Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Injera

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Injera
Yaɣ sheliflatbread, sourdough bread Mali niŋ
Zuliya wuhibuእንጀራ Mali niŋ
TiŋaEthiopia Mali niŋ
Tingbani shɛli din yinaEthiopia Mali niŋ
Binyɛra ka bɛ zaŋ namliEragrostis tef, kom Mali niŋ
 

Injera, bɛ ni labi mi shɛli taita la[1] nyɛla paanu laasabu din miha ka nyɛ zaɣ' pari ka dii bɛ bala kali puuni ka bɛ mali zim n niŋdi li. Ethiopia mini Eritrea tingbanni[2], injera kuli benimi. Injera kuli zala bindira duɣibu sunsuuni Amhara zileli ni, kamani paanu bee shinkaafa luɣ' shɛli.[3]

Di yuli maa

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Lala bachi maa injera yila bachi ŋɔ nina Amharic[4]. Bɛ tooi lahi boonili enjera, ingera, bee aenjera.[5]

Di duɣibu niɛma

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Injera nyɛla bɛ ni mali teff ni niŋdi shɛli[6], di nyɛla bindiri shɛli din yina Ethiopia[7] ka nyɛ bini dirili gba Ethiopia and Eritrea[8]. Bini nɛim ka jɛhi Teff maa din yɛn chɛ ka di bala. Bini ŋɔri ni kom, bi tooi mali nuhi n ŋɔririli. Bi niŋdi kom maa n saɣasira.[9] Bini ŋɔri binyoma maa n niŋ ŋmani shɛli bini boli bohaka ka din nyɛ din yiligi bɛla.[4]

Teff n nyɛ din tu ni bi mali binbiri shɛli n niŋdi injera ka di nyɛ di (biɛhigu maa zuɣu mini di nyom maa zuɣu) n ti pahi din ni tooi zani n yuugi maa zuɣu.[10] Teff ʒi ŋɔ nyɛla bini niɛmdi shɛli n doli di nahigbaŋ, ka bi mali li n niŋdi Injera balibu, nech ( zaɣa pɛili), quey ( zaɣa ʒiɛ), mini sergegna ( bini gabi shɛli).[11] Teff n nyɛ bini mali shɛli n niŋdi injera.

Injera nyɛla a ni tooi zaŋ ʒi balibu kamani barley, za, chi, alikama,[12] kariwana mini shinkaafa, ani tooi zaŋli n gabi teff ni bee ka a bi zaŋli n gabi.[13] Bini niɛm li zim. Bini zahim ʒi maa ka di nyɛla bini yan niŋli shɛli maa bee daŋ shɛli bini yan niŋli maa bee a laɣari tariga.[14]  Di ti kana yaɣa shɛŋa zoya ni kani bi mali za n niŋdi injera, di mi yi kana zoya ni bɛ shɛli bi mali barley n niŋdi injera.[15] Di yi kana injera shɛli bini kɔhira bi mali shinkaafa zim n niŋdili ka di nyɛ dini ka laɣari n paati teff maa.[16] Ethiopia nim nyɛla ban niŋdi injera ni shinkaafa zim bee ka bi gabi shinkaafa zim mini alikama zim.

Teff ni nyɛ din mali laɣari maa, bini zaŋ teff ko n mali injera shɛli maa wuhiri ariziki.[17] Teff piɛla maa nyɛla din mali laɣari n gari teff ʒiɛhi maa. Bi yi yan gabi ʒi shɛli n pahi Teff ʒi maa zuɣu bi paɣi shinkaafa n gari ʒi nim maa zaa domishi din chɛmi ka di nahigbaŋ maa na kuli pɛila. Ban mi di ka laɣiri nyɛla ban mali za bee kariwana n pahira.[18] Bi niali ʒi shɛŋa n gabiriaa daliri bi yi shɛli ka di nyɛla teff daa ni nyɛ shɛm. Ban niŋdi injera maa mali zim balibu n pahira ka di nyɛla teff daa ni nyɛ shɛm bee bin dariba maa ni borili shɛm. Zim niŋ pahi ŋɔ daa nyɛla din yaligi yuuni 1991 hali ni yuuni 2001,ka di nyɛ lahabali sabiriba yɛltɔɣa puuni.[19]

Binyoma kamani coriander bee fenugreek nyɛla bi ni niŋdi shɛli n pahira saha shɛŋa ka di nyɛ di ni yan tili vum shɛli maa zuɣu.[20] Bi lahi niŋdi legumes kamani  chickpeas, tuya mini lentils  n pahira din yɛn kpaŋsi di daa alaafee binbori shɛli bini boli protein maa.[21]

