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Quakers

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Quakers
Christian denominational family, worldview, religion
Pahi laProtestantism Mali niŋ
Di pilli ni1652 Mali niŋ
Binyarsi Suɣubu ShɛiInternational Institute of Social History Mali niŋ
Ŋun piliGeorge Fox Mali niŋ
Nira zaŋtiZentralstelle für Recht und Schutz der Kriegsdienstverweigerer aus Gewissensgründen, Federal Council of Churches Mali niŋ
Pin' shɛŋa o ni deeNobel Peace Prize Mali niŋ

Quakers nyɛla ninvuɣ'shɛba ban be Religious Society of Friends ni, Dolodolo adiini balishɛli. Ban be din ni booni la taba zonima Tɛmplet:Bibleverse ban niŋ dihitabili Bible, amaa shɛba daa booni ba la Quakers ka di daliri nyɛla ŋun daa pili lala laɣingu ŋɔ, George Fox, daa yɛli la jaaji ni "quake before the authority of God".[1] Lala zonima ŋɔ bɔrimi ni sokam di shɛhira ni Naawuni.[2][3][4][5][6][7] Bɛ shɛba nyɛla ban gindi niŋdi waazu, n-ti pahi Nontheist Quakers.[8] Yuuni 2017, bɛ daa buɣisi ban bi balaga ka be din ni kalinli 377,557, vaabu 49% n-nyɛ ban be Africa ka vaabu 22% be North America.[9]

Vaabu 89% Quakers dunia zaa nyɛla ban be "evangelical and programmed" kparibɔɣiri ban jama jamdi ni yila yilibu.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Bɛ nyɛla ban kpaŋsiri ashili mini dihitabili ni Naawuni, ni Dolodolo adinni zaŋ tam kalinli zuɣu.[18][19] Religious Society of Friends nyɛla "Catechism and Confession of Faith (1673)", ka Quaker Robert Barclay daa yihili na.[20][21] Richmond Declaration of Faith (1887) nyɛla Orthodox Friends ni daa taɣi deei shɛli pam.[22][23][24][25][26][27]

Divisions of the Religious Society of Friends
Orthodox
Gurneyite
Orthodox
Programmed

Friends United Meeting 1902 (US 25K, world 170K)

(Pastoral)
Evangelical

Evangelical Friends Church International 1947 (US 34K, world 200K)

1924 (Pastoral)
Beanite
. Independent (US 3K)

unaffiliated (US 1K)

(Unprogrammed)
1889
Wilburite
.             Conservative

Conservative Friends 1842 (US 2K)

(Unprogrammed)
1842

Beaconite (1836-1850s)

Hicksite (Liberal)
(2019 + Beanite US 2K) . Unprogrammed

Friends General Conference 1900 (US 22K, world 32K)

