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League of Nations

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League of Nations
intergovernmental organization, international organization
Industryactivities of other membership organisations n.e.c. Mali niŋ
Di pilli ni1919 Mali niŋ
Yu'maŋliLeague of Nations, Société des Nations Mali niŋ
Binyarsi Suɣubu ShɛiLa contemporaine Mali niŋ
Position held by head of the organizationSecretary-General of the League of Nations Mali niŋ
DaanboloEric Drummond, 16th Earl of Perth, Joseph Louis Anne Avenol, Seán Lester Mali niŋ
General secretaryEric Drummond, 16th Earl of Perth, Joseph Louis Anne Avenol, Seán Lester Mali niŋ
Yɛltɔɣa din nyɛ tuma ni diniSilmiinsili, Farinsi Mali niŋ
TiŋaSwitzerland Mali niŋ
Political ideologyinternationalism Mali niŋ
Child organization/unitWomen's Advisory Council, League of Nations, Permanent Court of International Justice, International Labour Organization Mali niŋ
Di duzuɣu sheePalais Wilson, Palace of Nations Mali niŋ
Ŋun niŋ taɣibu n-nyɛTiŋgbana Naŋgban Yini Laxiŋgu Mali niŋ
Pii zaliNobel Peace Prize Mali niŋ
Wuhigi,kpihimbu, dabisili18 Silimin gɔli April 1946, 20 Silimin gɔli April 1946 Mali niŋ

League of Nations (LN bee LoN); di ni n daa nyɛ tuuli dunia zaa tiŋgbana laɣinsi ni ka di niya nyɛla di bo suhudoo na dunia zaa.[1] Di daa kpala Anashaara goli 10 January yuuni 1920, Paris Peace Conference din daa che ka First World War zani tariga n daa kpa li. Lala laɣingu ŋɔ daa che tuma tumbu Anashaara goli 18 April yuuni 1946 di ni daa niŋ ka di yaɣa pam yi n looi United Nations (UN) bɛ ni daa kpa shɛli Second World War nyaaŋa.[2][3][4]

Di ni daa ti yɛligi pam bini din gbaai Anashaara goli 28 September yuuni 1934 zaŋ chaŋ 23 February yuunu 1935, tiŋgbana pihiyɔbu ayi ka n daa be din ni. Di ni daa niŋ ka di kuli luri ka yiɣisiri 1920s.[5][6][7][8][9][10]

The 1864 Geneva Convention, one of the earliest formulations of written international law

Di kpabu nari nyɛla din daa pun nari tum yuuni 1795, di ni daa niŋ ka "Immanuel Kant's Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch[11] tɛhi ni di nyɛla din ni tooi laɣim tiŋgbana nangbanyini ka lahi bo suhudoo na tiŋgbana sunsuuni.[12][13][14][15][16]

Lord Bryce, one of the earliest advocates for a League of Nations
Jan Smuts helped to draft the Covenant of the League of Nations.
The League to Enforce Peace published this full-page promotion in The New York Times on Christmas Day 1918.[17] It resolved that the League "should ensure peace by eliminating causes of dissension, by deciding controversies by peaceable means, and by uniting the potential force of all the members as a standing menace against any nation that seeks to upset the peace of the world".[17]
On his December 1918 trip to Europe, Woodrow Wilson gave speeches that "reaffirmed that the making of peace and the creation of a League of Nations must be accomplished as one single objective".[18]

[19][20][21]


World map showing member states of the United Nations (in green and blue) and member states of the League of Nations (in green and red) on 18 April 1946, when the League of Nations ceased to exist
League of Nations archives, Geneva[22]

