Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Scramble for Africa

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Major pre-colonial states in Africa (excluding East African states such as Ajuran, Adal, Buganda, Rwanda, Kilwa, and Imerina, and southern African ones: Mapungubwe, Rozvi, Maravi, Uukwanyama, and Mthwakazi)
Areas of Africa controlled by Western European colonial powers in 1913: Belgian (orange), British (pink), French (purple), German (blue), Italian (lime green), Portuguese (dark green), and Spanish (yellow) empires
Areas of Africa controlled by Western European colonial empires in 1913, with current national boundaries superimposed
  France
  Italy
  Spain
  Independent

Scramble for Africa[lower-alpha 1] daa nyɛla lirigu, ŋme n-fa, ni Africa nima shɛba gbahibu din nyɛ Western European ya' shɛli bɛ ni daa wuhi Second Industrial Revolution saha din gbaai 19th century mini 20th century piligu zaŋ chaŋ "New Imperialism": Belgium, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal ni Spain.

Yuuni 1870, vaabu 10% n daa be European sulinsi ni lala yaɣili ŋɔ. Zaŋ kana yuuni 1914, lala kalinli ŋɔ daa du zuɣiusaa ni vaabu 90%; tiŋgbana di da na kuli ba maŋsulinsi ni n-nyɛ Liberia, Ethiopia, Egba,[lower-alpha 2] Aussa, Senusiyya,[2] Mbunda,[3] Dervish State, Darfur Sultanate,[4] ni Ovambo kingdoms,[5][6] di shɛŋa daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa ti lahi ŋme n deei shɛŋa.

Yuuni 1884 Berlin Conference daa milisi ?European colonisation" ka niŋ daabiligu Africa, ka bɛ nyɛ ka dini n daa tahi "scramble" na.[7] 19th century bahigu, siyaasa nyintahili daa be European empires.[8] 19th century yuma din daa doli na daa ʒi taɣibu na ni "informal imperialism".[9]

"European colonial empires" ni daa ti labiri nyaaŋa dunia tɔbiri dibaa ayi din daa ŋme yiɣisibu ni, African tinsi pam daa deei maŋsulinsi Cold War ni, ka daa kpuɣi niya ni bɛ niŋ ningbuna ni "Organisation of African Unity" laɣingu ni yuuni 1964 ka di nyɛla bɛ daa zorila dabiɛm ni tiŋ'bihili rtɔbu ŋmebu, ka zaŋ bɛ zaɣa niŋ pan-Africanism ni.[10]

Tɛmplet:Campaignbox Exploration of Africa Tɛmplet:Campaignbox Scramble for Africa Tɛmplet:New Imperialism

Zaŋ kana yuuni 1841, daabihi ban daa yina Europe daa kpala luɣ'shɛŋa bɛ ni niŋdi daabiligu Africa yaɣa, amaa "seldom" daa kpe inland, ka mali niya ni bɛ biɛhigu shee kuli miri kuliga. Tuuli bɛ daa niŋdila daabiligu ni tiŋ'bihi. Doriti kamani kpaɣ'ʒiɛɣu doro nyɛla din daa che ka biɛhigu nima ni niŋ tɔm toi European nim ŋɔ.[11]

Kamani zaŋ chaŋ 1870s bahigu, Europeans daa sula kamani 10% African tingbana ni, ka bɛ biɛhisi shee zaa miri kulisi. Bɛ ni daa su yaɣ'shɛŋa pam n-nyɛ Angola ni Mozambique, ban daa gbubi li n-nyɛ Portugal; Cape Colony, ni United Kingdom; ni Algeria, ka France gbubi li. Zaŋ kana yuuni 1914, Ethiopia mini Liberia daa nyɛla ban daa na kuli ka European sulinsi ni, [12]

Tabiibi zaŋ tum tuma daa sɔŋsi European ka bɛ duri kulisi.[13]

