Massachusetts: February 7, 1865
  12. Virginia: February 9, 1865
  13. Ohio: February 10, 1865
  14. Indiana: February 13, 1865
  15. Nevada: February 16, 1865
  16. Louisiana: February 17, 1865
  17. Minnesota: February 23, 1865
  18. Wisconsin: February 24, 1865
  19. Vermont: March 9, 1865
  20. Tennessee: April 7, 1865
  21. Arkansas: April 14, 1865
  22. Connecticut: May 4, 1865
  23. New Hampshire: July 1, 1865
  24. South Carolina: November 13, 1865
  25. Alabama: December 2, 1865
  26. North Carolina: December 4, 1865
  27. Georgia: December 6, 1865

[83][84]

"Thirteenth Amendment" daa ti nyɛla tiŋgbani shɛŋa din daa pahi ni saɣiti shɛli, din nim n doli ŋɔ na:[82]: Tɛmplet:R/where 

  1. Oregon: December 8, 1865
  2. California: December 19, 1865
  3. Florida: December 28, 1865 (reaffirmed June 9, 1868)
  4. Iowa: January 15, 1866
  5. New Jersey: January 23, 1866 (after rejection March 16, 1865)
  6. Texas: February 18, 1870
  7. Delaware: February 12, 1901 (after rejection February 8, 1865)
  8. Kentucky: March 18, 1976[85] (after rejection February 24, 1865)
  9. Mississippi: March 16, 1995 (after rejection December 5, 1865; not certified until February 7, 2013)[86]
  1. ↑ 13th Amendment. Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School (November 20, 2012).
  2. ↑ Kenneth M. Stampp (1980). The Imperiled Union:Essays on the Background of the Civil War. Oxford University Press. p. 85. ISBN 9780199878529.
  3. ↑ Allain, 2012, pp. 116-117
  4. ↑ Allain, 2012, pp. 119–120
  5. ↑ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), p. 14.
  6. ↑ Foner, 2010, pp. 20–22
  7. ↑ Vile, John R., ed. (2003). "Thirteenth Amendment". Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments, Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues: 1789–2002. ABC-CLIO. pp. 449–52.
  8. 1 2 Goodwin, 2005, p. 123
  9. ↑ Foner, 2010, p. 59
  10. ↑ The Gathering Storm: The Secession Crisis (April 4, 2017).
  11. ↑ The Emancipation Proclamation. National Archives and Records Administration.
  12. ↑ Lind, Michael, What Lincoln believed. The Values and Convictions of America's Greatest President (2004). Anchor Books, a division of Random House, Inc. New York ISBN 1-4000-3073-0, 978-1-4000-3073-6. Chapter Six Race and Restoration, pp. 205–212.
  13. ↑ McPherson, 1988, p. 558
  14. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 47.
  15. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 48–51.
  16. ↑ Leonard L. Richards, Who Freed the Slaves?: The Fight over the Thirteenth Amendment (2015) excerpt Archived Silimin gɔli May 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  17. ↑ James Ashley. Ohio History Central. Ohio Historical Society.
  18. ↑ Tsesis, The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom (2004), (2001), pp. 38–42.
  19. ↑ Stanley, "Instead of Waiting for the Thirteenth Amendment" (2010), pp. 741–742.
  20. ↑ Michigan State Historical Society (1901). Historical collections. Michigan Historical Commission. p. 582. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
  21. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), pp. 52–53. "Sumner made his intentions clearer on February 8, when he introduced his constitutional amendment to the Senate and asked that it be referred to his new committee. So desperate was he to make his amendment the final version that he challenged the well-accepted custom of sending proposed amendments to the Judiciary Committee. His Republican colleagues would hear nothing of it.
  22. ↑ "Congressional Proposals and Senate Passage" Archived Silimin gɔli November 7, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Harpers Weekly, The Creation of the 13th Amendment, Retrieved Feb 15, 2007
  23. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 53. "It was no coincidence that Trumbull's announcement came only two days after Sumner had proposed his amendment making all persons 'equal before the law'. The Massachusetts senator had spurred the committee into final action."
  24. ↑ Northwest Ordinance; July 13, 1787. Avalon Project. Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School.
  25. 1 2 3 McAward, Jennifer Mason (November 2012). "McCulloch and the Thirteenth Amendment". Columbia Law Review 112 (7): 1769–1809. Pdf.
  26. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 54. "Although it made Henderson's amendment the foundation of the final amendment, the committee rejected an article in Henderson's version that allowed the amendment to be adopted by the approval of only a simple majority in Congress and the ratification of only two-thirds of the states."
  27. ↑ Voteview | Plot Vote: 38th Congress > Senate > 134.
  28. ↑ Goodwin, 2005, p. 686
  29. ↑ Goodwin, 2005, pp. 624–625
  30. ↑ Foner, 2010, p. 299
  31. ↑ Goodwin, 2005, p. 639
  32. ↑ Benedict, "Constitutional Politics, Constitutional Law, and the Thirteenth Amendment" (2012), p. 179.
  33. ↑ Benedict, "Constitutional Politics, Constitutional Law, and the Thirteenth Amendment" (2012), pp. 179–180. Benedict quotes Senator Garrett Davis: "there is a boundary between the power of revolution and the power of amendment, which the latter, as established in our Constitution, cannot pass; and that if the proposed change is revolutionary it would be null and void, notwithstanding it might be formally adopted." The full text of Davis's speech, with comments from others, appears in Great Debates in American History (1918), ed. Marion Mills Miller.