Di miibu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Bi ni niŋ ersho n pahi ziŋ-ŋɔritili maa zuɣu ka di chɛ ka di miigi, di nyɛla kom kom ka di nahigbaŋ Lee nyɛ zaɣa dozim din yirina teff ziŋ-ŋɔrɛtili shɛli din miigi ni  ka bi nyɛrili din pun miigi zuɣu.[22] Di nyɛla din mali kom ka du kalinli yiŋsi 96% n ri pahi alaafee binbora ni microbes din yɛn chɛ ka di miigi. Bi mi niŋdi ersho shɛli n niŋdiaa kalinli tu ni di nyɛ 16% a yi zaŋli m maɣasi zim maa. Hali a yi bi niŋ ersho n niŋ di nyɛla din yɛn miigi ka di nyɛ a ni ŋɔri  kom maa mini zim maa n gabi taba. Bi tooi mali yeast n niŋdi a yi yɛn kɔhi, di nyɛla din niŋdi yom amaa ka di nyom maa mini di biɛhigu maa bɛ di ko.

Bini chɛ daliga maa n zali kamani awa pishi ni anahi chani awa pisopoiɔn ni ayi ka di miigi

Di yi miigi a yɛn nyɛmi ka di Miha. Injera balibu nyɛla din yiri di miibu ni na ni saha shɛli dini miigi maa ni na.

Daligi maa mmibu maa yi di saha n saɣasi a yɛn nyɛmi ka di bala ka bi timsa.[23] Lala din ŋɔ n nyɛ din yoli.

Daligi maa miibu maa yi di saha din bi paagi awa pia ni ayi hali ni awa pishi ni anahi di ni chɛ ka injera maa nyaɣasa  ka nyɛ din moosim di shim di gbeni. Di yi kana Amharic mini Oromo bi mili Aflegna bee Tigrinya ni bi mili bekuo.

Di yi niŋ ka daligi maa miigi n yaɣa, di injera maa nyɛla din miha, ka di nyɛla lactic acid bin'nɛima maa n zoogi din ni n yaɣi ka bi yɛli ni ŋɔ maa dii ka alaafee pam.[24] Amharic mini Tigrinya ni booni li komtata injera ka Oromo nim mi booni li qomxoxaa caabitaa. Saha shɛŋa bini niŋ zim mini kom n pahi diyi miigi n naagi.

Bi ni zaŋ absit n niŋ injera shɛli nyɛla din bala ka bi timsa ka nyɛ din ka nina.[25]

Di duɣibu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Di yi miigi n naagi bini niŋ kom n pahi daligavmaa zuɣu ka di niŋ gati.[26] A yi yɛn duɣi injera maa ani kpaagi daliga maa n pa paratɛ shɛli din galisi, ka polisi ka nyɛ zaɣa kpeli zuɣu ka bi bolinlidili mitad. Bini zaŋ mitad ŋɔ n niŋ buɣim din tulim kalinli yiŋsi 90 -90°C ( 99 - 95°C(194 - 203°F)); tulim maa ni ka yaa a nyɛ ka di tabili paratɛ maa.[27] Bi nyɛla ban girisili saha kam ni canola kpam bee nimkpam. Bi ni niŋ daliga maa kamani 2/3  n pa pararɛ maa zuɣu, bi ni piligi di nagbaŋ bɛini n kpe puuni. Bini pilli binliŋa.[28] Bi duɣirili miniti ayi chani minti anahi, ka duɣibu ŋɔ nyɛ din doli di gberisim,  buɣim maa n ti pahi gulisigu maa zuɣu. Bi pilindi li binliŋ din yɛn chɛ ka gulisigu kpeli. Tuli maa yi galisi a ni nyɛ ka di starch maa gelanitization din yɛn chɛ ka nyɛ di fariti, dini fariti ka binkpeli shɛli yirina ma nyɛla bini boli shili nina.[29] Bi yi duɣiri injera bi bi lɛbigiri, din zuɣu di gbeni maa nyɛla din polisi is di zuɣu saa maa mi kpelim.

Yaɣari ka bi mali n malindi mitad. Bi bi mali kurugu n malindili domishi din bi biiri n saɣasiri maa zuɣu.[30] Mitad bali shɛli n nyɛ electric, ka bi zaŋ aluminum lid n zaŋ li gbaagi yaɣari din maa.

