Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Gold Coast (British colony)

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Gold Coast
colony, historical country, realm, crown colony
Di pilli ni1821 Mali niŋ
AdiiniList of religions in Africa Mali niŋ
Yɛltɔɣa din nyɛ tuma ni diniSilmiinsili Mali niŋ
Dunia yaɣiliAfrica Mali niŋ
TiŋaUnited Kingdom Mali niŋ
TinzuɣuAnkara Mali niŋ
Tiŋgbaŋ yaɣili calinli5°33′0″N 0°13′0″W Mali niŋ
Din nyɛ gɔmnanti nyolinicolony Mali niŋ
Tingbani liɣiriBritish West African pound, Gold Coast ackey Mali niŋ
Ŋun niŋ taɣibu n-nyɛGhana Mali niŋ
TaɣiGold Coast Mali niŋ
Bal' tɔɣasirakambonsili Mali niŋ
Wuhigi,kpihimbu, dabisili1957 Mali niŋ
Map

Gold Coast daa nyɛla" British Crown colony" din daa be "Gulf of Guinea" din be West Africa tiŋgbanni, bini din gbaai yuuni 1821 zaŋ hali ni maŋsulinsi deebu ni yuuni 1957 ka bɛ daa naan yi ti boli li Ghana.[1] Bachi din nyɛ Gold Coast daa buɣisirila yaɣa dibaanahi din daa tumdi tuma Gold Coast gɔmnanti saha. Dina n-daa nyɛ Gold Coast maŋmaŋa, Ashanti, Northern tiŋgbani yaɣa mini British Togoland trust territory.[2]

Tuuli Europe nim ban daa kpɛ ni daa nyɛla Portuguese ban daa kpɛ ni yuuni 1471. Bɛ daa kpɛ Africa tingbana nim pam, di pam daa nyɛla salima ni zooi shɛli.[3] Yuuni 1483, Portuguese daa kpɛna n ti kpaŋsi daabiligu.[4] Bani n-daa mɛ Kastili din be Elmina ŋɔ, tuuli Europe nim ban ʒini Gold Coast. Ni ka bɛ daa dari daba mini salima m-mali chani Europe, kamani su'bihi din nyɛ kuriti, yari, diɣisi, ni malifa nima.[5] Daabiligu niŋ di nasara daa kuli nyɛla wuligiri yomyom, n-ti pahi British, Dutch, Danish, Prussian ni Swedish daabihi gbaa nyɛla ban kpe ni.[6] Europe daa nyɛla ban mɛ daba biɛhisi sheei pam n-dolisi teeku noli.[7] Gold Coast daa nyɛla bɛ ni mali booni yaɣ'shɛŋa Europe nim ni daa be.[8]Lala saha ŋɔ, Europe tingbana daa nyɛla din pili America yaɣa deebu.[9] Di daa bi yuui ka Portuguese mini Spanish daa piligi Africa ʒi n-kpe Caribbean, mini North mini South America. Dutch mini British gba daa nyɛla ban kpe daba daabiligu ni, ka daa tuui ʒiri daba kperi Caribbean zaŋ chaŋ Caribbean teeku polo South America.[10]

Royal Trading Company daa nyɛla British Crown ni daa kpa shɛli yuuni 1752 ka African Company of Merchants daa ti deei li, ka di daa che ka British kpaŋsi bɛ daabiligu 19th century.[11] Yuuni 1821, British gɔmnanti daa yihi bɛ nuu ni kompini maa ka fa di yaɣa teeku ma polo,[12]ka zaŋli pahi British Gold Coast yaɣa ni mini Europe tiŋgbana suhuyurilim ni.[13] Bɛ daa dala Danish Gold Coast yuuni 1850 mini Dutch Gold Coast, n-ti pahi Fort Elmina, yuuni 1872.[14] Britain daa nyɛla ban yɛligi Ashanti mini Fante confederacies.[15]

Ashanti daa nyɛla ban su Ghana yaa pam pɔi ka Europe nim ti paai na, ka di daa zooi pam ka bɛ mini ba mali zabili.[16]Yuuni 21st century bɛ daa pahiya ka Ghana niŋ galisim. Anglo-Ashanti tɔbiri dibaanahi n daa tuhi Ashanti (Asante) mini British sunsuuni, ka di shɛŋa daa zooi ka di Fante.[17]

