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League of Nations mandate

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League of Nations mandate
Yaɣ shelipolitical territorial entity, protectorate, former administrative territorial entity, mandate Mali niŋ
Din doli naUnited Nations trust territory Mali niŋ
Pilibu saha28 Silimin gɔli June 1919 Mali niŋ
Naabu saha24 Silimin gɔli October 1945 Mali niŋ
 

League of Nations mandate represented nyɛla din be tiŋ'duya zalisi ni n-zaŋti tiŋgbana yaɣ'shɛŋa din kana World War I nyaaŋa, ni yaa ʒi n-yi tiŋgbani shɛli n-yi n-kpe shɛli ni. Di nyɛla din mali dihitabili gbana din zani ti League of Nations. ka nyɛ din chani ni suhudoo mini zalisi.[1]

Di zalisi pɛbu daa nam mi yihina Article 22 din nyɛ Covenant of the League of Nations dini, ka daa nyɛ din pili tuma Anashaara goli 28 June yuuni 1919.

Zalikpana dibaayi n-gbubi di "Mandate System."[2][3]

Di zalisi pɛbu daa yimina Article 22 din nyɛ "Covenant of the League of Nations" puuni dini, ban daa di tɔbu maa nasara n daa sabi li.[4]

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson mini South African General Jan Smuts daa kpaŋ bɛ maŋ pam zalisi maa pɛbu ni.[5][6][7]