1827
The divisions of Quakers 1800-1900s. Orthodox adopt "mainstream Protestant orthodoxy". Liberals value the Inner Light over the Bible. Conservatives want to conserve the Inner Light over outward evangelicalism. Late 1800s many meetings became programmed (pastoral) with splits by unprogrammed meetings. 2019 Beanite - 2 Yearly Meetings joined FGC, 1 YM remained unaffiliated. (US and world membership K=1,000. 49% in Africa)
WWI peace work brought the diverse Friends together in followship formalized with the Friends World Committee for Consultation in 1937.
Sugar Grove Conservative Friends Meeting House, built in 1870 in Indiana, with an openable partition between male and female sections
  1. ↑ Where Did the Names "Quaker" and "Friends" Come From? (English). Walnut Creek Friends Church. “They called themselves “Friends” because of the words of Jesus recorded in John 15:14, “You are my friends, if you do what I command you.” The early Friends were Christians who believed they could live like Jesus because Jesus lived in them. The name “Quaker” was applied to the early Friends by their critics. The early Friends were so aware of the presence of God among them that they sometimes trembled with excitement. Upon being threatened by a judge to “quake” before the authority of his court, George Fox told him to quake before the authority of God.”
  2. ↑ Fox, George (1903). George Fox's Journal. Isbister and Company Limited. pp. 215–216. This is the word of the Lord God to you all, and a charge to you all in the presence of the living God; be patterns, be examples in all your countries, places, islands, nations, wherever you come; that your carriage and life may preach among all sorts of people and to them: then you will come to walk cheerfully over the world, answering that of God in every one; whereby in them ye may be a blessing, and make the witness of God in them to bless you: then to the Lord God you will be a sweet savour, and a blessing.
  3. ↑ Hodge, Charles (12 March 2015). Systematic Theology (in English). Delmarva Publications, Inc. p. 137. This spiritual illumination is peculiar to the true people of God; the inward light, in which the Quakers believe, is common to all men. The design and effect of the "inward light" are the communication of new truth, or of truth not objectively revealed, as well as the spiritual discernment of the truths of Scripture. The design and effect of spiritual illumination are the proper apprehension of truth already speculatively known. Secondly. By the inner light the orthodox Quakers understand the supernatural influence of the Holy Spirit, concerning which they teach, – (1.) That it is given to all men. (2.) That it not only convinces of sin, and enables the soul to apprehend aright the truths of Scripture, but also communicates a knowledge of "the mysteries of salvation." ... The orthodox Friends teach concerning this inward light, as has been already shown, that it is subordinate to the Holy Scriptures, inasmuch as the Scriptures are the infallible rule of faith and practice, and everything contrary thereto is to be rejected as false and destructive.
  4. ↑ Membership | Quaker faith & practice.
  5. ↑ Baltimore Yearly Meeting Faith & Practice (August 2011).
  6. ↑ Tɛmplet:Bibleverse
  7. ↑ 'That of God' in every person. Quakers in Belgium and Luxembourg.
  8. ↑ Fager, Chuck. The Trouble With 'Ministers'.
  9. ↑ FWCC World Map 2017 (July 2017).
  10. ↑ Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain (2012). Epistles and Testimonies (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2016.
  11. ↑ Angell, Stephen Ward; Dandelion, Pink (April 19, 2018). The Cambridge Companion to Quakerism (in English). Cambridge University Press. p. 290. ISBN 978-1-107-13660-1. Contemporary Quakers worldwide are predominately evangelical and are often referred to as the Friends Church.
  12. ↑ Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain (2012). Epistles and Testimonies (PDF). p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2015.