Makshin shɛli bini mali n malindi binidira jamani injera pam pam maa , nyɛla bini kpaari daligaaa n niŋdi makshin shɛli din taɣara ni, ka zaŋ injera din duɣi maa pari conveyor belt zuɣu din yɛn chɛ ka fi maagi.

Injera nyɛla din bara ka bi timsa, ka di diameter nyɛ 50 - 60cm(60centimeter (24 in)) ka di timsi yiŋsi 6 - 7 mm.[31]

di balibu ni di mini paanu ŋmahinli

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Injera nyɛla bini zaŋ di shɛli n pahiri pancake puuni ka di nyɛ bini zaŋ daliga n niŋli maa zuɣu,[32] bee bi lahi booni li pancake-like paanu pati.[33] Bi lahi zaŋdili n pahiri pancake shɛŋa din mihi ni, kamani crumpet din bɛ silimi binidira ni din gba mali zaɣa kpela di zuɣu saa.

Lohah nyɛla di ŋmani injera,[34] amaa di nyɛla din kpema ka za n nyɛ din bin bori kpeeni di yi kana di niŋbu ni. Paanu shɛli bini boli kisra maa nyɛla din ŋmani li, amaa injera nyɛla din timsa n garili ka bi bi pilindili binliŋ di duɣibu shɛi. Kisra mini injera nyɛla din ŋmani taba, amaa Hamid A. Dihar ŋun nyɛ binidirigu baŋsim lana bi sahi n tili.[35] Kamani injera, Lohah mini Kisra niŋdi puffy ka di nyɛla di miisim la zuɣu. Ethiopia nim paanu pati shɛli bini boli kitcha lanyɛla bini zaŋ teff n niŋshɛli maa nyɛla din bi miira ka lahi nyɛ din timsa n gari injera. Oromo nim gba paanu shɛli bini boli cumboola gba nyɛla bini zaŋ dali shɛli n malindi aflegna injera n mali shɛli.

Serving

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

A yi bori ni a zali injera bi mali laa muɣuliga shɛli ka bi bolindili mesob din ni ka bi zaŋ di lo n niŋda, bini zaŋ loba n pilili. Amaa aflegna injera nyɛla din bi yuri n paagi mesob. Injera kuma bee dirkosh nyɛla bini tooi zali shɛli luɣu shɛli din kuugi hali ni yuuni ka bi lahi duɣili.[36] Fit-fit nyɛla injera kuma mini kamantoosi ʒiɛri.[37]

Injera nyɛla bini tooi diri shɛli ni wat, din n nyɛ bini zaŋ nimdi mini vari vari n duɣi ʒiɛ shɛli. Kamani doro wat, bini zaŋ noo nimdi n duɣi shɛli ni shiro bini zaŋ pulses n duɣi shɛli ka nimdi kani. Bini tooi diri injera mini bindiri shɛŋa n nyɛ nimdi bee varivl vari shɛli bini duɣi.[37] Nu yini ka bi mali n diri li ( din n nyɛ nu dirigu),[38] a ni ŋmaagi injera maa bɛla ka zaŋli n suhi ʒiɛri maani n ti pahi vari vari maa ni ka zaŋ di. Injera maa nina maa tooi suŋdili ka di tori ʒiɛri maa bi yi zaŋ li luhi paanu maa ni.[37]

Nutrition and properties

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Injera ka alaafee binshɛɣu din zoori nira dinni dama di binyɛra yirila binkumda ni na.