Africa and global markets

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Sub-Saharan Africa, Dunia luɣ'shɛli "informal imperialism" ni daa bi paai, daa nyɛla daabihi ni yu shɛli.[9][14]

Aʒianima din daa guui pam nyɛla din daa kpalim mɔɣ'duya, luɣ'shɛli binyɛra ni be alaha.[15] Luɣ'shɛli din daa ti leei Union of South Africa yuuni 1910, European daa dii bi zaŋ bɛ aʒianima pam niŋ Africa ni.[16][17]

Contemporary French propaganda poster hailing Major Marchand's trek across Africa toward Fashoda in 1898

Di ni niŋ ka Africa daa dii pa bɛ ni kuri liɣiri niŋdi shɛli maa, mɔg'duya luɣ'shɛna ka bɛ daa dirili niŋda.[18][8][19][20]

'Scramble for African' gba daa lahi nyɛla din tabi linjima tuma.[21]

Sal'nim zaŋ bɛ mansi ti tiŋgbanma saha di daa niŋ talahi ni tiŋ ka pii di "status symbol"; tɛhi kara tɛha "greatness" daa nyɛla din zaŋ gɔhi "White Man's Burden", bee tuma tumbu, ka nyɛ tiŋgbana pam sochibisi.[21]

1880s piligu, Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza daa gorimi gindi Congo River zaŋti France, lala saha maa zuɣu ni Henry Morton Stanley daa zani Committee for Studies of the Upper Congo zaani n-gɔri ginda, ka Leopold II of Belgium tabiri sɔŋdi o, ŋun daa yɛn suli o maŋmaŋ ka din yɛ Congo Free State.[22][23] Yuuni 1884, Germany daa yɛliya ni Togoland, Cameroons ni South West Africa nyɛla din be bɛ ni guri yaɣ'shɛŋa ni;[24] ka France daa deeiGuinea. French West Africa nyɛla din daa pili yuuni 1895 ka French Equatorial Africa pili yuuni 1910.[25][26] French Somaliland, Russian nima ban daa be "Egyptian fort" sahabiɛla zaŋ chaŋ Sagallo daa nyɛla Terek Cossacks ni deei shɛli sahabiɛla yuni 1889.[27]

David Livingstone, early explorer of the interior of Africa and fighter against the slave trade

Germany's Weltpolitik

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
The Askari colonial troops in German East Africa, c. 1906

Germany, daa nyɛla din piri din piri tiŋmgbani. Yuuni 1862, Otto von Bismarck daa leei Minister-President zaŋti Kingdom of Prussia, ni tɔbiri din daa ŋme Austria in 1866 mini France in 1870. [28]

[29] Zaŋ gbaai 1880s, Deutscher Kolonialverein daa nam ya, ka Kolonialzeitung daa yi polo.[30] [31]

An Italian Carabiniere and a Libyan colonial Zaptié patrolling in Tripoli, Italian Tripolitania, 1914

Tɔbu din daa tuhi ni France nyaaŋa Crimean War (1853–1856) ni, Kingdom of Sardinia daa nyɛla din mali niya ni di laɣim Italian peninsula, ni French sɔŋsim.

Taba laɣimbu nyaaŋa, Italy daa kpuɣi niya ni bɛ yɛligi bɛ kpari bɔɣiri ka nya yaa,ka deeinEritrea yaɣ'shɛŋa yuuni 1870[32][33] ni yuuni 1882.Yuuni 1889–90, din daa deei Horn of Africa, ka pili luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni booni Italian Somaliland.[34][35]

Herero Wars and the Maji Maji Rebellion

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Lieutenant von Durling with prisoners at Shark Island, one of the German concentration camps used during the Herero and Namaqua genocide

Bini din gbaai yuuni 1904 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1908, Germany "colonies" din be German South West Africa mini German East Africa daa nyɛ tuhibu ni nbɛ zalisi. Tiŋgbani yaɣa maa zaa varisigu zaŋti "German rule" nyɛla Germany ni daa tuhi nyaŋ shɛli, ka di Herero daa bɔhi bɛri German South West Africa ka daa bi di nasara Battle of Waterberg ni mini Maji-Maji daa bɔhi bɛri German East Africa.[36][37]

