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Slavery in contemporary Africa

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Slavery in contemporary Africa
aspect in a geographic region
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Tɛmplet:Slavery

Africa tiŋgbani yaɣili nyɛla contemporary slavery ni niŋ yaɣ'shɛli pam.[1] Slavery in Africa nyɛla din mali taarihi waɣinli, Africa taarihi puuni, amaa ka kpaŋsiri trans-Saharan mini Indian Ocean slave trade[2][3] ka diri anfaani trans-Atlantic[4] mini Barbary slave trade ni; daba dabu daa nyɛla din nam kingdoms pam ka di be perpetual warfare ni di che ka bɛ nya ban yɛn tooi ʒiri daba yira.[5][6] Amaa kpamba daa moya ni bɛ tuhi kari daba dabu yuuni 1900, bɛ kpaŋmaŋa maa daa bi tooi ku bukaata.[7]

Dada daabiligu niŋbu Sahel yaɣili (amaa ka bɛ tooi zooi Horn of Africa).[8] Daba daabiligu niŋbu Sahel tiŋgbana din be Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad ni Sudan, daa nyɛla din tuɣi.[9] Daba daabiligu bali shɛŋa daa lahi nyɛla din be Ghana, Benin, Togo mini Nigeria.[10] Shɛŋa pahiya, dabaa daabiligu bali shɛŋa din be Africa zuŋɔ, ka di pam nyɛla sal'nim nahimbu ka lahi gbahiri bihi niŋdi linjimanima mini tuma tumbu ni, e.g. human trafficking in Angola, ni "human trafficking of children"din yinaTogo, Benin ni Nigeria zaŋ chaŋ Gabon mini Cameroon.[11][12]

Saha ŋɔ dab'tali din be Africa kamani Anti-Slavery Society ni wuhi shɛm nyɛla kamani nirba nahimbu ka bɛ dii bi booni li "dab'tali":[13][14][15]

Niriba mirisi tum tuma Sub-Saharan Africa[16] buɣisimi kamani kalinli din ni yiɣisi 660,000.[17] Di shɛŋa n-nyɛ niriba mirisi gbi "diamond" Sierra Leone mini Liberia, ka di lahi nyɛ din tahiri sabiila tɔbu na lala tinsi ŋɔ ni.[18] Yuuni 2017, International Labour Office ni niriba ban be Africa, tuhili puuni daba nyɛla kalinli dibaa ayopɔin.[19]

Contemporary slavery balibu

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Hereditary slavery and corporate child labor in Africa

Sex trade

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Di ni niŋ ka bɛ mɔŋ daba dabu dunia zaa, paɣa gɔlibu nyɛla din be yaɣa pam ka gɔmnanti bi timdi nuu din ni, kamani Sudan mini Liberia,[20] Sierra Leone,[21] northern Uganda,[22] Congo,[23] Niger[24] ni Mauritania.[25] Ghana, Togo, ni Benin, pagɔrisigu mirisiri shɛli bɛ ni poli trokosi ("ritual servitude") ka bɛ mirisiri bi'puɣisi pam niŋ buɣa ni "ka bɛ nyɛ buɣa paɣaba",ka ban su buɣa maa gondi ba ka yɛli ni buɣa maa.[26]

Niriba mirisi tum tuma

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Niriba mirisi tum tuma, din ni tooi be di ko ka che daba dabu,[27]nyɛla bindi mirisiri niriba ka bɛ tumdi tuun shɛŋa din pa bi suhyurilim.[18][28]

Bihi kɔhibu

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Bihi kɔhibu nyɛla din be Nigeria mini Benin.[29] Bɛ sɔɣirimi gbahiri daba bee n-kɔhiriba $20–70 dabili kam zuɣu ni tiŋgbani shɛŋ ban ka liɣiri ni, kamani Benin mini Togo, ka kɔhiriba ka bɛmani $350 ka bɛ gondi ba liɣiri ni be tiŋgbani shɛŋa ni, kamani Nigeria mini Gabon.[30][31][32]

