Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Slavery Abolition Act 1833

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia

Slavery Abolition Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 73) daa nyɛla zaligu n zaŋti Parliament of the United Kingdom, din kari daba daabiligu niŋbu British Empire. Whig Prime Minister Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey n daa zali lala zaligu maa bɛ nam labi malizali ni, ka di zaŋ tum tuma nyɛ British gɔmnanti ni daa deei shɛli ka di faai daba bahi British Empire, ka bi lahi saɣiti daba dabu British Empire sha shɛli ha. Bɛ daa labi teei zaligu maa yuuni 1998 ka di pahi "English statute law" ni, amaa daba dabu na kuli nyɛla di nyahi.[1]

Pilli

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Photograph of the statue.
Grey's Monument in Newcastle upon Tyne, in remembrance of Prime Minister Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, who abolished slavery in the British Empire

Anashaara goli May yuuni 1772, Lord Mansfield sariya dibu ni Somerset zilisiya ka di nyɛla England dabi so bɛ ni daa ʒi n yina Boston din be Province of Massachusetts Bay yɛltɔɣa, ka daa zali lala daba dabu nyahibu ŋɔ British Empire.[2][3] Lala yɛltɔɣali ŋɔ daa wuhirim ni daba dabu pa la binshɛɣu din saɣiti England, ka di zuɣu wuhiri ni so ku tooi nyɛ dabilli England.[4] Amaa, kampeei niŋdiba pam, n-ti tabili Granville Sharp, daa nyaya ka "ratio decidendi" zaŋti Somerset yɛltɔɣ ŋɔ nyɛla so ni bi saɣiti daba dabu England ka so ka soli ni o su dabili English bee Scottish tiŋgbani ni.[5][6] Ignatius Sancho, yuuni 1774 ŋun nyɛ tuuli nivuɣ'so bɛ ni daa baŋ ka o yina Africa kaa yɛn vooti British piibu-piibu ni, daa sabi washiika yuuni 1778 din daa paɣiri Britain ni "freedom", ni anfaani shɛŋa zaa ni di din ni", ka naan yi chaŋ tooni ti galim ka fee fitiina din daa paari o mabihi Empire maa ni kamani West Indies.[7][8]

Kampeei nima

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Zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1783, "anti-slavery movement" din niya daa nyɛ di kari daba daabiligu Empire maa ni daa nyɛla din pili British,[9] ka Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade daa kpa yuuni 1787.[10] Wedgwood anti-slavery medallion din nyɛ Josiah Wedgwoodni daa kpa shɛli, daa nyɛla, BBC ni wuhi shɛm, "18th-century art gbansabinli anfooni din mali yuli pam".[11]Ban gba daa kariti daba daabiligu ŋɔ, Thomas Clarkson daa sabi ya: "Paɣa shɛba bɛ ni ga cheeninima zaa, bɛ ni zaŋ pininima ga shɛba zabiri. Ni waɣilim, di yɛbu paa nyɛla din deei luɣili kam; ka di lee nachiinsi ka di naan yi nyɛ din mali binshɛŋa din ka darija n tumdi tuma."[12]

Chloe Cooley, dab' paɣa so bɛ ni daa zaŋ chaŋ Canada, "Lieutenant-Governor" zaŋti Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe, daa zaŋ "Act Against Slavery" na yuuni 1793. Legislative Assembly daa zali lala zaligu maa, dini n daa nyɛ tuuli zaligu din kariti daba dabu British Empire.[9] Zaŋ chaŋ 18th century bahigu, Britain n daa nyɛ daba daabiligu ni niŋ yaa shɛli pam ni luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni daa lahi mali nimmohi pam ni bɛ kari daba dabu.[13] William Wilberforce sabiya o lahabali ni yuuni 1787 ni o niya daa nyɛla o tuhi nyaŋ daba dabu pɔi ka naan yi zaŋ yuuni pishi tuhi tuma diri zuɣu.[14]

Jinaduu daa zali Slave Trade Act 1807 (47 Geo. 3 Sess. 1. c. 36) zaligu, din mɔŋ daba daabiligu niŋbu ni tiŋ'duya, amaa ka daba daabiligu maŋmaŋa. Zanilgu maa niya daa nyɛla di tum ni Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves din nyɛUnited States zaligu, Britain nyintahili ni kulisi duya daabiligu. Di daa zalila zaligu din nyɛ farigu ni ban na be daba daabiligu niŋbu ni. Ban daa bɔri din karibu yino, Henry Brougham daa nyɛ ka daabiligu na niŋda, ka o ni daa nyɛ jintɔri palo laka o daa zaŋ Slave Trade Felony Act 1811 (51 Geo. 3. c. 23) zaligu na. Royal Navy daa kpala West Africa Squadron ni di gbarigi Atlantic slave trade ka di nyɛla bɛ yɛn gɔrimi gindi West Africa teeku noya.[15] Bɛ daa labi ʒini Jamaica mini Bahamas.[16][17][18][19]