Kundivihira

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  1. ↑ Lyons, Diane (2003). "Griddles, Ovens, and Agricultural Origins: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Bread Baking in Highland Ethiopia" (in en). American Anthropologist 105 (3): 515–530. DOI:10.1525/aa.2003.105.3.515. ISSN 1548-1433.
  2. ↑ Cauvain, Stanley P.; Young, Linda S. (2009). The ICC Handbook of Cereals, Flour, Dough & Product Testing: Methods and Applications (in English). DEStech Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-1-932078-99-2.
  3. ↑ "Globe Pequot Publishing Group", Wikipedia (in English), 2026-06-20, retrieved 2026-07-07
  4. 1 2 Stewart, Robert B. (1962-04). "Investigations of the nature of Injera". Economic Botany 16 (2): 127–130. DOI:10.1007/bf02985300. ISSN 0013-0001.
  5. ↑ Small, Ernest (2015-01-02). "47. Teff & Fonio – Africa’s sustainable cereals". Biodiversity 16 (1): 27–41. DOI:10.1080/14888386.2014.997290. ISSN 1488-8386.
  6. ↑ Neela, Satheesh (2020-09-14). "Injera (An Ethnic, Traditional Staple Food of Ethiopia): A review on Traditional Practice to Scientific Developments" (in en). Journal of Ethnic Foods 7 (1): 32. DOI:10.1186/s42779-020-00069-x. ISSN 2352-6181.
  7. ↑ Bart, Minten; Seyoum, Taffesse, Alemayehu; Petra, Brown (2018-07-19). The economics of teff: Exploring Ethiopia’s biggest cash crop (in English). Intl Food Policy Res Inst. ISBN 978-0-89629-283-3.
  8. ↑ Neela, Satheesh (2020-09-14). "Injera (An Ethnic, Traditional Staple Food of Ethiopia): A review on Traditional Practice to Scientific Developments" (in en). Journal of Ethnic Foods 7 (1): 32. DOI:10.1186/s42779-020-00069-x. ISSN 2352-6181.
  9. ↑ Neela, Satheesh (2020-09-14). "Injera (An Ethnic, Traditional Staple Food of Ethiopia): A review on Traditional Practice to Scientific Developments" (in en). Journal of Ethnic Foods 7 (1): 32. DOI:10.1186/s42779-020-00069-x. ISSN 2352-6181.
  10. ↑ The economics of teff : exploring Ethiopia's biggest cash crop | WorldCat.org (en).
  11. ↑ The economics of teff : exploring Ethiopia's biggest cash crop | WorldCat.org (en).
  12. ↑ Weil, Josh (2007-08-01). "To Ethiopians in America, Bread Is a Taste of Home" (en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/01/dining/01inje.html.
  13. ↑ Neela, Satheesh (2020-09-14). "Injera (An Ethnic, Traditional Staple Food of Ethiopia): A review on Traditional Practice to Scientific Developments" (in en). Journal of Ethnic Foods 7 (1): 32. DOI:10.1186/s42779-020-00069-x. ISSN 2352-6181.
  14. ↑ Neela, Satheesh (2020-09-14). "Injera (An Ethnic, Traditional Staple Food of Ethiopia): A review on Traditional Practice to Scientific Developments" (in en). Journal of Ethnic Foods 7 (1): 32. DOI:10.1186/s42779-020-00069-x. ISSN 2352-6181.
  15. ↑ Lyons, Diane (2003). "Griddles, Ovens, and Agricultural Origins: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Bread Baking in Highland Ethiopia" (in en). American Anthropologist 105 (3): 515–530. DOI:10.1525/aa.2003.105.3.515. ISSN 1548-1433.
  16. ↑ "Flatbreads and pancakes", ICC Handbook of 21st Century Cereal Science and Technology (in English), Academic Press, pp. 291–302, 2023-01-01, retrieved 2026-07-27
  17. ↑ Weil, Josh (2007-08-01). "To Ethiopians in America, Bread Is a Taste of Home" (en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/01/dining/01inje.html.
  18. ↑ The economics of teff : exploring Ethiopia's biggest cash crop | WorldCat.org (en).
  19. ↑ The economics of teff : exploring Ethiopia's biggest cash crop | WorldCat.org (en).
  20. ↑ Amsalu, Nigussie (2025-10-27). "Ethnobotanical review of Ethiopian spices and condiments: traditional uses, cultural significance, and applications" (in en). Journal of Ethnic Foods 12 (1): 35. DOI:10.1186/s42779-025-00296-0. ISSN 2352-619X.
  21. ↑ Small, Ernest (2015-01-02). "47. Teff & Fonio – Africa’s sustainable cereals". Biodiversity 16 (1): 27–41. DOI:10.1080/14888386.2014.997290. ISSN 1488-8386.
  22. ↑ The economics of teff : exploring Ethiopia's biggest cash crop | WorldCat.org (en).
  23. ↑ Beuchat, Larry R. (2001-05-10), Rehm, H.‐J.; Reed, G. (eds.), "Indigenous Fermented Foods", Biotechnology Set (in English) (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 505–559, doi:10.1002/9783527620999.ch13j, ISBN 978-3-527-25762-1, retrieved 2026-07-27