German kpaŋmaŋa ni German South West Africa tiŋ'bihi mɔri ni yihibu ni salo maa polo. Di zaa kalilnli, kamani tuhi pihiyɔbiu ni kɔbisinu (65,000 Herero) (vaabu 80% Herero daadam biɛligyu maa puuni), ni vaabu tuhi pia (10,000 Namaqua) (vaabu 50% Namaqua daadam biɛligu puuni) daa nyɛla ban be kum ni, n-kpi ni ko'nyuri, bee ka bɛ tum kpi "Shark Island concentration camp" ni bini din gbaai yuuni 1904 mini yuuni 1908. Bini din gbaai 24,000 mini 100,000 Hereros sunsuuni, 10,000 Nama, ni San kalinli din bi mi nyɛla ban daa kpi "genocide" maa ni.[38][39][40][41][42][43][44] "Genocide" nahingbana daa nyɛla kum kubu, ko'nyuri, ni pooʒini zaŋ ku niriba, ka bɛ daa gbahiba niŋ Namib Desert.[45][46][47]

African colonies listed by colonising power

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Equestrian statue of Leopold II of Belgium, the Sovereign of the Congo Free State from 1885 to 1908, Regent Place in Brussels, Belgium

Ruanda-Urundi (1922–1962, din pa nyɛ Rwanda mini Burundi)

The Foureau-Lamy military expedition sent out from Algiers in 1898 to conquer the Chad Basin and unify all French territories in West Africa.
The Senegalese Tirailleurs, led by Colonel Alfred-Amédée Dodds, conquered Dahomey (present-day Benin) in 1892
  • German Kamerun (din pa nyɛ Cameroon mini Nigeria yaɣ'shɛŋa, 1884–1916)
  • German East Africa (din pa nyɛ Rwanda, Burundi ni Tanzania yaɣ'shɛŋa, 1885–1919)
  • German South-West Africa (din pa nyɛ Namibia, 1884–1915)
  • German Togoland (din pa nyɛ Togo ni Ghana east yaɣ'shɛŋa, 1884–1914)
Italian settlers in Massawa
  • Italian Eritrea (1882–1936)
  • Italian Somalia (1889–1936)
  • Italian Ethiopia (1936–1941)
    • Oltre Giuba (annexed into Italian Somalia in 1925)
  • Libya
    • Italian Tripolitania (1911–1934)
    • Italian Cyrenaica (1911–1934)
    • Italian Libya (from the unification of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica in 1934) (1934–1943; coastal regions administered as an integral part of Italy itself from 1939–1943)
Marracuene in Portuguese Mozambique was the site of a decisive battle between Portuguese and Gaza king Gungunhana in 1895

On 11 June 1951, Portugal would begin to administer its colonies, including its ones in Africa, as Overseas provinces.

Opening of the railway in Rhodesia, 1899
Following the Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War in 1896, the British proclaimed a protectorate over the Ashanti Kingdom.

The British were primarily interested in maintaining secure communication lines to India, which led to initial interest in Egypt and South Africa. Once these two areas were secure, it was the intent of British colonialists such as Cecil Rhodes to establish a Cape-Cairo railway and to exploit mineral and agricultural resources. Control of the Nile was viewed as a strategic and commercial advantage. Overall, by 1921, the British had control approximately 33.23% of Africa, or 3,897,920 mi2 (10,09,55,66 km2).[49][50]