  34. 1 2 Colbert, "Liberating the Thirteenth Amendment" (1995), pp. 10–11.
  35. ↑ Benedict, "Constitutional Politics, Constitutional Law, and the Thirteenth Amendment" (2012), p. 182.
  36. ↑ tenBroek, Jacobus (June 1951). "Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States: Consummation to Abolition and Key to the Fourteenth Amendment". California Law Review 39 (2). DOI:10.2307/3478033. “It would make it possible for white citizens to exercise their constitutional right under the comity clause to reside in Southern states regardless of their opinions. It would carry out the constitutional declaration "that each citizen of the United States shall have equal privileges in every other state". It would protect citizens in their rights under the First Amendment and comity clause to freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion and freedom of assembly”
  37. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 61.
  38. ↑ Trelease, White Terror (1971), p. xvii. "Negroes wanted the same freedom that white men enjoyed, with equal prerogatives and opportunities. The educated black minority emphasized civil and political rights more than the masses, who called most of all for land and schools. In an agrarian society, the only kind most of them knew, landownership was associated with freedom, respectability, and the good life. It was almost universally desired by Southern blacks, as it was by landless peasants the world over. Give us our land and we can take care of ourselves, said a group of South Carolina Negroes to a Northern journalist in 1865; without land the old masters can hire us or starve us as they please."
  39. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 73. "The first notable convert was Representative James Brooks of New York, who, on the floor of Congress on February 18, 1864, declared that slavery was dying if not already dead, and that his party should stop defending the institution."
  40. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 74. "The antislavery amendment caught Johnson's eye, however, because it offered an indisputable constitutional solution to the problem of slavery."
  41. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 203.
  42. ↑ The Reputation of Abraham Lincoln.
  43. ↑ Foner, 2010, pp. 312–14
  44. ↑ Donald, 1996, p. 396
  45. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 48. "The president worried that an abolition amendment might foul the political waters. The amendments he had recommended in December 1862 had gone nowhere, mainly because they reflected an outdated program of gradual emancipation, which included compensation and colonization. Moreover, Lincoln knew that he did not have to propose amendments because others more devoted to abolition would, especially if he pointed out the vulnerability of existing emancipation legislation. He was also concerned about negative reactions from conservatives, particularly potential new recruits from the Democrats."
  46. ↑ Willis, John C.. Republican Party Platform, 1864. University of the South. “Resolved, That as slavery was the cause, and now constitutes the strength of this Rebellion, and as it must be, always and everywhere, hostile to the principles of Republican Government, justice and the National safety demand its utter and complete extirpation from the soil of the Republic; and that, while we uphold and maintain the acts and proclamations by which the Government, in its own defense, has aimed a deathblow at this gigantic evil, we are in favor, furthermore, of such an amendment to the Constitution, to be made by the people in conformity with its provisions, as shall terminate and forever prohibit the existence of Slavery within the limits of the jurisdiction of the United States.”
  47. ↑ 1864: The Civil War Election. Get Out the Vote. Cornell University (2004). “Despite internal Party conflicts, Republicans rallied around a platform that supported restoration of the Union and the abolition of slavery.”
  48. ↑ Goodwin, 2005, pp. 686–87
  49. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), pp. 176–177, 180.
  50. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 178.
  51. ↑ Foner, 2010, pp. 312–13
  52. ↑ Goodwin, 2005, p. 687
  53. ↑ Goodwin, 2005, pp. 687–689
  54. ↑ Donald, 1996, p. 554
  55. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 187. "But the clearest sign of the people's voice against slavery, argued amendment supporters, was the recent election. Following Lincoln's lead, Republican representatives like Godlove S. Orth of Indiana claimed that the vote represented a 'popular verdict ... in unmistakable language' in favor of the amendment."
  56. ↑ Goodwin, 2005, p. 688
  57. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 191. "The necessity of keeping support for the amendment broad enough to secure its passage created a strange situation. At the moment that Republicans were promoting new, far-reaching legislation for African Americans, they had to keep this legislation detached from the first constitutional amendment dealing exclusively with African American freedom. Republicans thus gave freedom under the antislavery amendment a vague construction: freedom was something more than the absence of chattel slavery but less than absolute equality."