Bini din gbaai yuuni 1807 mini yuuni 1823 sunsuuni, zaɣa daa dii lahi ka daba dabu tuhibu ni. Eric Williams daa yina ni daabiligu lahabali "Capitalism and Slavery" din wuhiri ni daba dabu maŋmaŋa nyɛla din nyɔri bi galisi zaŋ ŋmahim lache kɔbu Caribbean, ka di zuɣu che ka daba dabu daa na kuli kpreri lala yaɣa ŋɔ. Amaa, bini din gbaai yuuni 1823 British Caribbean sichiri malibu kompininima daa labirila nyaaŋa, ka British daa nyɛ ka di ŋmanila di bi lahi tu ni bɛ nuu be West Indian lache kɔriba ni.[20]

Yuuni 1823, Anti-Slavery Society nyɛla bɛ i daa kpa shɛli London. Ban daa be di tooni n-nyɛ Joseph Sturge, Thomas Clarkson, William Wilberforce, Henry Brougham, Thomas Fowell Buxton, Elizabeth Heyrick, Mary Lloyd, Jane Smeal, Elizabeth Pease, ni Anne Knight.[21] Jamaicandaa pahila kampeei niŋdiba kamaniLouis Celeste Lecesne mini Richard Hill ka bɛ pahi Anti-Slavery Society ni.

Christmas vuhim dabisili yuuni 1831, daba dabu Jamaica daa yɛligiya, ka di nyɛ din daa tahi Baptist War na. Di daa nyɛla suhdoo ayirimo shɛli Baptist minister Samuel Sharpe ni daa niŋ. Vihigu shɛli bɛ ni daa nIŋ daa nyɛla din mali nuu timbu pam ni Slavery Abolition Act 1833.[22][23]

Din saha hali zaŋ kana zuŋɔ, lache kɔriba ban yina British islands kamai Colony of Jamaica mini Barbados daa nyɛla ban tooi da "rotten and pocket boroughs", ka da bo soya din yɛn kari daba dabu daabiligu maŋmaŋa. Lala West India Lobby ŋɔ, din da ti leei West India Committee, daa mali shili ni lala daba dabu ŋɔ karibu.[24]

The act

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Zaligu maa lahabali din pahiri buyi daa yina "House of Commons" ni Anashaara goli 22 July yuuni 1833, di bakoi yini pɔi ka William Wilberforce daa kpi.[25] Daba ban daa nyɛ yuma ayɔbu zaŋ chaŋ chɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛba niŋ "apprentices", ka daa nyahi bɛ dailim siɣim buyi zuɣu:[26] Bɛ daa lahi nyahili yuuni 1843 ni Indian Slavery Act, 1843.[27][28]

Yɔri zaŋti ban su daba

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Zaligu maa daa zalila ban su daba yɔbu zaligu, amaa ka ni daba. Laɣ'shɛli din daa yɛn ku n-niŋ bɛ yɔbu ni daa nyɛla "Pounds Sterling miliyɔŋ pishi".[29] Zaŋ doli zaligu maa ni wuhi shɛm, British daa bo la £20 million[30] ni bɛ yo n-tiba ka di nyɛla bɛ ni kɔŋ bɛ daba maa. Yuuni 1833, £20 million din daa nyɛ vaabu 40% "Treasury"yuuni kam liɣiri ni[31] bee kamani vaabu 5% din nyɛ British GDP lala saha maa.[32] Liɣiri maa yɔbu ni, British gɔmnanti daa kpuɣila £15 million samli, ka daa naai Anashaara goli 3 August yuuni 1835, ka banki tumtumda Nathan Mayer Rothschild mini o dɛmba Moses Montefiore; £5 million daa nyɛ bɛ ni yo shɛli ti gɔmnanti, din darija nyɛ £1.5 biliyɔŋ lala saha maa.[33]

Lahabali lahi wuhiri noia laɣ' shɛli daa bi yo n-ti British ban yori farigu yuuni 2015.[34] "Treasury" lahabali wuhiya ni yuuni 1837 daba samli daa nyɛla vaabu 4% lka daa yina yuuni 1927 (ka bi yuuni 1957 bee di nyaaŋa).[35]Falin titali din be lala liɣiri ŋɔ paŋbu ni ka di yɔbu daa bi yi shɛli pahila lala zali shɛŋa din daa zaŋ tum tuma din ni,ka di pani laɣ'shɛli bɛ ni zaŋ tum tuma.[36] Di za yoli, din bɔŋɔ bi gabiri farigu yobu liɣiri din yina Slavery Abolition Act 1833 ni.[37]

