History of slavery in the Muslim world
| Facet of | History of slavery, history of the Muslim world  |
|---|
Slavery in the Muslim world nyɛla din daa be Musilinsi ni ka daba tumdi tuma ka lahi niŋdi daabiligu. Bɛ daa mirisila daba ka bɛ yɔɣiri bimbila kom, ka gbiri aʒianima, ka lahi guli binkɔbiri, amaa ka daa zooi linjima tuma ni, ka lahi mali ba tumdi yiŋ'si tuma,[1]ni pu' tuma.[2] Di nyɛla tuun kpɛma ka Musulinima daa kuli mali ba n-tumda.[1] Din daa yi polo pam n-nyɛ Zanj Rebellion yuuni 869–883. Na'nima pam daa lahi nyɛla ban mali daba tumdi tuma, kamani Mamluks ni daa niŋ shɛm.[1]
Daba pam nyɛla bɛ ni daa gbahi shɛba Musulinsi ni ka luɣ'shɛŋa.[3] Dab'tali ka zaasheei Musulinsi Adiini ni, di mini di daa kuli pa din niŋdi sahakam maa zaa yoli.[4] Arab daa nyɛla din mali yaa pam West Asia, North Africa (Trans-Saharan slave trade), n-ti Southeast Africa (Red Sea slave trade ni Indian Ocean slave trade), ka buɣisibu leei buɣisi Africans daba n daa galisi 20th century ka paai kamani miliyɔŋ dibaa ayɔbu zaŋ chaŋ miliyɔŋ pia.[5][6][7][8][9]
Kamani 20th century, Musulinsi kpamba daa kuli tuhirimi kariti dab'tali bela bela, ka di yaa daa be Western tiŋgbana ni kamani Britain mini France.[10] Slavery in Zanzibar nyɛla bɛ ni daa kari shɛli yuuni 1909, di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ bahi daba, ka Morocco daa din kɔhiri daba yuuni 1922. Slavery in the Ottoman Empire gba nyɛla bɛ ni daa kari shɛli yuuni 1924.[11] Slavery in Iran mini slavery in Jordan gbaa daa cheya yuuni 1929. Persian Gulf, slavery in Bahrain gba tuuli chabu daa yɛn niŋla yuuni 1937, ka slavery in Kuwait gba daa che ya yuuni 1949 ka slavery in Qatar gba che yuuni 1952, ka Saudi Arabia mini Yemen gba dini daa zani tariga yuuni 1962,[12] ka Oman gba daa doli yuuni 1970. Mauritania daa nyɛ di che daba dabu bahigu 1981. Yuuni 1990 Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam daa yɛliya ni so ka soli ni o gbaai ninsala dabili.[13] Zaŋ kana yuuni 2001, amaa, daba dabu daa na kuli nyɛla din be the Sahel,[14][15] ni 21st-century daa lahi moya ni bɛ neei "slavery in the 21st century."
Baŋdiba kɔŋla di lahabaya bo n-gbaai yɛlimaŋli (di bahi bahindi East Africa mini Near East).[16][17][18][19] "Arab slave trade" mini "Islamic slave trade" n-nyɛ bɛ ni kuli mali shɛŋa buɣisirili.