ClassMandateTerritoryMandate Power Prior namePrior sovereigntyComments Current stateDocument
AMandate for Syria and the LebanonGreater LebanonFranceOttoman sanjaks of Beirut, Tripoli, and Mount LebanonOttoman Empire29 September 1923 – 24 October 1945. Joined the United Nations on 24 October 1945 as an independent state and Founding MemberLebanon
SyriaOttoman sanjaks of Damascus, Hauran, Latakia, Homs, Hama, Aleppo, and Zor29 September 1923 – 24 October 1945: This mandate included Hatay Province (a former Ottoman Alexandretta sanjak), which broke away from the mandate on 2 September 1938 to become a separate French protectorate, which lasted until Hatay Province was ceded to the new Republic of Turkey on 29 June 1939. Joined the United Nations on 24 October 1945 as an independent stateSyria
Mandate for PalestineMandatory PalestineUnited KingdomOttoman sanjaks of Jerusalem, Nablus, and Acre 29 September 1923 – 15 May 1948.[8][9][10] A United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine for peacefully dividing the remainder of the Mandate failed.[11] The Mandate terminated at midnight between 14 May and 15 May 1948. On the evening of 14 May, the Chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine had declared the establishment of the State of Israel.[12] Following the war, 75% of the area was controlled by the new State of Israel.[13] Other parts, until 1967, formed the West Bank of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the All-Palestine Government under the Egyptian-controlled Gaza Strip.Israel
Palestine
Emirate of TransjordanOttoman sanjaks of Hauran and Ma'anIn April 1921, the Emirate of Transjordan was provisionally added as an autonomous area under the United Kingdom,[14][15] and it became the independent Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan (later Jordan) on 17 June 1946 upon joint ratification of the Treaty of London of 1946.Jordan
IndirectMandatory IraqVarious Ottoman sanjaksThe draft British Mandate for Mesopotamia was not enacted and was replaced by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of October 1922.[16] Britain committed to act the responsibilities of a Mandatory Power in 1924.[17] Iraq attained independence from the United Kingdom on 3 October 1932.Iraq
BBelgian Mandate for East AfricaRuanda-UrundiBelgiumGerman East AfricaGerman EmpireFrom 20 July 1922 to 13 December 1946. Formerly two separate German protectorates, they were joined as a single mandate on 20 July 1922. From 1 March 1926 to 30 June 1960, Ruanda-Urundi was in administrative union with the neighbouring colony of the Belgian Congo. After 13 December 1946, it became a United Nations trust territory, remaining under Belgian administration until the separate nations of Rwanda and Burundi gained independence on 1 July 1962.Rwanda
Burundi
British Mandate for East Africa[18]Tanganyika TerritoryUnited KingdomFrom 20 July 1922 to 11 December 1946. It became a United Nations trust territory on 11 December 1946, and was granted internal self-rule on 1 May 1961. On 9 December 1961, it became independent while retaining the British monarch as nominal head of state, transforming into a republic on the same day the next year. On 26 April 1964, Tanganyika merged with the neighbouring island of Zanzibar to become the modern nation of Tanzania.TanzaniaEquivalent document as for Ruanda-Urundi, with all articles substantially the same[19]
British Mandate for the CameroonsBritish CameroonUnited KingdomGerman KamerunBecame part of the United Nations trust territories after World War II on 13 December 1946Part of Cameroon and NigeriaEquivalent document as for French Cameroons, with all articles substantially the same[20]
French Mandate for the CameroonsFrench CameroonFranceUnder a Resident and a Commissioner until 27 August 1940, then under a governor. Became part of the United Nations trust territories after World War II on 13 December 1946Cameroon
British Mandate for TogolandBritish TogolandUnited KingdomGerman TogolandBritish Administrator post filled by the colonial Governor of the British Gold Coast (present day Ghana) except 30 September 1920 – 11 October 1923 Francis Walter Fillon Jackson). Transformed on 13 December 1946 into a United Nations trust territory; on 13 December 1956 it ceased to exist as it became part of Ghana.Volta Region, GhanaEquivalent document as for French Togoland, with all articles substantially the same[20]
French Mandate for TogolandFrench TogolandFranceFrench Togoland under a Commissioner till 30 August 1956, then under a High Commissioner as the Autonomous Republic of TogoTogo
CMandate for the German Possessions in the Pacific Ocean situated South of the Equator other than German Samoa and NauruTerritory of New GuineaAustraliaGerman New GuineaGerman EmpireIncluded German New Guinea and "the group of islands in the Pacific Ocean lying south of the equator other than German Samoa and Nauru".[21] From 17 December 1920 under an (at first Military) Administrator; after (wartime) Japanese/U.S. military commands from 8 December 1946 under UN mandate as North East New Guinea (under Australia, as administrative unit), until it became part of present Papua New Guinea at independence in 1975Part of Papua New GuineaEquivalent document as for Nauru, with all articles substantially the same[21]
Mandate for NauruNauruUnited KingdomBritish mandate, administered by Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Became part of the United Nations trust territories after liberation from Japanese occupation in World War IINauru
Mandate for the German Possessions in the Pacific Ocean lying North of the Equator[22]South Seas MandateJapanKnown as the South Seas Mandate. Became part of the United Nations trust territories and administered by the United States after World War IIPalau
Marshall Islands
Federated States of Micronesia
Northern Mariana Islands		Equivalent document as for Nauru, with all articles substantially the same[21]
Mandate for German SamoaWestern SamoaNew ZealandGerman SamoaFrom 17 December 1920 a League of Nations mandate, renamed Western Samoa (as opposed to American Samoa), from 25 January 1947 a United Nations trust territory until its independence on 1 January 1962SamoaEquivalent document as for Nauru, with all articles substantially the same[21]