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  1. ↑ Christian, Tomuschat (1995). The United Nations at Age Fifty: A Legal Perspective. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 77. ISBN 978-90-411-0145-7.
  2. ↑ The Covenant of the League of Nations. The Avalon Project.
  3. ↑ See Article 23, The Covenant of the League of Nations. The Avalon Project., Treaty of Versailles. Archived from the original on 19 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010. and Minority Treaties.
  4. ↑ Jahanpour, Farhang. The Elusiveness of Trust: the experience of Security Council and Iran. Transnational Foundation of Peace and Future Research.
  5. ↑ Osakwe, C O (1972). The participation of the Soviet Union in universal international organizations.: A political and legal analysis of Soviet strategies and aspirations inside ILO, UNESCO and WHO. Springer. p. 5. ISBN 978-90-286-0002-7.
  6. ↑ Pericles, Lewis (2000). Modernism, Nationalism, and the Novel. Cambridge University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-139-42658-9.
  7. ↑ Ginneken, Anique H. M. van (2006). Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations. Scarecrow Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-8108-6513-6.
  8. ↑ Ellis, Charles Howard (2003). The Origin, Structure & Working of the League of Nations. Lawbook Exchange Ltd. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-58477-320-7.
  9. ↑ (October 2007) "Back to the League of Nations". The American Historical Review 112 (4): 1091–1117. DOI:10.1086/ahr.112.4.1091.
  10. ↑ Kennedy 1987.
  11. ↑ Kant, Immanuel. Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch. Mount Holyoke College.
  12. ↑ Skirbekk & Gilje 2001, p. 288.
  13. ↑ Kant, Immanuel (1795). Perpetual Peace. Constitution Society.
  14. ↑ Reichard 2006, p. 9.
  15. ↑ Rapoport 1995, pp. 498–500.
  16. ↑ International Organization and World Peace--A Critique of the League of Nations Covenant.
  17. 1 2 "Victory / Democracy / Peace / Make them secure by a League of Nations". The New York Times: p. 11. 25 December 1918. https://newspaperarchive.com/new-york-times-dec-25-1918-p-11/.
  18. ↑ "Text of the President's Two Speeches in Paris, Stating His Views of the Bases of a Lasting Peace". The New York Times: p. 1. 15 December 1918. https://newspaperarchive.com/new-york-times-dec-15-1918-p-1/.
  19. ↑ The League of Nations – Karl J. Schmidt. American History.
  20. ↑ (1977) "Lord Cecil and the Pacifists in the League of Nations Union". The Historical Journal 20 (4): 949–959. DOI:10.1017/s0018246x00011481.
  21. ↑ (1995) "The Preamble of the United Nations Charter: The Contribution of Jan Smuts". African Journal of International and Comparative Law 7: 329+.
  22. ↑ League of Nations archives, United Nations Office in Geneva. Network visualization and analysis published in Grandjean, Martin (2014). "La connaissance est un réseau". Les Cahiers du Numérique 10 (3): 37–54. DOI:10.3166/lcn.10.3.37-54.

General and cited references

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  • Bendiner, Elmer. A time for angels: the tragicomic history of the League of Nations (1975); well-written popular history.
  • Brierly, J. L. and P. A. Reynolds. "The League of Nations" The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. XII, The Shifting Balance of World Forces (2nd ed. 1968) Chapter IX, .
  • Tɛmplet:Cite EB1922
  • Gill, George. The League of Nations : from 1929 to 1946 (1996) online
  • Ginneken, Anique H.M. van. Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations (2006) excerpt and text search
  • Henig, Ruth B, ed. (1973). The League of Nations. Oliver and Boyd. ISBN 978-0-05-002592-5.
  • Henig, Ruth. The Peace that Never was: A History of the League of Nations (Haus Publishing, 2019), a standard scholarly history.
  • Housden, Martyn. The League of Nations and the organisation of peace (2012) online
  • Ikonomou, Haakon, Karen Gram-Skjoldager, eds. The League of Nations: Perspectives from the Present (Aarhus University Press, 2019). online review
  • Joyce, James Avery. Broken Star: the Story of the League of Nations (1919–1939) (1978) online
  • Myers, Denys P. Handbook of the League of Nations : a comprehensive account of its structure, operation and activities (1935) online.
  • Northedge, F.S (1986). The League of Nations: Its Life and Times, 1920–1946. Holmes & Meier. ISBN 978-0-7185-1316-0.
  • Ostrower, Gary B. The League of Nations: From 1919 to 1929 (1996) online, brief survey
  • Pedersen, Susan. The Guardians: the League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire (2015) online; in-depth scholarly history of the mandate system.
  • Raffo, P (1974). The League of Nations. The Historical Association.
  • Scott, George (1973). The Rise and Fall of the League of Nations. Hutchinson & Co Ltd. ISBN 978-0-09-117040-0.
  • Steiner, Zara. The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919–1933 (Oxford University Press, 2005).
  • Steiner, Zara. The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939 (Oxford University Press, 2011).
  • Temperley, A.C. The Whispering Gallery Of Europe (1938), highly influential account of League esp disarmament conference of 1932–34. online
  • Walters, F. P. (1952). A History of the League of Nations. Oxford University Press. online free; the standard scholarly history