  • Chronology of Western colonialism
  • List of European colonies in Africa
  • List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history
  • List of former sovereign states
  • List of French possessions and colonies
  • Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization
  • Durand Line
  • Economic history of Africa
  • French colonial empire
  • Historiography of the British Empire
  • International relations (1814–1919)
  • Scramble for China
  • Sykes–Picot Agreement
  • White Africans of European ancestry
  1. ↑ (4 May 2019) "From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 47 (3): 474–489. DOI:10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833. ISSN 0308-6534.
  2. ↑ Hadaway, Stuart (2014). Pyramids and Fleshpots: The Egyptian, Senussi and Eastern Mediterranean Campaigns (1914–1916). The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-5808-0.
  3. ↑ Association, Cheke Cultural Writers (1994). "Chapter 14: The Kolongongo War Against the Portuguese". The history and cultural life of the Mbunda speaking peoples (in English). The Association. ISBN 9789982030069.
  4. ↑ Bassil, Noah R. (2006-12-01). "The Rise and Demise of the Keira Sultanate of Dar Fur". The Journal of North African Studies 11 (4): 347–364. DOI:10.1080/13629380601036098. ISSN 1362-9387.
  5. ↑ Williams, Frieda-Nela (1991). Precolonial Communities of Southwestern Africa: A history of Owambo Kingdoms 1600–1920 (PDF). National Archives of Namibia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-03-07. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
  6. ↑ Fokkens, Andries (2023). "The ovamboland expedition of 1917: the deposing of King Mandume". Small Wars & Insurgencies 34 (2): 382–421. DOI:10.1080/09592318.2022.2153468.
  7. ↑ Brantlinger 1985, pp. 166–203.
  8. 1 2 Robinson, Gallagher & Denny 1961, p. 175.
  9. 1 2 Shillington 2005, p. 301.
  10. ↑ Touval, Saadia (1967). "The Organization of African Unity and African Borders". International Organization 21 (1): 102–127. DOI:10.1017/S0020818300013151.
  11. ↑ Pakenham 1991, ch 1.
  12. ↑ Compare: Killingray, David (1998). "7: The War in Africa". In Strachan, Hew (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War: New Edition (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 2014). p. 101. ISBN 978-0-19-164040-7. Retrieved 2017-02-21. In 1914 the only independent states in Africa were Liberia and Abyssinia.
  13. ↑ Quinine.
  14. ↑ (2018) "An Economic Rationale for the West African Scramble? The Commercial Transition and the Commodity Price Boom of 1835–1885". Journal of Economic History 78 (1): 231–267. DOI:10.1017/S0022050718000128.
  15. ↑ Hunt, Lynn (2005). The Making of the West. C. Bedford: St. Martin.
  16. ↑ Hobson, John Atkinson (2011). Imperialism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-511-79207-6. OCLC 889962491.
  17. ↑ Easterly, William (September 17, 2009). The Imperial Origins of State-Led Development. New York University Blogs.
  18. ↑ Langer, William A; Bureau of International Research of Harvard University and Radcliffe College (1935). The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1890–1902. 1. New York and London: Alfred A Knopf.
  19. ↑ Darwin, John. "Imperialism and the Victorians: The dynamics of territorial expansion." English Historical Review (1997) 112#447 pp. 614–42. http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/CXII/447/614.full.pdf+html Archived 2012-01-14 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ↑ Gjersø, Jonas Fossli (2015). "The Scramble for East Africa: British Motives Reconsidered, 1884–95". Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 43 (5): 831–860. DOI:10.1080/03086534.2015.1026131.
  21. 1 2 H.R. Cowie, Imperialism and Race Relations. Revised edition, Nelson Publishing, Vol. 5, 1982.
  22. ↑ Hochschild, Adam (1999). King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. New York: Mariner Books. p. 281. ISBN 0-358-21250-2. OCLC 1105149367.
  23. ↑ Khanna, V. N. (2013). International Relations (5th ed.). India: Vikas Publishing House. p. 55. ISBN 9789325968363.
  24. ↑ Smitha, Frank E.. Africa and Empire in the 1880s and '90s.
  25. ↑ Pakenham 1991.