Tuuli Anglo-Ashanti tɔbu (1822–24), daa nyɛla bɛ daa tula Kambonsi Naa. Sergeant Kujo Otetfo zaŋti British Royal African Colonial Corps, di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ ŋme nangbankpeeni ni Ashanti daabia, "ka di daa dam Ashanti Naa pam, ka di daa tahi tɔbu na".[18] Ashanti tɔbu din daa pahi buyi ni (1873–74), British daa karila Ashanti tiŋ'zuɣu Kumasi. Ashanti War din daa pahiri ata (1893–94) ŋmebu daa nyɛla Ashanti kpɛma Asantehene daa bɔhiri ni o wuhi o nam yaa.[19] Bini din gbaai yuuni 1895 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1896 British mini Ashanti daa tuhi bɛ tɔbu kpalinkpaa din daa pahiri anahi, din ni ka Ashanti daa deei bɛ maŋsulinsili.[20] Yuuni 1900, bɛ daa tuhi bɛ Ashanti Uprising, amaa British daa nyaŋ ba ka deei Kumasi.[21] Ashanti niriba daa nyɛla British ni daa guiri shɛba Anashaara goli January yuuni 1902.[22]

Zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1901, British daa kpa biɛhigu sheei ka Gold Coast be din ni, ka bɛ zuliya nima zaa laɣim luɣ'yini. British daa ʒi aʒiya pam chaŋ: salima, kuriti, daamoni, wab'nyina, naanzua, ni binyɛra pam.[23]British daa malila ziliji pala Ghana n-ʒiri bɛ aʒianima yira.[24]

Zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1945, Dunia zaa tɔbu din pahiri buyi ni daa yɛn ŋme, tiŋ'bihi ban daa be Gold Coast daa yiɣisi zani ni bɛ deei maŋsulinsi,[25] ka bɛ mini Britain piri yaa ti taba din gbaai yuuni 1951 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1955. Zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1956, British Togoland, Northern Territories protectorate ni Ashanti ni daa su yaɣ'shɛŋa daa laɣim taba Gold Coast.[26]Ghana Independence Act 1957 n daa yina ni Gold Coast Crown Colony ka di pahi Ghana yaɣ'zuɣuri ni.[27]

Zaŋ kana 19th century, British maa, bɛ daa da yaɣa pam teeku noli. Yɛli kpana dibaayi n daa be Gold Coast: British ni daa niŋ shɛm zaŋ chaŋ Asante tɔbiri ni ka di dam bɛ daabiligu, ni Britain ni daa niŋ shɛm ni slave trade(daba daabiligu) karibu.[28][29]

19th century saha, Asante, Akan tiŋgbani din daa mali yaa pam, ka daa kpuɣi niya ni di gu ka taɣi din tiŋgbana ni daba dabu.[30] Asante nim kpebu teeku yaɣili ŋɔ tuuli niŋbu daa nyɛla yuuni 1807; Asante daa lahi chaŋ south polo yaha, Ga-Fante War din daa niŋ yuuni 1811 ni Ashanti–Akim–Akwapim War din daa niŋ yuunu 1814–16.[31] Lala lirigu ŋɔ daa nyɛla din dam daabiligu, ka daa lahi dam Europe daabiligu niŋbu shɛhi. Local British, Dutch, ni Danish kpamba daa bi yurimi ka bɛ mini Asante ni tɔɣisi.[32] Yuuni 1817, African Company of Merchants daa dihi zosimli gbana ni ti Asante maŋsulinsi tiŋgbana yaɣa pam.[33][34] African Company of Merchants nim daabiligu daa niŋdila yaɣa dibaa anahi: Fort William, Fort James, Fort Sekondi, Fort Winneba, Fort Apollonia, Fort Tantumquery, Fort Metal Cross, Fort Komenda, ni Cape Coast Castle, din kpalinkpaa daa nyɛla bɛ binshɛɣu kam niŋbu sheei.[35]

Niriba ban daa be teeku maa yaɣili, di bahi bahindi Fante nim mini ban daa be Accra, ban daa zooi Ga niriba, daa zaŋla bɛ maŋ niŋ British gubu ni ka che Asante.[36] Amaa bɛ daa di ka yaa ni lala gubu ŋɔ. British Crown daa kpihi lala kompini ŋɔ yuuni 1821, ka zaŋ yaa British "forts" nuuni Gold Coast, Charles MacCarthy, ŋun daa nyɛ zuɣulana n zaŋti Sierra Leone.[37] British "forts" mini Sierra Leone daa nyɛla ban tuui be yaɣ'yini.[38] MacCarthy niya daa nyɛla o bo suhudoo na ka gu ka taɣi daba daabiligu.[39] Yuuni 1824, MacCarthy daa nyɛla bɛ ni ku so ka Asante linjimanima kari bɛ niriba pam.[40]British daa tooi tuhi nyaŋ Asante liribu teeku ŋɔ ni yuuni 1826 dini daa niŋ ka British mini shɛba laɣim bɛ yaa n-ti pahi Fante mini Accra niriba.[33][41]