  13. ↑ Drayton, Brian (23 December 1994). FGC Library: Recorded Ministers in the Society of Friends, Then and Now.
  14. ↑ Christian Scholar's Review, Volume 27 (in English). Hope College. 1997. p. 205. This was especially true of proto-evangelical movements like the Quakers, organized as the Religious Society of Friends by George Fox in 1668 as a group of Christians who rejected clerical authority and taught that the Holy Spirit guided
  15. ↑ Bacon, Margaret (1986). Mothers of Feminism: The Story of Quaker Women in America. San Francisco: Harper & Row. p. 24.
  16. ↑ Fox, George (1803). Armistead, Wilson (ed.). Journal of George Fox. 2 (7 ed.). p. 186.
  17. ↑ World Council of Churches. Friends (Quakers). Church Families.
  18. ↑ Stewart, Kathleen Anne (1992). The York Retreat in the Light of the Quaker Way: Moral Treatment Theory : Humane Therapy Or Mind Control? (in English). William Sessions. ISBN 9781850720898. On the other hand, Fox believed that perfectionism and freedom from sin were possible in this world.
  19. ↑ Levy, Barry (30 June 1988). Quakers and the American Family: British Settlement in the Delaware Valley. Oxford University Press, US. pp. 128. ISBN 9780198021674.
  20. ↑ Coffey, John (29 May 2020). The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, Volume I: The Post-Reformation Era, 1559-1689 (in English). Oxford University Press. p. 399. ISBN 978-0-19-252098-2.
  21. ↑ A Short Account of the Life and Writings of Robert Barclay (in English). Tract Association of the Society of Friends. 1827. p. 22.
  22. ↑ Williams, Walter R. (13 January 2019). The Rich Heritage of Quakerism (in English). Pickle Partners Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78912-341-8. From time to time, over the three centuries of their history, Friends have issued longer or shorter statements of belief. They earnestly seek to base these declarations of the essential truths of Christianity upon the clear teaching of the Holy Scriptures. The most detailed of these statements commonly held by orthodox Friends is known as the Richmond Declaration of Faith. This instrument was drawn up by ninety-nine representatives of ten American yearly meetings and of London and Dublin yearly meetings, assembled at Richmond, Indiana, in 1887.
  23. ↑ Declaration of Faith Issued by the Richmond Conference in 1887 (English) (23 July 2008). “A conference of 95 delegates appointed by 12 Friends (Quaker) yearly meetings representing the Orthodox branch of Friends across the world met in Richmond, Indiana in September 1887. This conference issued a Declaration of Faith, which has been widely used by Orthodox Friends ever since.”
  24. ↑ Vann, Richard T.. "Society of Friends | religion". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Society-of-Friends.
  25. ↑ Jackson, Peter (20 January 2010). "How did Quakers conquer the British sweet shop?". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8467833.stm.
  26. ↑ Jahn, Gunnar. Award Ceremony Speech (1947). Nobel Foundation.
  27. ↑ Abrams, Irwin (1991). The Quaker Peace Testimony and the Nobel Peace Prize.
  • Abbott, Margery; Chijioke, Mary Ellen; Dandelion, Pink; Oliver, John William, eds. (June 2003). Historical Dictionary of The Friends (Quakers). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4483-4.
  • Anderson, Verily (1980). Friends and Relations: Three Centuries of Quaker Families. Hodder & Stoughton.
  • Bacon, Margaret Hope (April 2000). The Quiet Rebels: The Story of the Quakers in America. Pendle Hill Publications. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-87574-935-8.
  • Margaret Hope Bacon, "Quakers and Colonization" Quaker History. 95 (Spring 2006), 26–43
  • Hugh Barbour and J. William Frost, The Quakers. (1988), 412 pp.; historical survey, including many capsule biographies online edition Archived 27 Silimin gɔli June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  • Barbour, Hugh (October 1985). The Quakers in Puritan England. Friends United Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-913408-87-2.