  26. ↑ Robert Aldrich, Greater France: A history of French overseas expansion (1996).
  27. ↑ Borrero, Mauricio (2009). Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present (in English). Infobase Publishing. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-0-8160-7475-4.
  28. ↑ George Shepperson, "The centennial of the West African conference of Berlin, 1884–1885." Phylon 46.1 (1985): 37–48 online Archived 2019-10-21 at the Wayback Machine.
  29. ↑ Arendt, Hannah (1973). The origins of totalitarianism (New ed.). New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 222. ISBN 9780156701532. OCLC 614421.
  30. ↑ Kitson, Alison (2001). Germany, 1858–1990: Hope, Terror, and Revival. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 64. ISBN 0-19-913417-0. OCLC 47209403.
  31. ↑ German Colonial Rule (en).
  32. ↑ Ullendorff, Edward (1965). The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People (2nd ed.). London: Oxford University Press. p. 90. ISBN 0-19-285061-X.
  33. ↑ Tɛmplet:Cite EB1911
  34. ↑ Pakenham 1991, p. 281.
  35. ↑ Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures (4th ed.). McFarland. p. 202.
  36. ↑ Prein, Philipp (1994). "Guns and Top Hats: African Resistance in German South West Africa, 1907–1915". Journal of Southern African Studies 20 (1): 99–121. DOI:10.1080/03057079408708389. ISSN 0305-7070.
  37. ↑ Bridgman, Jon (1981). The Revolt of the Hereros (in English). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04113-4.
  38. ↑ Nuhn, Walter (1989). Sturm über Südwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904 (in German). Koblenz, DEU: Bernard & Graefe-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7637-5852-4.[page needed]
  39. ↑ Schaller, Dominik J. (2008). Moses, A. Dirk (ed.). From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa [Empire, Colony Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History] (first ed.). Oxford: Berghahn Books. p. 296. ISBN 978-1-84545-452-4. see his footnotes to German language sources citation #1 for Chapter 13.
  40. ↑ Jeremy Sarkin-Hughes (2008) Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904–1908, p. 142, Praeger Security International, Westport, Conn. ISBN 978-0-31336-256-9
  41. ↑ Moses, A. Dirk (2008). Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation and Subaltern Resistance in World History. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-84545-452-4.[page needed]
  42. ↑ Schaller, Dominik J. (2008). From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 296. ISBN 978-1-84545-452-4.
  43. ↑ Friedrichsmeyer, Sara L.; Lennox, Sara; Zantop, Susanne M. (1998). The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-472-09682-4.
  44. ↑ Baronian, Marie-Aude; Besser, Stephan; Jansen, Yolande, eds. (2007). Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics. Thamyris, Intersecting Place, Sex and Race, Issue 13. Leiden, NDL: Brill/Rodopi. p. 33. ISBN 978-9042021297. ISSN 1381-1312.
  45. ↑ Ulrich van der Heyden; Holger Stoecker (2005) Mission und Macht im Wandel politischer Orientierungen: Europaische Missionsgesellschaften in politischen Spannungsfeldern in Afrika und Asien zwischen 1800–1945, p. 394, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart ISBN 978-3-515-08423-9
  46. ↑ Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny (2004) Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts, Routledge, NY ISBN 978-0-203-89043-1 p. 22
  47. ↑ Dan Kroll (2006) Securing Our Water Supply: Protecting a Vulnerable Resource, p. 22, PennWell Corp/University of Michigan Press ISBN 978-1-59370-069-0
  48. ↑ Centenaire de l'Entente cordiale: les accords franco-britanniques de 1904 (fr).
  49. ↑ British Africa.
  50. ↑ British Africa.
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    Tɛmplet:Africa topics

    Tɛmplet:Great Power diplomacy

    Tɛmplet:World War I

    1. ↑ Also known as the Partition of Africa, the Conquest of Africa, or the Rape of Africa
    2. ↑ The Egba United Government, a government of the Egba people, was legally recognised by the British as independent until being annexed into the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria in 1914.[1]
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