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Ketamine

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Tɛmplet:Infobox drug/title
(S)-Ketamine ball-and-stick model
Names
Trade namesKetalar, others
Other namesCI-581; CL-369; CM-52372-2[1]
Clinical data
Drug classNMDA receptor antagonists; General anesthetics; Dissociative hallucinogens; Analgesics; Antidepressants
WHO AWaReScript error: No such module "WDfetch".
Addiction riskLow–moderate[2]
                                                      
Pregnancy
category		Tɛmplet:Infobox drug/pregnancy category
Routes of
use		Any[3][4][5][6]
Onset of action
  • Intravenous: seconds[7]
  • Intramuscular: 1–5 min[7][8]
  • Subcutaneous: 15–30 min[8]
  • Insufflation: 5–10 min[7]
  • By mouth: 15–30 min[7][8]
Duration of action
  • Intramuscular: 0.5–2 hours[8]
  • Insufflation: 45–60 min[7]
  • By mouth: 1–6+ hours[7][8]
Defined daily doseNot established[9]
Urine detection2 weeks[10]
External links
AHFS/Drugs.comTɛmplet:Drugs.com
Legal
[[Regulation of therapeutic goods |Tɛmplet:Engvar data]]Tɛmplet:Infobox drug/licence
Legal statusTɛmplet:Infobox drug/legal status
Pharmacokinetics
Bioavailability
Protein binding12–47% (low)[12][7][18]
MetabolismLiver (N-demethylation):[5][19]
Metabolites
Elimination half-life
  • Ketamine: 2.5–3 hours[7][5]
  • Norketamine: 12 hours[8]
Excretion
Identifiers
PubChem CID
PubChem SID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
NIAID ChemDB
PDB ligand
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaTɛmplet:Infobox drug/chemical formula
Molar massTɛmplet:Chem molar mass
3D model (JSmol)
ChiralityRacemic mixture:[7]
Melting point258 to 261 °C (496 to 502 °F)

Tɛmplet:Infobox drug/maintenance categories

Ketamine nyɛla tila' shɛli din vuuri biɛm ka cjhɛri daadam ningbuŋ ni ka be mali li n piini anesthesia [21] Tlaa ŋɔ chemi ka niri be lahi bie o maŋ ni, amaa ka yihiri biɛrim, bee n ni tooi tahi gom na hali gba ka ni tooi tahi tamsim na.[22]

References

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  1. ↑ Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1. Archived from the original on 11 April 2017.
  2. ↑ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 374–375. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4. Phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust) and ketamine (also known as special K) are structurally related drugs... their reinforcing properties and risks related to compulsive abuse
  3. ↑ (June 2017) "Ketamine as an adjuvant to opioids for cancer pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6: CD003351. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD003351.pub3. PMID 28657160.
  4. ↑ (March 2017) "Perioperative Ketamine Administration for Thoracotomy Pain". Pain Physician 20 (3): 173–184. PMID 28339431.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mathew, Sanjay J.; Zarate Jr, Carlos A. (25 November 2016). Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression: The First Decade of Progress. Springer. pp. 8–10, 14–22. ISBN 978-3-319-42925-0. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  6. ↑ Brayfield, A:Ketamine Hydrochloride: Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Pharmaceutical Press (9 January 2017).
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sinner B, Graf BM (2008). "Ketamine". In Schüttler J, Schwilden H (eds.). Modern Anesthetics. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 182. pp. 313–33. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74806-9_15. ISBN 978-3-540-72813-9. PMID 18175098.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 (March 2011) "Ketamine*". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 41 (3): 640–9. DOI:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.01.001. PMID 21419322.
  9. ↑ WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index.
  10. ↑ Interpreting Urine Drug Tests (UDT).
  11. ↑ Jianren Mao (19 April 2016). Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia. CRC Press. pp. 127–. ISBN 978-1-4200-8900-4. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  12. 1 2 3 Pascal Kintz (22 March 2014). Toxicological Aspects of Drug-Facilitated Crimes. Elsevier Science. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-0-12-416969-2. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  13. ↑ (May 2018) "Antidepressant Efficacy and Tolerability of Ketamine and Esketamine: A Critical Review". CNS Drugs 32 (5): 411–420. DOI:10.1007/s40263-018-0519-3. PMID 29736744.
  14. ↑ (October 2019) "Rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine, its metabolites and other candidates: A historical overview and future perspective". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 73 (10): 613–627. DOI:10.1111/pcn.12902. PMID 31215725.
  15. ↑ Schatzberg, Alan F.; Nemeroff, Charles B. (2017). The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology, Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Pub. pp. 550–. ISBN 978-1-58562-523-9. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  16. 1 2 (January 2019) "An update on ketamine and its two enantiomers as rapid-acting antidepressants". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 19 (1): 83–92. DOI:10.1080/14737175.2019.1554434. PMID 30513009.
  17. ↑ Dickman, Andrew; Schneider, Jennifer (22 September 2016). The Syringe Driver: Continuous Subcutaneous Infusions in Palliative Care. Oxford University Press. pp. 114–. ISBN 978-0-19-873372-0. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  18. ↑ Dowd, Frank J.; Johnson, Bart; Mariotti, Angelo (3 September 2016). Pharmacology and Therapeutics for Dentistry – E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 235–. ISBN 978-0-323-44595-5. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  19. ↑ (July 2002) "Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes". Drug Metabolism and Disposition 30 (7): 853–8. DOI:10.1124/dmd.30.7.853. PMID 12065445.
  20. ↑ Barry Levine (2003). Principles of Forensic Toxicology. American Association for Clinical Chemistry. pp. 282–. ISBN 978-1-890883-87-4. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  21. ↑ Ketamine Injection.
  22. ↑ (May 2011) "Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation: 2011 update". Annals of Emergency Medicine 57 (5): 449–61. DOI:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.11.030. PMID 21256625.
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