Slavery in pre-Islamic Arabia
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Daba dabu daa nyɛla din be pre-Islamic Arabia,[20] ni daadaa ha. Musulinsi ni daba dabu pilila pre-Islamic Arabia nyaaŋa.[21][22][23][24] Ban daa bi galisi n daa nyɛ European mini Caucasus, ka di nyɛla dini tooi niŋ ka di nyɛla caravaners bee Bedouin n daa ʒili na.[10] Red Sea slave trade zaŋ chaŋ Africans ni zaŋ chaŋ Arabian Peninsula nyɛla bɛ ni buɣisi ka shɛli yuui.[25][10][26][27]
Primary sources
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]European texts (16th–19th centuries)
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- João de Castro, Roteiro de Lisboa a Goa (1538)
- James Bruce, (1730–1794), Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (1790)
- René Caillié, (1799–1838), Journal d'un voyage à Tombouctou
- Robert Adams, The Narrative of Robert Adams (1816)
- Mungo Park, (1771–1806), Travels in the Interior of Africa (1816)
- Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, (1784–1817), Travels in Nubia (1819)
- Heinrich Barth, (1821–1865), Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa (1857)
- Richard Francis Burton, (1821–1890), The Lake Regions of Central Africa (1860)
- David Livingstone, (1813–1873), Travel diaries (1866–1873)
- Henry Morton Stanley, (1841–1904), Through the Dark Continent (1878
Lihi pahi
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- That Most Precious Merchandise: The Mediterranean Trade in Black Sea Slaves, 1260-1500
- Islamic views on slavery
- History of slavery
- Slavery and religion
- Kafala system
- Slave-owning slaves
- Slavery in Europe (disambiguation)
- Slavery in Afghanistan
- Slavery in Algeria
- Slavery in Bahrain
- Slavery in Egypt
- Slavery in Iran
- Slavery in Iraq
- Slavery in Libya
- Slavery in Oman
- Slavery in Mali
- Slavery in Mauritania
- Slavery in Morocco
- Slavery in Niger
- Slavery in Saudi Arabia
- Slavery in Sudan
- Slavery in Tunisia
- Slavery in Qatar
- Slavery in the United Arab Emirates
- Slavery in Yemen
- Slavery in antiquity
- Slavery in medieval Europe
- Slavery in contemporary Africa
- Slaves freed by Abu Bakr
- Mukataba
Kundivihira
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Citations
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- 1 2 3 Segal, Islam's Black Slaves, 2001: p.4
- ↑ The Truth About Islam and Sex Slavery History Is More Complicated Than You Think (2015-08-19).
- ↑ Slavery in Islam Archived 2018-10-06 at the Wayback Machine. 7 September 2009. BBC.
- ↑ Bernard Lewis, Race and Color in Islam, Harper and Yuow, 1970, quote on page 38. The brackets are displayed by Lewis.
- ↑ Bacharach, Jere (2008-09-05). African Military Slaves in the Muslim Middle East • (en-US).
- ↑ [Total of Black slave trade in the Muslim world from Sahara, Red Sea and Indian Ocean routes through the 19th century comes to an estimated 10,500,000, "a figure not far short of the 11,863,000 estimated to have been loaded onto ships during the four centuries of the Atlantic slave trade." (Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformation in Slavery (CUP, 1983).
- ↑ Raymond Mauny estimates a total of 6 million Black slaves were traded in Islam through the 20th Century, including 300,000 for part of the 20th century. (p.57, source: "Les Siecles obscurs de l'Afrique Noire (Paris: Fayard, 1970)]
- ↑ HOCHSCHILD, ADAM (March 4, 2001). "Human Cargo". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/books/01/03/04/reviews/010304.04hochsct.html. "Early on in Islam's Black Slaves, his history of slavery in the Muslim world, Ronald Segal cites some estimates. One scholar puts the rough total at 6.5 million slaves during more than a dozen centuries, and another at 10 million."
- ↑ Beigbeder, Yves (2006). Judging War Crimes and Torture: French Justice and International Criminal Tribunals and Commissions (1940–2005). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 42. ISBN 978-90-04-15329-5.
Historian Roger Botte estimates that Arab slave trade of Africans until the 20th century has involved from 12 to 15 million persons, with the active participation of African leaders.
- 1 2 3 Brunschvig. 'Abd; Encyclopedia of Islam
- ↑ BBC – Religions – Islam: Slavery in Islam.
- ↑ Martin A. Klein (2002), Historical Dictionary of Slavery and Abolition, p. xxii, ISBN 0810841029
- ↑ University of Minnesota Human Rights Library.
- ↑ Segal, Islam's Black Slaves, 1568: p.206
- ↑ Segal, Islam's Black Slaves, 2001: p.222
- ↑ Miran, J. (2022). Red Sea Slave Trade. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History.
- ↑ Emmer, P. (2005). Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau, Les Traites Négrières: Essai d'Histoire Globale. Paris: Editions Gallimard, 2004. 468 pp. ISBN 2-07-073499-4. Itinerario, 29(2), 107–108.