Lihi pahi

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Kundivihira

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  1. ↑ Kusi, David K. (2000). Africa, One Continent and Many Religions: Towards Interreligious Dialogue in Africa (Thesis). Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN). doi:10.2986/tren.033-0550.
  2. ↑ "Brazil and the slave trade, 1827–1839", The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade, Cambridge University Press, pp. 62–87, 1 March 1970, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511759734.005, ISBN 978-0-521-07583-1
  3. ↑ Zink, Robert James. (1969). "Uhuru wa Watumwa" as a documentary of the Arab slave trade in East Africa. OCLC 792751768.
  4. ↑ Green, Toby (2011), "Rethinking the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade from a Cultural Perspective", The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–28, doi:10.1017/cbo9781139016407.003, ISBN 978-1-139-01640-7
  5. ↑ "The Origins of Slaves Leaving West Central Africa", The Atlantic Slave Trade from West Central Africa, 1780–1867, Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–99, 26 June 2017, doi:10.1017/9781316771501.005, ISBN 978-1-316-77150-1
  6. ↑ Allen, Richard B. (29 March 2017), "Asian Indentured Labor in the 19th and Early 20th Century Colonial Plantation World", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.33, ISBN 978-0-19-027772-7
  7. ↑ "Which Way Africa-Towards Africa-Exit from Colonial Empire?", Africa in the Colonial Ages of Empire, Langaa RPCIG, pp. 443–495, 17 December 2017, doi:10.2307/j.ctvh9vtjn.13, ISBN 978-9956-764-22-8
  8. ↑ "The mobilization of local ideas about racial difference has been important in generating, and intensifying, civil wars that have occurred since the end of colonial rule in all of the countries that straddle the southern edge of the Sahara Desert. ... contemporary conflicts often hearken back to an older history in which blackness could be equated with slavery and non-blackness with predatory and uncivilized banditry." (cover text), Hall, Bruce S., A History of Race in Muslim West Africa, 1600–1960. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  9. ↑ (1974) "Chad-Mali-Mauritania-Niger-Senegal-Upper Volta: Convention Establishing a Permanent Inter-State Drought Control Committee for the Sahel". International Legal Materials 13 (3): 537–539. DOI:10.1017/s002078290004568x.
  10. ↑ de Ste Croix, G. E. M. (1988), "Slavery and Other Forms of Unfree Labour", Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis, pp. 19–32, doi:10.4324/9780203401514_chapter_one, ISBN 978-0-203-33181-1 Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ "news-from-human-rights-watch-vol-l5-no8a-borderline-slavery-child-trafficking-in-togo-april-2003-84-pp". Human Rights Documents Online. DOI:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-2156-0326.
  12. ↑ "Traditional Slavery in Niger", Anti-Slavery International, Society's Secretary-General broadcast on the ABC on 9 March 2005 at 9.30 pm.
  13. ↑ Washington, Booker T. (4 January 2020). Up from slavery. Magdalene Press. ISBN 978-1-77335-133-9. OCLC 1141252700.
  14. ↑ Brace, Laura (1 March 2018), "Glimpses of Slavery", The Politics of Slavery, Edinburgh University Press, doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9781474401142.003.0010, ISBN 978-1-4744-0114-2
  15. ↑ Allain, Jean (1 January 2015), "When Forced Marriage is Slavery", The Law and Slavery, Brill–Nijhoff, pp. 466–474, doi:10.1163/9789004279896_022, ISBN 978-90-04-27989-6
  16. ↑ Bratton, Michael (29 January 2009), "22. Sub-Saharan Africa", Democratization, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/hepl/9780199233021.003.0022 (inactive 13 November 2024), ISBN 978-0-19-923302-1CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Silimin gɔli November 2024 (link)
  17. ↑ Workers' Alliance against Forced Labour and Trafficking - ITUC.
  18. 1 2 Forced Labour. Anti-Slavery International.
    What is modern slavery?. Anti-Slavery International.
  19. ↑ Ukomadu, Angela; Chile, Nneka (7 August 2019). "West African slavery lives on, 400 years after transatlantic trade began". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-slavery-nigeria/west-african-slavery-lives-on-400-years-after-transatlantic-trade-began-idUSKCN1UX1NF.
  20. ↑ "Liberia's Taylor appears in court". BBC News (3 July 2007). Retrieved 2011-03-08.
  21. ↑ "Sierra Leone: Sexual Violence Widespread in War". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2011-03-08.
  22. ↑ "Uganda: No Amnesty for Atrocities" Archived 3 Silimin gɔli November 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Human Rights Watch.org (4 March 2011). Retrieved 2011-03-08.
  23. ↑ Latest North San Diego County headlines. U-T San Diego.
  24. ↑ Andersson, Hilary. (11 February 2005) "Born to be a slave in Niger". BBC News. Retrieved 2011-03-08.
  25. ↑ "Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law". BBC News (9 August 2007). Retrieved 2011-03-08.
  26. ↑ Hawksley, Humphrey (8 February 2001). "Ghana's trapped slaves". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/1158115.stm.
  27. ↑ (2022) "Captives at Large: On the Political Economy of Human Containment in the Sahara". Politics & Society 50 (2): 255–278. DOI:10.1177/00323292211014373.
  28. ↑ Boddy-Evans, Alistair (20 June 2019). Types of Enslavement in Africa and the World Today. ThoughtCo.
  29. ↑ "AFRICA – West Africa's child slave trade". http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/africa/412628.stm.
  30. ↑ "9. The Well-Being of Purchased Female Domestic Servants (Mui Tsai) in Hong Kong in the Early Twentieth Century", Children in Slavery through the Ages, Ohio University Press, pp. 152–166, 2009, doi:10.1353/chapter.258114, ISBN 978-0-8214-4339-2
  31. ↑ West is master of slave trade guilt. The Australian.
  32. ↑ Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery – Nigeria.
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