Liɣiri maa pirigili daa kpela daŋ shɛ`na ban su daba ni Caribbean mini Africa, ka pirigili kpe man su daba Britain ni.[30] Lahabali yina wuhiri ni ban su daba daa zooya British zuliyanima ni,[38] ka bɛ pam mali zaashe kara[39]. Kamani ŋmahinli, Henry Phillpotts (ŋun daa nyɛ Bishop of Exeter ;lala saha),ni niriba ata ban pahinyɛla bɛ ni daa yo shɛba £12,700 daba kɔbisiyɔbu ni pihiyɔbu ni anu ban daa be West Indies yori,[40] ka Henry Lascelles, 2nd Earl of Harewood deei £26,309 din nyɛ daba tuhi pishi ni kɔbiga ni pihinu ni anahi yɔri.[41] Dobba mini paɣaba pam ban nyɛ bɛ ni daa yo shɛba Slavery Abolition Act 1833 nyɛla bɛ ni kali shɛba niŋ "Parliamentary Return" ni, ka boli li Slavery Abolition Act.[42]

Laɣingu din daa di Anti-Slavery Society fali nyɛla bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli London yuuni 1839, British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, din daa kpa ni di kari daba dabu dunia zaa.[43] Dunia zaa ninsalinima fukumsi laɣingu, di nyɛ din tuɣi ka nyɛ Anti-Slavery International.[44]

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Ava DuVernay nyɛla Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture ni daa kpa shɛli ni o nam film din daa be binkura biɛhigu shee yoobu ni Anashaara goli 24 September yuuni 2016. Lala film ŋɔ, 28 August: A Day in the Life of a People, wuhirila biyɛla din mali darija pam African-American history ni din niŋla lala dabisili ŋɔ dali, Anashaara goli 28 August.Binyɛra din daa niŋ shɛli n-nyɛ William IV's niya ni Slavery Abolition Act.[45]

Amazing Grace nyɛla yuuni 2006 British-American "biographical drama film" ka Michael Apted dareti li, ka di nyɛ kampeei zaŋti daba daabiligu karibu British Empire, ka ŋun be di tooni nyɛ William Wilberforce, ŋun daa tuhira daba dabu British parliament. Di malila shɛhira din nyɛ 1772 hymn "Amazing Grace".

