Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Maroons

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Ndyuka man bringing the body of a child before a shaman. Suriname, 1955

Maroons nyɛla ninvuɣ'shɛba ban yina Africanima ban be Americanima mini Island nima ban be India nima "Ocean" ka daa daa zo n-tiligi ka che dab'tali, ka di nyɛla bɛ tuhi mi bee "manumission" ka bɛ niŋ, ka me bɛ maŋmaŋa biɛhigu sheei. Bɛ mini "Indigenous peoples" tooi gabirila taba, ka bɛ kaya ni taɣa leei waligira[1]kamani Garifuna mini Mascogos.

Maroons surprised by dogs (1893) (Brussels) by Louis Samain.

Maroon, bɛ ni tooi che shɛli labi ka di nyɛla di ka la aʒianima pam, daa kpela Silimi'tiŋa kamani yuma din gbaai 1590s, French bachibuɣisirili puuni "marron",[2] din nyɛ 'feral' bee 'fugitive'. Din mini di bachinima ŋmebu nyɛ yim maa yoli, 'reddish brown' zaŋti maroon gbunni bi yi polo zaŋ na hali ni yuma din gbaai 1700s, amaa dini tooi nyɛ di daa yila "maroon" niriba sani na.[3][4]

American Spanish bachi "cimarrón" gba tooi nyɛla din zani ti Siliminsili bachi "maroon" ni yina shɛli, ka di buɣisiri daba ban daa zo Florida biɛhisi sheei, "Great Dismal Swamp" din daa be Virginia mini North Carolina tarisi, Caribbean daba gbahibu tingbana,ni New World yaɣ'shɛŋa. Linguist Lyle Campbell yɛliya ni Spanish bachi din nyɛ "cimarrón" gbunni nyɛla 'yɔɣu, gamazuɣu' bee 'dabili ŋun zo'.[5] Yuma 1570s piligu, Sir Francis Drake's daa goya gili Spanish din be Panama ka "Symerons," daa sɔŋ o, din ni tooi nyɛ "cimarrón" ka bɛ sabi chirim.[3] Bala baŋda Leo Spitzer, yɛliya balli lahabali sabbu puuni,, "ningbuna niŋbu yi beni ni Eng. maroon, Fr. marron, ni Sp. cimarrón, Spain (bee Spanish America) di nyɛla din ni tooi zani dede n-ti England (bee English America)."[6]

Lala n lahi nyɛli, Cuban "philologist José Juan Arrom" nyɛla ŋun bo "maroon" ni yi shɛli na n-ti tooni gari Spanish cimarrón, din daa zaŋ tum tuma tuuli Hispaniola ni di zani ti "feral" niɣi, n naan yi zaŋ paai India daba ban zo n kuli zoya ni, ka zaŋ chaŋ yuma 1530s piligu din chaŋ ti kpe Africa daba ban gba niŋ lala kpee. O buɣisi ni American Spanish bachi yimina Arawakan bachi din nyɛ "simarabo" puuni, ka bɛ leei li 'fugitive', Arawakan balli ni, Taíno ni tɔɣisiri shɛli.[7][8][9][10][11]

1801 aquatint of a maroon raid on the Dromilly estate, Jamaica, during the Second Maroon War of 1795–1796.

New World ni, kamani di yi daa kuli daŋ, yuuni 1512, Africa daba daa zo Spanish n chaŋ ti pahi shɛba zuɣu bee ka bɛ daa bo bɛ maŋmaŋa biɛhigu shee.[12] Tuuli daba tuhibu daa niŋla Dominican Republic lache buu din daa nyɛ Admiral Diego Columbus ni su shɛli, Anashaara goli 26 December yuuni 1522, ka Admiral daa dahim li ka di bi viɛla.[13]: Tɛmplet:R/where  Tuuli maroon tinsi din nyɛ Americanima dini daa kpala lala niŋsim ŋɔ nyaaŋa, dini daa niŋ ka lala daba ŋɔ shɛba daa tooi zo n-tili. Di daa lahi nyɛla daliri din yɛn ti Dominican yaa maroons ban daa chaŋ ti su maroon tuma Americanima sani. Sebastián Lemba, bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so Africa, daa tooi tuhi Spaniards di nasra yuuni 1532, ka daa naai noli ni Africanima shɛba o yuun poinaanu zaŋ tuhi Spanish dab gbahiriba ŋɔ. Din tooi niŋ ka Lemba daa nya maroons shɛba pahi o ma`n zuɣu kamani Juan Vaquero, Diego del Guzmán, Fernando Montoro, Juan Criollo ni Diego del Ocampo o dabili tuhibu saha. Dini daa niŋ ka maroons tuhi Spanish daabili, Spanish kpamba daa pilila maroon zobu ni bɛ ti fa island maa. Zaŋ kana 1540s, maroons daa tooi deei island maa puuni zaa, amaa yaɣ'shɛŋa din daa be east, north, ni western yaɣa din daa be island gba daa na nyɛla din yɛn kpe maroon sulinsi ni. Maroon [14] Dominican maroons nyɛla ban yɛn be island maa ni hali ni 17th century.[15][16]