  • Philip Benjamin, Philadelphia Quakers in an Age of Industrialism, 1870–1920 (1976)
  • J. Brent Bill, Holy Silence: The Gift of Quaker Spirituality (2005), ISBN 1-55725-420-6
  • David Boulton, ed., 2006, Godless for God's Sake: Nontheism in Contemporary Quakerism. Dales Historical Monographs. ISBN 0-9511578-6-8
  • Michael L. Birkel, Silence and Witness: The Quaker Tradition (2004), ISBN 1-57075-518-3 (in the UK, ISBN 0-232-52448-3)
  • William C. Braithwaite, The Beginnings of Quakerism. (1912); revised by Henry J. Cadbury (1955) online edition Archived 21 Silimin gɔli July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  • William C. Braithwaite, Second Period of Quakerism. (1919); revised by Henry Cadbury (1961), covers 1660 to 1720s in Britain
  • Howard H. Brinton, Friends for 350 Years (1965), ISBN 0-87574-903-8
  • Peter Brock, Pioneers of the Peaceable Kingdom. (1968) on Peace Testimony from the 1650s to 1900
  • Edwin B. Bronner, William Penn's Holy Experiment (1962)
  • G. B. Burnet, Story of Quakerism in Scotland. The Lutterworth Press (2007), Cambridge, ISBN 978-0-7188-9176-3
  • Jennifer Connerley, Friendly Americans: Representing Quakers in the United States, 1850–1920 PhD dissertation University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (2006). 277 pp. Citation: DAI 2006 67(2): 600-A. DA3207363 online at ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
  • Wilmer A. Cooper, A Living Faith: An Historical and Comparative Study of Quaker Beliefs 2nd ed. (2000), ISBN 0-944350-53-4
  • A. Glenn Crothers, Quakers Living in the Lion's Mouth: The Society of Friends in Northern Virginia, 1730–1865. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2012
  • Pink Dandelion, A Sociological Analysis of the Theology of the Quakers: The Silent Revolution (Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1996), ISBN 0-7734-8807-3
  • Pink Dandelion, The Quakers: A Very Short Introduction (2008), ISBN 978-0-19-920679-7
  • Adrian Davies, The Quakers in English Society, 1655–1725 (2000) 261 pp.
  • Robert Doherty, The Hicksite Separation. (1967), uses the new social history to inquire who joined which side
  • Mary Maples Dunn, William Penn: Politics and Conscience (1967)
  • J. William Frost, The Quaker Family in Colonial America: A Portrait of the Society of Friends. (1973), emphasis on social structure and family life
  • J. William Frost, "The Origins of the Quaker Crusade against Slavery: A Review of Recent Literature", Quaker History 67 (1978): 42–58. Tɛmplet:JSTOR
  • Jonathan Fryer, ed., George Fox and the Children of the Light (London: Kyle Cathie, 1991), ISBN 1-85626-024-0
  • Harvey Gillman, A Light that is Shining: Introduction to the Quakers (1988), ISBN 0-85245-213-6
  • George H. Gorman, Introducing Quakers (3rd revised reprint) (London: Quaker Home Service, 1981), ISBN 0-85245-005-2
  • Gerard Guiton, The Growth and Development of Quaker Testimony (2005), ISBN 0-7734-6002-0
  • Thomas Hamm, The Quakers in America. (2003). 293 pp., strong analysis of current situation, with brief history
  • Thomas Hamm, The Transformation of American Quakerism: Orthodox Friends, 1800–1907. (1988), looks at the impact of the Holiness movement on the Orthodox faction
  • Thomas D. Hamm, Earlham College: A History, 1847–1997. (1997) 448 pp.
  • Jean Hatton, Betsy: The Dramatic Biography of Prison Reformer Elizabeth Fry (2005), ISBN 1-85424-705-0 and ISBN 0-8254-6092-1
  • Jean Hatton, George Fox: Founder of the Quakers (2007), ISBN 1854247530 and ISBN 978-0-8254-6106-4
  • Hubbard, Geoffrey, Quaker by Convincement. (1985), ISBN 0-85245-189-X and (1974), ISBN 0-14-021663-4
  • Joseph E. Illick, Colonial Pennsylvania: A History (1976). online edition Archived 29 Silimin gɔli May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  • H. Larry Ingle, First Among Friends: George Fox and the Creation of Quakerism (1994), ISBN 0-19-507803-9 and (1996), ISBN 0-19-510117-0
  • H. Larry Ingle, Nixon's First Cover-up: The Religious Life of a Quaker President (2015), ISBN 978-0-8262-2042-4