Mandate for German South West AfricaSouth West AfricaSouth Africa[23]German South West AfricaFrom 1 October 1922, Walvis Bay's administration (still merely having a Magistrate until its 16 March 1931 Municipal status, hence a Mayor) was also assigned to the mandate.NamibiaEquivalent document as for Nauru, with all articles substantially the same[21]
  • Anghie, Antony "Colonialism and the Birth of International Institutions: Sovereignty, Economy, and the Mandate System of the League of Nations" 34 (3) New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 513 (2002)
  • Hall, H. Duncan (1948). Mandates, Dependencies and Trusteeship.
  • Nele Matz, Civilization and the Mandate System under the League of Nations as Origin of Trusteeship, in: A. von Bogdandy and R. Wolfrum, (eds.), Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Volume 9, 2005, p. 47–95.
  • Pugh, Jeffrey, "Whose Brother's Keeper? International Trusteeship and the Search for Peace in the Palestinian Territories", International Studies Perspectives 13, no. 4 (November 2012): 321–343.
  • Tamburini, Francesco "I mandati della Società delle Nazioni", in Africana, Rivista di Studi Extraeuropei, n.XV – 2009, pp. 99–122.
  • Wright, Quincy (1968). Mandates Under the League of Nations. Greenwood Press.
  • Bruce, Scot David, Woodrow Wilson's Colonial Emissary: Edward M. House and the Origins of the Mandate System, 1917–1919 (University of Nebraska Press, 2013).
  • Callahan, Michael D. Mandates and empire: the League of Nations and Africa, 1914–1931 (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1999)
  • Haas, Ernst B. "The reconciliation of conflicting colonial policy aims: acceptance of the League of Nations mandate system," International Organization (1952) 6#4 pp: 521–536.
  • Margalith, Aaron M. The International Mandates (1930) online Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback MachineTɛmplet:ISBN?
  • Mazower, Mark. 2013. No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations. Princeton University Press.
  • Pedersen, Susan. The Guardians: the League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015)
  • Sluglett, Peter. "An improvement on colonialism? The 'A' mandates and their legacy in the Middle East," International Affairs (2014) 90#2 pp. 413–427. On the former Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire
  1. ↑ (21 June 1971) "Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970)". International Court of Justice: 28–32.
  2. ↑ Matz, 2005, pp 70-71, "Primarily, two elements formed the core of the Mandate System, the principle of non-annexation of the territory on the one hand and its administration as a 'sacred trust of civilisation' on the other... The principle of administration as a 'sacred trust of civilisation' was designed to prevent a practice of imperial exploitation of the mandated territory in contrast to former colonial habits. Instead, the Mandatory's administration should assist in developing the territory for the well-being of its native people."
  3. ↑ Pedersen, Susan (2012). "Settler Colonialism at the Bar of the League of Nations". In Elkins, Caroline; Pedersen, Susan (eds.). Settler Colonialism in the Twentieth Century (published 2005). doi:10.4324/9780203621042. ISBN 9780203621042.
  4. ↑ See Article 22 of the Peace Treaty of Versailles.
  5. ↑ Potter, Pitman B. (1922). "Origin of the System of Mandates Under the League of Nations" (in en). American Political Science Review 16 (4): 563–583. DOI:10.2307/1943638. ISSN 0003-0554.
  6. ↑ Wright, Quincy (1923). "Sovereignty of the Mandates" (in en). American Journal of International Law 17 (4): 691–703. DOI:10.2307/2188657. ISSN 0002-9300.
  7. ↑ Kripp, Jacob (2022). "The Creative Advance Must Be Defended: Miscegenation, Metaphysics, and Race War in Jan Smuts's Vision of the League of Nations" (in en). American Political Science Review 116 (3): 940–953. DOI:10.1017/S0003055421001362. ISSN 0003-0554.
  8. ↑ Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919 Volume XIII, Annotations to the treaty of peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany, signed at Versailles, June 28, 1919. Foreign Relations of the United States. United States State Department (June 28, 1919).
  9. ↑ Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. Advisory Opinions. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) (2004). “70. Palestine was part of the Ottoman Empire. At the end of the First World War, a class "A" Mandate for Palestine was entrusted to Great Britain by the League of Nations, pursuant to paragraph 4 of Article 22 of the Covenant”
  10. ↑ Italy Holds up Class A Mandates. The New York Times (July 20, 1922). “LONDON, July 19. – The A mandates, which govern the British occupation of Palestine and the French occupation of Syria, came today before the Council of the League of Nations.”
  11. ↑ Pugh, Jeffrey D. (2012-11-01). "Whose Brother's Keeper? International Trusteeship and the Search for Peace in the Palestinian Territories". International Studies Perspectives 13 (4): 321–343. DOI:10.1111/j.1528-3585.2012.00483.x. ISSN 1528-3577.
  12. ↑ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs: The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel Archived 2013-01-16 at the Wayback Machine. May 14, 1948: Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  13. ↑ Edmund Jan Osmańczyk; Anthony Mango (2003). Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M. Taylor & Francis. p. 1178. ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  14. ↑ The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State, By Yoav Alon, Published by I.B.Tauris, 2007, ISBN 1-84511-138-9, p. 21
  15. ↑ Determining Boundaries in a Conflicted World: The Role of Uti Possidetis, By Suzanne Lalonde, Published by McGill-Queen's Press (MQUP), 2002, ISBN 0-7735-2424-X, pp. 89–100
  16. ↑ Wright 1968, p. 595.
  17. ↑ Wright 1968, p. 593.
  18. ↑ Hall 1948, p. 303.
  19. ↑ Wright 1968, p. 611.
  20. 1 2 Wright 1968, p. 616.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Wright 1968, p. 618.
  22. ↑ Hall 1948, p. 307.
  23. ↑ Treaty of Peace and South West Africa Mandate Bill of 1919

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