  24. ↑ Beuchat, Larry R. (2001), "Indigenous Fermented Foods", Biotechnology Set (in English), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 505–559, doi:10.1002/9783527620999.ch13j, ISBN 978-3-527-62099-9, retrieved 2026-07-27
  25. ↑ Neela, Satheesh (2020-09-14). "Injera (An Ethnic, Traditional Staple Food of Ethiopia): A review on Traditional Practice to Scientific Developments" (in en). Journal of Ethnic Foods 7 (1): 32. DOI:10.1186/s42779-020-00069-x. ISSN 2352-6181.
  26. ↑ The economics of teff : exploring Ethiopia's biggest cash crop | WorldCat.org (en).
  27. ↑ Lyons, Diane (2003-09). "Griddles, Ovens, and Agricultural Origins: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Bread Baking in Highland Ethiopia" (in en). American Anthropologist 105 (3): 515–530. DOI:10.1525/aa.2003.105.3.515. ISSN 0002-7294.
  28. ↑ Neela, Satheesh (2020-09-14). "Injera (An Ethnic, Traditional Staple Food of Ethiopia): A review on Traditional Practice to Scientific Developments" (in en). Journal of Ethnic Foods 7 (1): 32. DOI:10.1186/s42779-020-00069-x. ISSN 2352-6181.
  29. ↑ Lyons, Diane (2003). "Griddles, Ovens, and Agricultural Origins: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Bread Baking in Highland Ethiopia" (in en). American Anthropologist 105 (3): 515–530. DOI:10.1525/aa.2003.105.3.515. ISSN 1548-1433.
  30. ↑ Lyons, Diane (2003). "Griddles, Ovens, and Agricultural Origins: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Bread Baking in Highland Ethiopia" (in en). American Anthropologist 105 (3): 515–530. DOI:10.1525/aa.2003.105.3.515. ISSN 1548-1433.
  31. ↑ Neela, Satheesh (2020-09-14). "Injera (An Ethnic, Traditional Staple Food of Ethiopia): A review on Traditional Practice to Scientific Developments" (in en). Journal of Ethnic Foods 7 (1): 32. DOI:10.1186/s42779-020-00069-x. ISSN 2352-6181.
  32. ↑ Taylor, John R. N. (2023-01-01), Shewry, Peter R.; Koksel, Hamit; Taylor, John R. N. (eds.), "Chapter 30 - Flatbreads and pancakes", ICC Handbook of 21st Century Cereal Science and Technology, Academic Press, pp. 291–302, ISBN 978-0-323-95295-8, retrieved 2026-07-28
  33. ↑ Wrigley, Colin W.; Corke, Harold; Seetharaman, Koushik; Faubion, Jonathan, eds. (2016). The world of food grains. Encyclopedia of food grains / editors: Colin Wrigley (University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia), Harold Corke (University of Hong Kong, People's Republic of China), Koushik Seetharaman and Jon Faubion (Kansas State University, Manhattan KS, USA) (Second edition ed.). Amsterdam Boston Heidelberg: Elsevier, Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-803537-5. |edition= has extra text (help)
  34. ↑ Lyons, Diane (2003). "Griddles, Ovens, and Agricultural Origins: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Bread Baking in Highland Ethiopia" (in en). American Anthropologist 105 (3): 515–530. DOI:10.1525/aa.2003.105.3.515. ISSN 1548-1433.
  35. ↑ Lyons, Diane (2003-09). "Griddles, Ovens, and Agricultural Origins: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Bread Baking in Highland Ethiopia" (in en). American Anthropologist 105 (3): 515–530. DOI:10.1525/aa.2003.105.3.515. ISSN 0002-7294.
  36. ↑ Kebede, Worku; Gebremeskel, Kidu; Fikre, Tsion; Ashe, Girma; Tadesse, Mahilet; Fentahun, Atinkut; Ramirez-Gonzales, Lorena; Meseret, Almaz; Assefa, Kebebew (2025), Ceasar, Stanislaus Antony; Penna, Suprasanna; Carvalho, Carlos W. Piler; Jain, Shri Mohan (eds.), "Tef", Millets: Crops for Climate Resilience and for Food and Nutritional Security (in English), Singapore: Springer Nature, pp. 271–302, doi:10.1007/978-981-95-1256-0_10, ISBN 978-981-95-1256-0, retrieved 2026-07-28
  37. 1 2 3 Neela, Satheesh (2020-09-14). "Injera (An Ethnic, Traditional Staple Food of Ethiopia): A review on Traditional Practice to Scientific Developments" (in en). Journal of Ethnic Foods 7 (1): 32. DOI:10.1186/s42779-020-00069-x. ISSN 2352-6181.
  38. ↑ Star, Aparita Bhandari Special to the (2017-03-15). "How to Eat: Ethiopian cuisine is hands-on" (en-CA). The Toronto Star. ISSN 0319-0781. https://www.thestar.com/life/food-and-drink/how-to-eat-ethiopian-cuisine-is-hands-on/article_1ca521b2-4c85-5334-8519-0f4add556af9.html.
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