Sir Francis Drake daa kali cimarrones pam o go n gili Spanish ni.[17] Kamani yuuni 1655, Africanima daa kpala tinsi inland Jamaica, ka zaŋ chaŋ 18th century, Nanny Town mini Jamaican maroon tinkpan shɛŋa daa pili maŋsulinsi zuɣu zabbu.[18]

Di ni daa niŋ ka Amerindians mini daba ban daa zo n tiligi daa laɣim taba bɛ daa booni ba la "maroons". Caribbean islands ni, bɛ daa kpala laɣisni islands, armed camps. Maroon daa niŋ wahala pam,[19] bindirigu nya n-di,[20] ni bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛ dɔɣi ka yɛligi.[21]

Tuuli maroon tinsi daa kuli bela yerayera. Zaŋ kana yuuni 1700, maroon daa zoya ka che islands. Biɛhigu daa niŋla tom pam zaŋti ba, di daa kuli ʒimi ni bɛ tiuhima ka lahi bɔri bindirigu.[21]Maroons so ŋun daa tooi mali yiko n daa nyɛ François Mackandal, ŋun daa nyɛ "houngan" bee "voodoo."[22]

Cuba tingbani ni, maroon tinsi daa be di zolona ni, luɣ'shɛli Africa daba ni daa zo n-tiligi chaŋ ti pahi Taínos ni.[23] Pɔi ka pala daa naan yi ti mali chaŋ Puerto Rico.[24]

Maroon tinsi pam daa kpaya Caribbean (St Vincent mini Dominica), amaa di shɛli da pa arisigu zaŋ ti British kamani Jamaican Maroons.[25] 17th century piligu, Jamaican Maroons daa kuli tuhirila British daba-gbahiriba sahakam, ka di daa ti tahi "First Maroon War" na (1728–1740). Yuuni 1739 mini yuuni 1740,British gɔmnanti zaŋti Colony of Jamaica, Edward Trelawny, daa dihi gbana ni ka lo ba alikaule ni 2,500 acres (1,012 ha) luɣa buyi ni, Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) din be western Jamaica mini Crawford's Town din be eastern Jamaica, din yɛn che ka bɛ che taba tuhibu.[26][27]: Tɛmplet:R/where 

Maroon tinkura din daa be Spanish Caribbean daa na kuli beni zaŋ kana yuuni 2006, kamani Viñales, Cuba,[28] ni Adjuntas, Puerto Rico.

Zaŋ kana zuŋɔ, Jamaican Maroon nyɛla ban za bɛ gama zuɣu ka waligi ka che Jamaica tinsi.[18][29]

Ndyuka na kuli nyɛla din niŋ talahi ti Ndyuka mini saha ŋɔ Surinamese gɔmnanti, ka di daliri nyɛla dii buɣisila Maroons fukumsi din be "gold-rich inlands" zaŋit Suriname.[30][31][32]