  • (2017) "Imperial polities, intercolonialism, and the shaping of global governing norms: Public health expert networks in Asia and the League of Nations Health Organization, 1908–37". Journal of Global History 12: 4–25. DOI:10.1017/s1740022816000310.
  • Azcarate, P. de. League of Nations and National Minorities (1945) online
  • Barros, James. Office Without Power: Secretary-General Sir Eric Drummond 1919–1933 (Oxford 1979).
  • Barros, James. The Corfu incident of 1923: Mussolini and the League of Nations (Princeton UP, 2015).
  • Borowy, Iris. Coming to terms with world health: the League of Nations Health Organisation 1921–1946 (Peter Lang, 2009).
  • Burkman, Thomas W. Japan and the League of Nations: Empire and world order, 1914–1938 (U of Hawaii Press, 2008).
  • Caravantes, Peggy (2004). Waging Peace: The story of Jane Addams (1st ed.). Morgan Reynolds. ISBN 978-1-931798-40-2.
  • Chaudron, Gerald. New Zealand in the League of Nations: The Beginnings of an Independent Foreign Policy, 1919–1939 (2014):
  • Clavin, Patricia. Securing the world economy: the reinvention of the League of Nations, 1920–1946 (Oxford UP, 2013).
  • Cooper, John Milton. Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations (2001) 454pp]; a major scholarly study
  • (2013) ""International terrorism" in the League of Nations and the contemporary terrorism dispositif". Critical Studies on Terrorism 6 (2): 225–240. DOI:10.1080/17539153.2013.764103.
  • (2015) "How International was the Secretariat of the League of Nations?". The International History Review 37 (4): 721–744. DOI:10.1080/07075332.2014.966134.
  • Egerton, George W (1978). Great Britain and the Creation of the League of Nations: Strategy, Politics, and International Organization, 1914–1919. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-807-81320-1.
  • Ekbladh, David. Plowshares into Swords: Weaponized Knowledge, Liberal Order, and the League of Nations (U of Chicago Press, 2022) online book review
  • (2011) "Why did the League of Nations fail?". Cliometrica 5: 27–52. DOI:10.1007/s11698-010-0049-9.
  • Gill, George (1996). The League of Nations from 1929 to 1946. Avery Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-89529-637-5.
  • (2019) "Making Sense of the League of Nations Secretariat – Historiographical and Conceptual Reflections on Early International Public Administration". European History Quarterly 49 (3): 420–444. DOI:10.1177/0265691419854634.
  • Grandjean, Martin (2018). Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres [The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period] (phdthesis) (in French). Université de Lausanne.
  • Tɛmplet:Cite Q
  • (2005) "On the Origins of 'Parliamentary Diplomacy'". Cooperation and Conflict 40 (3): 263–279. DOI:10.1177/0010836705055066.
  • Housden, Martyn. The League of Nations and the Organization of Peace (Routledge, 2014).
  • Jenne, Erin K. Nested Security: Lessons in Conflict Management from the League of Nations and the European Union (Cornell UP, 2015).
  • Johnson, Gaynor (2013). Lord Robert Cecil: Politician and Internationalist. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-6944-9.
  • Kaiga, Sakiko. Britain and the Intellectual Origins of the League of Nations, 1914–1919 (Cambridge University Press, 2021).
  • (2019) "Pioneers in International Administration: A Prosopography of the Directors of the League of Nations Secretariat". New Global Studies 13 (2): 190–227. DOI:10.1515/ngs-2018-0039.
  • Knock, Thomas J (1995). To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00150-0.
  • Kuehl, Warren F; Dunn, Lynne K (1997). Keeping the Covenant: American Internationalists and the League of Nations, 1920–1939.
  • La Porte, Pablo. "Dissenting Voices: The Secretariat of the League of Nations and the Drafting of Mandates, 1919–1923." Diplomacy & Statecraft 32.3 (2021): 440–463.
  • League of Nations (1935). Essential Facts about the League of Nations. Geneva.
  • Lloyd, Lorna. "'On the side of justice and peace': Canada on the League of Nations Council 1927–1930." Diplomacy & Statecraft 24#2 (2013): 171–191.