Lihi pahi

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Noosi

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  1. ↑ Slavery Abolition Act | History & Impact | Britannica.
  2. ↑ Peter P. Inks, John R. Michigan, R. Owen Williams (2007) Encyclopedia of antislavery and abolition, p. 643. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007
  3. ↑ Blumrosen, Alfred W; Blumrosen, Ruth G. (2005). Slave Nation: How Slavery United the Colonies and Sparked the American Revolution. Sourcebooks. ISBN 0760778779.Tɛmplet:Page?
  4. ↑ Law, Liberty and the Constitution – A Brief History of the Common Law, by Harry Potter; ISBN 978-1783275038Tɛmplet:Page?
  5. ↑ (1827) 2 Hag Adm 94 Archived 16 Silimin gɔli December 2019 at the Wayback Machine.
  6. ↑ Simon Schama, Rough Crossings (London: BBC Books, 2005), p. 61. Tɛmplet:ISBN?
  7. ↑ "Record of Ignatius Sancho's vote in the general election, October 1774". British Library. https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/record-of-ignatius-sanchos-vote-in-the-general-election-october-1774.
  8. ↑ Ignatius Sancho (1778). Letters of the Late Ignatius Sancho.
  9. 1 2 Chloe Cooley and the 1793 Act to Limit Slavery in Upper Canada. Ontario Heritage Trust.
  10. ↑ Foundation of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade.
  11. ↑ British History – Abolition of the Slave Trade 1807. BBC.
  12. ↑ Wedgwood.
  13. ↑ Getz, Trevor; Clarke, Liz (2016). Abina and The Important Men, A Graphic History. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 122.
  14. ↑ William Wilberforce: A Man for All Seasons Archived 26 Silimin gɔli April 2014 at the Wayback Machine. CBN
  15. ↑ 1807 – The Abolition of Slavery The abolition of the slave trade – Chasing Freedom: The Royal Navy and the suppression of the transatlantic slave trade Royal Naval Museum, Portsmouth Historic Dockyard Archived 4 Silimin gɔli July 2016 at the Wayback Machine history.ac.uk, accessed 30 August 2019
  16. ↑ Chasing Freedom Information Sheet. Royal Naval Museum.
  17. ↑ Chasing Freedom Exhibition: the Royal Navy and the Suppression of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Royal Naval Museum.
  18. ↑ Falola, Toyin; Warnock, Amanda (2007). Encyclopedia of the middle passage. Greenwood Press. pp. xxi, xxxiii–xxxiv. ISBN 978-0313334801.
  19. ↑ The legal and diplomatic background to the seizure of foreign vessels by the Royal Navy.
  20. ↑ Williams, Eric (1964), Capitalism and Slavery (London: Andre Deutsch).
  21. ↑ Slavery and abolition. Oxford University Press[dead link]
  22. ↑ Craton, Michael (1982). Testing the Chains. Cornell University Press. pp. 319–323. ISBN 978-0801412523.
  23. ↑ Samuel Sharpe Archived 5 Silimin gɔli December 2018 at the Wayback Machine jis.gov.jm, accessed 30 August 2019
  24. ↑ Richard Dunn, A Tale of Two Plantations: Slave Life and Labour in Jamaica and Virginia (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2014), p. 343. Tɛmplet:ISBN?
  25. ↑ Historic Hansard: Ministerial Plan for the Abolition of Slavery HC Dec 22 July 1833 vol 19 cc1056-69 (22 July 1833).
  26. ↑ Slavery Abolition Act 1833; Section LXIV (28 August 1833).
  27. ↑ Maharajan, M. (1 January 2010). Mahatma Gandhi and the New Millennium (in English). Discovery Publishing House. p. 50. ISBN 9788171416035.
  28. ↑ Agnew, William Fischer (1898). The Indian penal code: and other acts of the Governor-general relating to offences, with notes. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, and Co. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
  29. ↑ Slavery Abolition Act 1833; Section XXIV (28 August 1833).
  30. 1 2 Sanchez Manning (24 February 2013). "Britain's colonial shame: Slave-owners given huge payouts after". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/britains-colonial-shame-slave-owners-given-huge-payouts-after-abolition-8508358.html.
  31. ↑ Public Revenue Details for 1833 Archived 30 Silimin gɔli March 2018 at the Wayback Machine ukpublicrevenue.co.uk, accessed 30 August 2019
  32. ↑ UK public spending and GDP in 1833.
  33. ↑ Britain's Slave Owner Compensation Loan, reparations and tax havenry (en-GB) (9 June 2020).
  34. ↑ FOI response: Slavery Abolition Act 1833. UK Government.
  35. ↑ Freedom of Information Act 2000: Slavery Abolition Act 1833.
  36. ↑ Freedom of Information Act 2000: Slavery Abolition Act 1833.
  37. ↑ Britain's Slave Owner Compensation Loan, reparations and tax havenry (9 June 2020).
  38. ↑ British Parliamentary Papers, session 1837–38 (215), vol. 48. The manuscript returns and indexes to the claims are held by The National Archives.
  39. ↑ How did slave owners shape Britain?.
  40. ↑ Rt. Hon. Rev. Henry Phillpotts. UCL, Legacies of British slave-ownership.
  41. ↑ Henry Lascelles, 2nd Earl of Harewood. UCL, Legacies of British slave-ownership.
  42. ↑ Researching Slave-owners. UCL.
  43. ↑ Sharman, Anne-Marie (1993), ed., Anti-Slavery Reporter vol. 13 no. 8. p. 35, London: Anti-Slavery International
  44. ↑ Anti-Slavery International Archived 13 Silimin gɔli May 2016 at the Portuguese Web Archive UNESCO. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  45. ↑ Davis, Rachaell (22 September 2016). "Why Is August 28 So Special To Black People? Ava DuVernay Reveals All In New NMAAHC Film". Essence. https://www.essence.com/2016/09/22/ava-duvernay-premiere-nmaahc.

Kundivihira

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    Further reading

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    • Drescher, Seymour. Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery (2009)
    • Hinks, Peter, and John McKivigan, eds. Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition (2 vol. 2006)
    • Huzzey, Richard. Freedom Burning: Anti-Slavery and Empire in Victorian Britain. (Cornell University Press, 2012) 303pp.
    • Washington, Jon-Michael. "Ending the Slave Trade and Slavery in the British Empire: An Explanatory Case Study Utilizing Qualitative Methodology and Stratification and Class Theories." (2012 NCUR) (2013). online Archived 4 Silimin gɔli November 2014 at the Wayback Machine
    • Williams, Eric (1987) [1964]. Capitalism and Slavery. London: Andre Deutsch.
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