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Quinine

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Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Quinine
type of chemical entity
Yaɣ sheliCinchonan-9-ol, 6'-methoxy-, (8alpha,9R)-, quinidine, epiquinine Mali niŋ
Di bukaatatima Mali niŋ
Stylized namequiNINE Mali niŋ
Stereoisomer ofepiquinidine Mali niŋ
Chemical formulaC₂₀H₂₄N₂O₂ Mali niŋ
Canonical SMILESCOC1=CC2=C(C=CN=C2C=C1)C(C3CC4CCN3CC4C=C)O Mali niŋ
Isomeric SMILESCOC1=CC2=C(C=CN=C2C=C1)[C@H]([C@@H]3C[C@@H]4CCN3C[C@@H]4C=C)O Mali niŋ
Active ingredient inQualaquin Mali niŋ
Medical condition treatedBabesiosis, muscle cramp, Plasmodium falciparum malaria Mali niŋ
Taba laɣim di fiilaPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily B member 2, Solute carrier family 29 member 4, taste receptor type 2 Mali niŋ
Legal status (medicine)boxed warning Mali niŋ
Pregnancy categoryAustralian pregnancy category D, US pregnancy category C Mali niŋ
LiverTox likelihood scoreLiverTox toxicity likelihood category B Mali niŋ
Natural product of taxonCinchona Mali niŋ
Nahingbaŋbitterness Mali niŋ
 

Quinine nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni mali tibiri kpaɣiʒiɛɣu dɔro mini "babesiosis". Lala tim ŋɔ nyɛla din tibiri kpaɣiʒiɛɣu dɔro ka di nyɛ dɔro din gbahiri niriba di yi ti niŋ ka duunsi balishɛli yuli booni "Plasmodium falciparum" dim niria, lala kpaɣiʒiɛɣu dɔro ŋɔ nyɛla din ku tooi tibi ni tim yuli booni chloroquine di yi ti niŋ ka tim gba yuli booni artesunate kani.[1][2] Saha shɛŋa ninvuɣ shɛba nyɛla ban yuusiri li tibiri naba ni dɔroti amaa ka din niŋ kamaata n bala pirinla niri yi vali alaama shɛŋa din tooi tahiri na zuɣu.[1] Di nyɛla ti'shɛli niri ni tooi vali shɛli bee ka bɛ chibi li niŋ nira ʒisoli.[1] Tim ŋɔ nyɛla din bi tooi lahi tibiri kpaɣiʒiɛɣu dɔro ŋɔ dunia yaɣa shɛŋa.[1] Quinine gba nyɛla din pahi binshɛŋa bɛ ni zaŋ pahi mali kom yuli booni "tonic water" ka di pahibu maa daliri che ka di be laɣilaɣi .[3]

Alaama shɛŋa din tooi beni niri yi vali tim ŋɔ ni nyɛ zuɣuyaali, tibili puuni kumsim, wahala ni nyabu, n ti pahi waligu yibu. Di alaama shɛŋa din mali yaa pam shɛŋa nyɛ tikpirilim mini suhi tɔbu taɣibu.[1] Tim ŋɔ yuusibu nyɛla di ni tooi che ka wuntaŋ di nira.[1] Lahabali nyɛla din bi yi polo wuhiri paɣapuulana yi yuusi tim ŋɔ din yɛn be o shɛm bee bilɛɣua maa shɛm amaa kpaɣiʒiɛɣu dɔro gu ka taɣi ni paɣapuulana ni quinine nyɛla shɛba ni tooi buɣisiri shɛli bee sabiri shɛli n tira di yi to to kamaata.[1] Quinine nyɛla "alkaloid", Naawuni binnamda ka bɛ zaŋ laɣim taba mali.[1] Di ni tooi tumdi tuma nyɛla binshɛli bɛ ni bɛ neegi shɛli viɛnyɛla.[1]

Quinine nyɛla bɛ ni daa tuui yihi shɛli na yuuni 1820 ka di nyɛla tia yuli booni "cinchona tree" puuni ka bɛ daa yihi li na, tia maa yuli maa nyɛla din yina Peru balli ni.[4][5] Lala tia ŋɔ nyɛla ti'shɛli bɛ ni daa mali shɛli tibiri kpaɣiʒiɛɣu dɔro tum yuuni 1632 ka di nyɛ binshɛli bɛ ni daa zaŋ kpɛ Spain yuuni 1636 piligu, ban daa zaŋ li kpɛ ŋɔ nyɛ Jesuit missionaries ban daa yina New World.[6] Quinine nyɛla din be World Health Organization's (WHO) tima din mali anfaani yuya puuni .[7] Tim ŋɔ zaɣ'bɔbugu pam dabbu daa tiŋgbani shɛŋa din na nyari lɛbiginsim ni nyɛla bin din gbaai kamani US$1.70 zaŋ chaŋ $3.40 zaŋ n-ti ninvuɣ yino tibu. United States tiŋgbani puuni, laɣa shɛli niri ni tooi zaŋ da tim ŋɔ zaɣ'bɔbugu nyɛla din gari $200.[8]

Ʒilɛlini mini kaya ni taada

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Daa

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Quinine nyɛla din ka liɣiri pam UK tiŋgbani,[9] ni ka di bin pihita ayi ka zaŋ n-ti 300mg quinine daa nyɛ NHS kamani £5.[10]

Di balibu shɛŋa din beni

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Quinine base in various salts
Yuli Quinine yaa ni nyɛ shɛm
Quinine base 100 mg
Quinine bisulfate 169 mg
Quinine dihydrochloride 122 mg
Quinine gluconate 160 mg
Quinine hydrochloride 111 mg
Quinine sulfate dihydrate [(quinine)2H2SO4∙2H2O] 121 mg


Kundivihira

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Quinine sulfate. Drugs.com (2020-02-20). Archived 2015-12-05 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ↑ (June 2019) "Artemether for severe malaria". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6: CD010678. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD010678.pub3. PMID 31210357.
  3. ↑ Olmsted, John; Williams, Gregory M. (1997). Chemistry: The Molecular Science. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-815-18450-8. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016.
  4. ↑ Willcox, Merlin (28 June 2004). Traditional Medicinal Plants and Malaria. CRC Press. p. 231. ISBN 9780203502327. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  5. ↑ Cechinel-Filho, Valdir (2012). Plant bioactives and drug discovery : principles, practice, and perspectives. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. p. 2. ISBN 9780470582268. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  6. ↑ Staines, Henry M.; Krishna, Sanjeev (2011). Treatment and Prevention of Malaria : Antimalarial Drug Chemistry, Action and Use. [S.l.]: Springer Verlag. p. 45. ISBN 9783034604796. Archived from the original on 2020-02-22. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
  7. ↑ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  8. ↑ Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 47. ISBN 9781284057560.
  9. ↑ Hitchings, Andrew; Lonsdale, Dagan; Burrage, Daniel; Baker, Emma (2019). The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing (in English) (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 196–197. ISBN 978-0-7020-7442-4. Archived from the original on 2021-05-22. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  10. ↑ BNF (80 ed.). BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press. September 2020 – March 2021. p. 655-656. ISBN 978-0-85711-369-6.CS1 maint: date format (link)

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