  • Ludi, Regula. "Setting New Standards: International Feminism and the League of Nations' Inquiry into the Status of Women." Journal of Women's History 31.1 (2019): 12–36 online. Archived 24 Silimin gɔli November 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  • McCarthy, Helen. The British People and the League of Nations: Democracy, citizenship and internationalism, c. 1918–45 (Oxford UP, 2011). online review
  • Macfadyen, David, et al. eds. Eric Drummond and his Legacies: The League of Nations and the Beginnings of Global Governance (2019)
  • McPherson, Alan, and Yannick Wehrli, eds. Beyond geopolitics: New histories of Latin America at the League of Nations (UNM Press, 2015).
  • Marbeau, Michel (2001). La Société des Nations (in French). Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN 978-2-13-051635-4.
  • Mulder, Nicholas. The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War (2022) excerpt also see online review
  • Mumby, Jane. Dismantling the League of Nations: The Quiet Death of an International Organization, 1945-8 (Bloomsbury Academic, 2024) online review of this book
  • Olivier, Sydney (1918). The League of Nations and primitive peoples  (1 ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Ostrower, Gary (1995). The League of Nations from 1919 to 1929 (Partners for Peace. Avery Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-89529-636-8.
  • Shine, Cormac (2018). "Papal Diplomacy by Proxy? Catholic Internationalism at the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation". The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 69 (4): 785–805. DOI:10.1017/S0022046917002731.
  • Swart, William J. "The League of Nations and the Irish Question." Sociological Quarterly 36.3 (1995): 465–481.
  • Thorne, Christopher G. The limits of foreign policy; the West, the League, and the Far Eastern crisis of 1931–1933 (1972) online
  • Tollardo, Elisabetta. Fascist Italy and the League of Nations, 1922–1935 (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016).
  • Tournès, Ludovic. "American membership of the League of Nations: US philanthropy and the transformation of an intergovernmental organisation into a think tank." International Politics 55.6 (2018): 852–869.
  • (2019) "Communicable Disease: Information, Health, and Globalization in the Interwar Period". The American Historical Review 124 (3): 813–842. DOI:10.1093/ahr/rhz577.
  • Wemlinger, Cherri. "Collective Security and the Italo‐Ethiopian Dispute Before the League of Nations." Peace & Change 40.2 (2015): 139–166.
  • Wertheim, Stephen. "The League of Nations: a retreat from international law?" Journal of Global History 7.2 (2012): 210–232. online Archived 14 Silimin gɔli December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  • Wertheim, Stephen. "The League That Wasn't: American Designs for a Legalist‐Sanctionist League of Nations and the Intellectual Origins of International Organization, 1914–1920." Diplomatic History 35.5 (2011): 797–836. online Archived 16 Silimin gɔli December 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  • Winkler, Henry R. Paths Not Taken: British Labour & International Policy in the 1920s (1994) online
  • Yearwood, Peter J. Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914–1925 (Oxford UP, 2009).
    • Yearwood, Peter. "'On the Safe and Right Lines': The Lloyd George Government and the Origins of the League of Nations, 1916–1918." Historical Journal 32.1 (1989): 131–155.
    • Yearwood, Peter J. "'Consistently with Honour'; Great Britain, the League of Nations and the Corfu Crisis of 1923." Journal of Contemporary History 21.4 (1986): 559–579.
    • Yearwood, Peter J. "'Real securities against new wars': Official British thinking and the origins of the League of Nations, 1914–19." Diplomacy and Statecraft 9.3 (1998): 83–109.
  • Yearwood, Peter. ""A Genuine and Energetic League of Nations Policy": Lord Curzon and the New Diplomacy, 1918–1925." Diplomacy & Statecraft 21.2 (2010): 159–174.
  • Zimmern, Alfred. The League of Nations and the Rule of Law 1918-1935 (1939) online


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