  58. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), pp. 191–192. "One of the most effective methods used by amendment supporters to convey the measure's conservative character was to proclaim the permanence of patriarchal power within the American family in the face of this or any textual change to the Constitution. In response to Democrats who charged that the antislavery was but the first step in a Republican design to dissolve all of society's foundations, including the hierarchical structure of the family, the Iowa Republican John A. Kasson denied any desire to interfere with 'the rights of a husband to a wife' or 'the right of [a] father to his child'."
  59. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), pp. 197–198.
  60. ↑ Vorenberg, Final Freedom (2001), p. 198. "It was at this point that the president wheeled into action on behalf of the Amendment [...] Now he became more forceful. To one representative whose brother had died in the war, Lincoln said, 'your brother died to save the Republic from death by the slaveholders' rebellion. I wish you could see it to be your duty to vote for the Constitutional amendment ending slavery.'"
  61. ↑ TO PASS S.J. RES. 16. (p. 531-532).. GovTrack.us.
  62. ↑ Foner, 2010, p. 313
  63. ↑ Foner, 2010, p. 314
  64. ↑ McPherson, 1988, p. 840
  65. ↑ Harrison, "Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments" (2001), p. 389. "For reasons that have never been entirely clear, the amendment was presented to the President pursuant to Article I, Section 7, of the Constitution, and signed.
  66. ↑ Joint Resolution Submitting 13th Amendment to the States; signed by Abraham Lincoln and Congress. The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress (February 1, 1865).
  67. ↑ Thorpe, Constitutional History (1901), p. 154. "But many held that the President's signature was not essential to an act of this kind, and, on the fourth of February, Senator Trumbull offered a resolution, which was agreed to three days later, that the approval was not required by the Constitution; 'that it was contrary to the early decision of the Senate and of the Supreme Court; and that the negative of the President applying only to the ordinary cases of legislation, he had nothing to do with propositions to amend the Constitution.'"
  68. ↑ The 26th Amendment.
  69. ↑ Stephenson, Cassandra. Election Day 2018: Meet the woman who signed the amendment allowing 18-year-olds to vote (en-US).
  70. ↑ Thorpe, Constitutional History (1901), p. 154. "The President signed the joint resolution on the first of February. Somewhat curiously the signing has only one precedent, and that was in spirit and purpose the complete antithesis of the present act. President Buchanan had signed the proposed amendment of 1861, which would make slavery national and perpetual."
  71. ↑ Lincoln's struggle to get the amendment through Congress, while bringing the war to an end, is portrayed in Lincoln.
  72. ↑ Harrison (2001), Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments, p. 390.
  73. ↑ Samuel Eliot Morison (1965). The Oxford History of the American People. Oxford University Press. p. 710.
  74. ↑ Harrison, "Lawfulness of the Reconstruction Amendments" (2001), pp. 394–397.
  75. ↑ Eric L. McKitrick (1960). Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction. U. Chicago Press. p. 178. ISBN 9780195057072.
  76. ↑ Clara Mildred Thompson (1915). Reconstruction in Georgia: economic, social, political, 1865–1872. Columbia University Press. p. 156.
  77. ↑ Vorenberg (2001), Final Freedom, pp. 227–228.
  78. 1 2 Vorenberg (2001), Final Freedom, p. 229.
  79. ↑ Du Bois (1935), Black Reconstruction, p. 208.
  80. ↑ Thorpe (1901), Constitutional History, p. 210.
  81. ↑ Tsesis (2004), The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom, p. 48.
  82. 1 2 U.S. Government Printing Office, 112th Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Document No. 112–9 (2013). The Constitution of the United States Of America Analysis And Interpretation Centennial Edition Interim Edition: Analysis Of Cases Decided By The Supreme Court Of The United States To June 26, 2013s.
  83. ↑ Seward certificate Archived Silimin gɔli March 18, 2021, at the Wayback Machine proclaiming the Thirteenth Amendment to have been adopted as part of the Constitution as of December 6, 1865.
  84. ↑ Vorenberg (2001), Final Freedom, p. 232.
  85. ↑ Kocher, Greg (February 23, 2013). "Kentucky supported Lincoln's efforts to abolish slavery—111 years late". Lexington Herald-Leader. http://www.kentucky.com/2013/02/23/2528807/kentucky-supported-lincolns-efforts.html.
  86. ↑ Ben Waldron (February 18, 2013). Mississippi Officially Abolishes Slavery, Ratifies 13th Amendment. ABC News.


    Maryland Law Review, special issue: Symposium—the Maryland Constitutional Law Schmooze


    Columbia Law Review, special issue: Symposium: The Thirteenth Amendment: Meaning, Enforcement, and Contemporary Implications

    • Introduction
    • Panel I: Thirteenth Admendment in Context
    • Panel II: Reconstruction Revisited
    • Panel III: The Limits of Authority
    • Panel IV: Contemporary Implications

    Tɛmplet:US Constitution Tɛmplet:History of slavery in the United States Tɛmplet:Abraham Lincoln Tɛmplet:Reconstruction Era

    1. ↑ These numbers include those ballots cast by members that were Independent Republicans in the total.
    2. ↑ These numbers include those ballots cast by members of the Unconditional Union and Emancipation-Union parties in the total.
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