  • H. Larry Ingle, Quakers in Conflict: The Hicksite Reformation (1998), ISBN 0-87574-926-7
  • Sydney James, A People among Peoples: Quaker Benevolence in Eighteenth-Century America. (1963), broad-ranging study that remains the best history in America before 1800
  • Rufus M. Jones, Amelia M. Gummere and Isaac Sharpless. Quakers in the American Colonies (1911), history to 1775 online edition Archived 26 Silimin gɔli June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  • Rufus M. Jones, Later Periods of Quakerism. 2 vols. (1921), covers England and America until World War I.
  • Rufus M. Jones, The Story of George Fox. (1919) 169 pp. online edition
  • Rufus M. Jones, A Service of Love in War Time: American Friends Relief Work in Europe, 1917–1919 (1922) online edition
  • Ryan Jordan, "The Dilemma of Quaker Pacifism in a Slaveholding Republic, 1833–1865", Civil War History Vol. 53, (2007) online edition Archived 29 Silimin gɔli July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  • Ryan Jordan, Slavery and the Meetinghouse: The Quakers and the Abolitionist Dilemma, 1820–1865. (2007) 191 pp.
  • Thomas C. Kennedy, British Quakerism, 1860–1920: The Transformation of a Religious Community. (2001). 477 pp.
  • Rebecca Larson, Daughters of Light: Quaker Women Preaching and Prophesying in the Colonies and Abroad, 1700–1775 (1999) 399 pp.
  • James David LeShana, Tɛmplet:"'Heavenly Plantations': Quakers in Colonial North Carolina." PhD dissertation: University of California, Riverside 1998. 362 pp. DAI 2000 61(5): 2005-A. DA9974014 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
  • Mark Minear, Richmond, 1887: A Quaker Drama Unfolds (1987), ISBN 9780913408988
  • Rosemary Moore, The Light in Their Consciences: The Early Quakers in Britain 1646–1666 (2000) 314 pp. ISBN 0-271-01989-1
  • John A. Moretta, William Penn and the Quaker Legacy (2007), ISBN 0-321-16392-3
  • Michael Mullet, ed., New Light on George Fox (1624 to 1691) (1994), ISBN 1-85072-142-4
  • Gary Nash, Quakers and Politis: Pennsylvania, 1680–1726 (1968)
  • John Punshon, Portrait in Grey : A Short History of the Quakers (2nd ed.) (London: Quaker Books, 2006), ISBN 0-85245-399-X
  • Ane Marie Bak Rasmussen, A History of the Quaker Movement in Africa (1994) 168 pp.
  • Elbert Russell, The History of Quakerism (1942) online edition Archived 15 Silimin gɔli September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  • Harold Smuck, Friends in East Africa (Richmond, Indiana: 1987)
  • Douglas Steere, (1967) On Being Present Where You Are Archived 14 Silimin gɔli December 2007 at the Wayback Machine Wallingford, Pa: Pendle Hill Pamphlet No. 151
  • Frederick B. Tolles, Meeting House and Counting House (1948), on Quaker businessmen in colonial Philadelphia
  • Frederick B. Tolles, Quakers and the Atlantic Culture (1960)
  • D. Elton Trueblood The People Called Quakers (1966)
  • John Michael Vlach, "Quaker Tradition and the Paintings of Edward Hicks: A Strategy for the Study of Folk Art", Journal of American Folklore Vol. 94 (1981) doi:10.2307/540122 Tɛmplet:JSTOR
  • Karen Anna Vogel, Christmas Union: Quaker Abolitionists of Chester County, PA (2014) ,Murray Pura's Cry of Freedom Series, Volume 5
  • James Walvin, The Quakers: Money and Morals (1997) 243 pp.
  • Clarence H. Yarrow, The Quaker Experience in International Conciliation (1979) for post-1945
  • J. Brent Bill, Imagination and Spirit: A Contemporary Quaker Reader (2002) ISBN 0-944350-61-5
  • Amelia Gummere, ed. The Journal and Essays of John Woolman (1922) online edition
  • Rufus M. Jones, ed. The Journal of George Fox: An Autobiography online edition
  • Lucretia Coffin Mott, ed. Beverly Wilson Palmer, Selected Letters of Lucretia Coffin Mott, U. of Illinois Press, (2002) 580 pp.
  • Robert Lawrence Smith, A Quaker Book of Wisdom (1999) ISBN 0-688-17233-4
  • Jessamyn West, ed. The Quaker Reader (1962) ISBN 0-87574-916-X collection of essays by Fox, Penn and other notable Quakers

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