Maroon flag in Freetown, Sierra Leone
Maroon village, Suriname River, 1955
  1. ↑ Diouf, Sylviane A. (2016). Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons. New York: NYU. pp. 81, 171–177, 215, 309. ISBN 978-0-8147-2449-1. OCLC 864551110.
  2. ↑ Maroon definition and meaning (en).
  3. 1 2 Tɛmplet:Cite OED
  4. ↑ Roberts, Neil (2015). Freedom as Marronage. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-226-20118-4. OCLC 899240409.
  5. ↑ Campbell, Lyle (2000). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford University Press. p. 400. ISBN 978-0-19-514050-7.
  6. ↑ Spitzer, Leo (1938). "Spanish cimarrón". Language 14 (2): 145–147. DOI:10.2307/408879. “The Shorter Oxford Dictionary explains maroon 'fugitive negro slave' as from 'Fr. marron, said to be a corruption of Sp. cimarrón, wild, untamed'. But Eng. maroon is attested earlier (1666) than Fr. marron 'fugitive slave' (1701, in Furetière). If there is a connection between Eng. maroon, Fr. marron, and Sp. cimarrón, Spain (or Spanish America) probably gave the word directly to England (or English America).”
  7. ↑ Arrom, José Juan (1983). "Cimarrón: Apuntes sobre sus primeras documentaciones y su probable origen" (in es). Revista Española de Antropología Americana XII. “Script error: The function "langx" does not exist. English: And if we pay attention to the testimony of Oviedo when, after having lived in Hispaniola for many years, he asserts that cimarrón "means, in the language of this island, fugitives", it would be demonstrated that we are, in fact, before an early loan of the Taíno language.”
  8. ↑ Arrom, José Juan; García Arévalo, Manuel Antonio (1986). Cimarrón. Ediciones Fundación García-Arévalo. p. 30. Script error: The function "langx" does not exist. English: In short, the reports that I am contributing here confirm that cimarrón is an Indian word of Antillean origin, which was already used in the first third of the sixteenth century, and which has come to be another of the many Antillanisms that the conquest extended throughout the breadth of the continent and made to reflect on the metropolis itself.
  9. ↑ Price, Richard (1996). Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. xi–xii. ISBN 978-0-8018-5496-5.
  10. ↑ Arrom, José Juan (1 January 2000). Estudios de lexicología antillana [Antillean Lexicology Studies] (in Spanish). Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-8477-0374-6.
  11. ↑ (2006) "Cimarrôn–Maroon–Marron, note épistémologique" (in fr). Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire 93 (350): 237–247. DOI:10.3406/outre.2006.4201.
  12. ↑ Drake, Frances (1909–1914). Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern. The Harvard Classics. para. 21 – via Bartleby Great Books Online.
  13. ↑ Franco, José (1996). "Maroons and Slave Rebellions in the Spanish Territories". In Price, Richard (ed.). Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  14. ↑ (2018) "Contested Conquests: African Maroons and the Incomplete Conquest of Hispaniola, 1519–1620" (in en). The Americas 75 (4): 609-638. DOI:10.1017/tam.2018.3.
  15. ↑ López de Cerrato, Alonso (2014). "Lemba and the Maroons of Hispaniola". The Dominican Republic Reader. Duke University Press. pp. 66–67. doi:10.1215/9780822376521-015. ISBN 978-0-8223-5688-2.
  16. ↑ Deive, Carlos Esteban (1997). Los guerrilleros negros: esclavos fugitivos y cimarrones en Santo Domingo. Fundación Cultural Dominicana. OCLC 44735015.
  17. ↑ Drake, Frances (1909–1914). Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern. The Harvard Classics. para. 101 – via Bartleby Great Books Online.
  18. 1 2 Campbell, Mavis Christine (1988). The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655–1796: A History of Resistance, Collaboration & Betrayal. Granby, Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey. ISBN 0-89789-148-1..
  19. ↑ Dinnerstein, Leonard; Jackson, Kenneth T., eds. (1975). American Vistas: 1607–1877 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 64.
  20. ↑ Ohadike, Don C. (1 January 2002). Pan-African Culture of Resistance: A History of Liberation Struggles in Africa and the Diaspora. Global Publications, Binghamton University. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-58684-175-1.