- ↑ Gakunzi, David (2018). "The Arab-Muslim Slave Trade: Lifting the Taboo". Jewish Political Studies Review 29 (3/4): 40–42. ISSN 0792-335X.
- ↑ Hogg, P. (2014). The African Slave Trade and Its Suppression: A Classified and Annotated Bibliography of Books, Pamphlets and Periodical. Routledge.
- ↑ Gilli-Elewy, Hend (February 2017). "On the Provenance of Slaves in Mecca during the Time of the Prophet Muhammad" (in en). International Journal of Middle East Studies 49 (1): 164–168. DOI:10.1017/S0020743816001239. ISSN 0020-7438.
- ↑ Lewis 1994, Ch.1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010401012040/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html |date=2001-04-01 – "The Qur'an was promulgated in Mecca and Medina in the seventh century, and the background against which Qur'anic legislation must be seen is ancient Arabia. The Arabs practiced a form of slavery, similar to that which existed in other parts of the ancient world. Archived 2015-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Encyclopedia of the Qur'an, Slaves and Slavery
- ↑ Bilal b. Rabah, Encyclopedia of Islam
- ↑ The Cambridge History of Islam (1977), p.36
- ↑ The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. (2023). Tyskland: Springer International Publishing. 143
- ↑ Mendelsohn (1949) pp. 54–58
- ↑ John L Esposito (1998) p. 79
Sources
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2006). Islam and the Abolition of Slavery. Oxford University Press.
- Gordon, Murray (1987). Slavery in the Arab World. New York: New Amsterdam Press.
- Ingrams, W. H. (1967). Zanzibar. UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-1102-0.
- Jok, Madut Jok (2001). War and Slavery in Sudan. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1762-9.
- Levy, Reuben (1957). The Social Structure of Islam. UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Lewis, Bernard (1990). Race and Slavery in the Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-505326-5.
- Lovejoy, Paul E. (2000). Transformations in Slavery. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78430-6.
- Manning, Patrick (1990). Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-34867-6.
- Segal, Ronald (2001). Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 9780374527976.
Noosi
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Karim pahi
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]In print
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- Freamon, Bernard K.. Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures. Netherlands, Brill, 2019.
- Akande, Habeeb. Illuminating the Darkness: Blacks and North Africans in Islam (Ta Ha 2012)
- Al-Hibri, Azizah Y. (2003). "An Islamic Perspective on Domestic Violence". 27 Fordham International Law Journal 195.
- P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). "Abd". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
- Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila (2002). Islam: A Thousand Years of Faith and Power. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09422-0.
- Davis, Robert C. (2004). Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-4551-8.
- Esposito, John (1998). Islam: The Straight Path. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511233-7. - First Edition 1991; Expanded Edition : 1992.
- Javed Ahmed Ghamidi (2001). Mizan. Lahore: Al-Mawrid. OCLC 52901690.
- Hasan, Yusuf Fadl; Gray, Richard (2002). Religion and Conflict in Sudan. Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa. ISBN 978-9966-21-831-5.
- Hughes, Thomas Patrick; Patrick (1996). A Dictionary of Islam. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0672-2.
- Ed.: Holt, P. M; Lambton, Ann; Lewis, Bernard (1977). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29137-8.
- Martin, Vanessa (2005). The Qajar Pact. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-763-5.
- Nasr, Seyyed (2002). The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity. US: HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 978-0-06-009924-4.
- Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. The Red Sea Press. ISBN 978-0-932415-19-6.
- Schimmel, Annemarie (1992). Islam: An Introduction. US: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1327-2.
- Sikainga, Ahmad A. "Shari'a Courts and the Manumission of Female Slaves in the Sudan 1898–1939", The International Journal of African Historical Studies > Vol. 28, No. 1 (1995), pp. 1–24
- Sikainga, Ahmad A. (1996). Slaves Into Workers: Emancipation and Labor in Colonial Sudan. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-77694-4.
- Tucker, Judith E.; Nashat, Guity (1999). Women in the Middle East and North Africa. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21264-1.