  21. 1 2 Rogozinski, Jan (1999). A Brief History of the Caribbean (revised ed.). New York: Facts on File Inc. pp. 155–168. ISBN 0-8160-3811-2 – via Internet Archive.
  22. ↑ The History of Haiti and the Haitian Revolution. The City of Miami.
  23. ↑ Aimes, Hubert H. S. (1967). A History of Slavery in Cuba, 1511 to 1868. New York: Octagon Books.
  24. ↑ Knight, Franklin W. (May 1986). "Review of Benjamin Nistal-Moret, Esclavos prófugos y cimarrones: Puerto Rico, 1770–1870". Hispanic American Historical Review 66 (2): 381–382.
  25. ↑ Edwards, Bryan (1801). Historical Survey of the Island of Saint Domingo. London: J. Stockdale.
  26. ↑ Taylor, Alan (2001). American Colonies: The Settling of North America. New York: Penguin Books.
  27. ↑ Siva, Michael (2018). After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842 (PDF) (PhD). Southampton, England: Southampton University.
  28. ↑ Sartorio, Blanchie (2004-03-13). El Templo de los Cimarrónes (es).
  29. ↑ Edwards, Bryan (1801) [1796]. "Observations on the disposition, character, manners, and habits of life, of the Maroons of the island of Jamaica; and a detail of the origin, progress, and termination of the late war between those people and the white inhabitants". Historical Survey of the Island of Saint Domingo. London: J. Stockdale. pp. 303–360.
  30. ↑ van Stipriaan, Alex (1995). Surinaams Contrast. Roofbouw en Overleven in een Caraïbische Plantagekolonie, 1750–1863 [Surinamese Contrast. Robbery and Survival in a Caribbean Plantation Colony, 1750–1863] (in Dutch). Leiden, Netherlands: KITLV Uitgeverij. ISBN 90-6718-052-1.
  31. ↑ Buddingh', Hans (2012). Geschiedenis van Suriname [The History of Suriname] (in Dutch). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Nieuw Amsterdam. ISBN 978-90-468-1172-6.
  32. ↑ van Stipriaan, Alex; Polimé, Thomas, eds. (2009). Kunst van Overleven. Marroncultuur uit Suriname [Art of Survival. Maroon culture from Suriname] (in Dutch). Amsterdam, Netherlands: KIT Publishers. ISBN 978-94-6022-040-1.
  • History of the Maroons
  • Russell Banks (1980), The Book of Jamaica.
  • Campbell, Mavis Christine (1988), The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655–1796: a history of resistance, collaboration & betrayal, Granby, Mass.: Bergin & Garvey. ISBN 0-89789-148-1
  • Corzo, Gabino La Rosa (2003), Runaway Slave Settlements in Cuba: Resistance and Repression (translated by Mary Todd), Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2803-3
  • Dallas, R. C. The History of the Maroons, from Their Origin to the Establishment of Their Chief Tribe at Sierra Leone. 2 vols. London: Longman. 1803.
  • De Granada, Germán (1970), Cimarronismo, palenques y Hablas "Criollas" en Hispanoamérica Instituto Caro y Cuero, Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia, OCLC 37821053 (in Spanish)
  • Diouf, Sylviane A. (2014), Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons, New York: NYU Press, ISBN 978-0-8147-2437-8
  • Honychurch, Lennox (1995), The Dominica Story, London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-62776-8 (Includes extensive chapters on the Maroons of Dominica)
  • Hoogbergen, Wim S. M. Brill (1997), The Boni Maroon Wars in Suriname, Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-09303-6
  • Learning, Hugo Prosper (1995), Hidden Americans: Maroons of Virginia and the Carolinas Garland Publishing, New York, ISBN 0-8153-1543-0
  • Price, Richard (ed.) (1973), Maroon Societies: rebel slave communities in the Americas, Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books. ISBN 0-385-06508-6
  • Schwaller, Robert, ed. African Maroons in Sixteenth-Century Panama: A History in Documents. University of Oklahoma Press, 2021.
  • Thompson, Alvin O. (2006), Flight to Freedom: African runaways and maroons in the Americas University of West Indies Press, Kingston, Jamaica, ISBN 976-640-180-2
  • Thompson, Alvin O. (1976). Some Problems of Slave Desertion in Guyana, C. 1750-1814. Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies. p. 16.
  • van Velzen, H.U.E. Thoden and van Wetering, Wilhelmina (2004), In the Shadow of the Oracle: Religion as Politics in a Suriname Maroon Society, Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press. ISBN 1-57766-323-3

Tɛmplet:MaroonsTɛmplet:African diaspora

Di yila "https://dag.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maroons&oldid=115302"