The First Anglo-Ashanti War

Di ni daa niŋ ka British gɔmnanti che ka Gold Coast su yaa ni bɛ tooi labisi British African Company of Merchants na yuuni 1820s, biɛhigu ni Asante daa nyɛla yɛltɔɣa muɣisirii.[42] Bini din gbaai Asante tɛha puuni, British daa bɛ tooi tuhi nyaŋ bɛ maŋa yɛla.[43] Di yi di daa niŋ ka lala niŋ, Asante daa naan ku bɔri ni bɛ dam bɛ suhudoo. MacCarthy daa kpaŋsiri mi ni bɛ fa teeku yaa ka che Asante ka zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1824 British linjimanima daa liri Asante kpamba Europe, di bahi bahindi British, bɛ daa bi ti Asante jilima.[33][34]

Yuuni 1830, London committee zaŋti daabihi daa piila Captain George Maclean ni o niŋ daabihi kpɛma n zaŋti tiŋpuuni daabihi.[44] amaa o daa malila o yaa tariga, Maclean ni daa di nasara yaɣ'shɛŋ daa malila tariga; kamani ŋmahinli, o daa bo suhudoo maligu Asante sunsuuni yuuni 1831.[45] Maclean daa lahi nyɛla ŋun lihiri yeeku maa yaɣili salo zuɣu ka di nyɛla o daa dirila kootu sariya Cape Coast, ka daa bɔri tibi-darigibo n-tiri ban je suhudoo.[46] Bini din gbaai yuuni 1830 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1843, di ni daa niŋ ka Maclean daa su Gold Coast, saawara daa ka bɛ mini Asante sunsuuni. ka daabiligu daa du zuɣusa kamani buta zuɣu.[47]

The Portuguese-built Elmina Castle was purchased by Britain in 1873. Also known as St. George Castle, it is now a World Heritage Site

Maclean zalisi yaa daa saɣiya ka British gɔmnanti jinaduu saɣiti bɛ tumtumsa ka daa kpuɣi soya ka Britain mini ba gbaai suhudoo shaawara.[48] Gɔmnanti maa daa niŋla lala ŋɔ yuuni 1843, yuun shɛli bɛ ni daa lahi labi piigi tiŋgbani zuɣulana. Linjin'kpɛma Henry Worsley Hill n daa nyɛ bɛ ni piigi so tuuli gɔmnanti zaŋti Gold Coast. Maclean tootali saha, taaku maa yaɣili pam daa zaŋ bɛ maŋ ti niŋ British sulinsi ni.[49] Hill daa zaŋ zalisi pa yaɣ'shɛŋa zuɣu. O mini Fante mini na shɛba daa daa dihi suhudoo zalisi gbana ka boli li Bond of 1844.[50] Lala gbaŋ ŋɔ daa che ka nanima gbahiri ninvuɣ'biɛri kamani, ban kuri niriba mini ban ŋmeri ka fara, zaŋ chaŋ British zalisi yaɣa.[51]

Teeku maa tiŋgbani yaɣa maa shɛŋa gba daa nyɛla ban ti dihi lala gbana ŋɔ ni, ka British gba ha`nkaya nyɛ bɛ ni daa deei shɛŋ pahi, ka kpaŋsi ka lahi yɛligi biɛhigu.[52] Yuuni 1844 shili malibu ni, British daa nyɛla ban bɔri gubu tiri teeku maa yaɣa; din ni nyɛ, lahabaya gu ka taɣi.[53]Bɛ ni daa kpaŋsi lala gu ka taɣi ŋɔ, Gold Coast kpamli daa waligiya ka che Sierra Leone yuuni 1850.[51][54]

Lala saha maa yaha, British sɔŋsim nyɛla bɛ ni daa lahi saɣoiri deeri shɛli.[55]Anashaara goli April yuuni 1852, kpamba mini nanima daa laɣim taba Cape Coast ni bɛ mini gɔmnanti gbaai shaawara ni liɣiri nyɔri nyabu. Di ni daa niŋ ka gɔmnanti saɣiti, bɛ daa kpa bɛ maŋmaŋa laɣingu.[56] Bɛ ni daa yɛn saɣiti li, bɛ daa gbaaya ni nanima tu ni bɛ mali yaa din ni, amaa asambuli kpamba daa dii ka bɛ ni yihi tuunshɛli ni bɛ tumda.[51][57][58]

Following the Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War in 1896, the British proclaimed a protectorate over the Ashanti Kingdom.

Yuuni 1872, British yaa zaŋ chaŋ Gold Coast daa kpaŋsiya di ni daa niŋ ka Britain da Dutch Gold Coast.[59] Asante nima, ban daa zaŋ Dutch nim ban daa be Elmina niŋ bɛ mabihi, daa kɔŋ bɛ daabiligu soya teeku maa ni. Din daa yɛn niŋ ka bɛ gu ka taɣi lala lubu ŋɔ, Asante daa kpuɣu bɛ liribu soya din daa nyɛ kpalinkpaa yuuni 1873.[60] Bɛ ni daa ti di nasara naai piligu, bɛ daa ti ahi yina ti tuhi British ban daa muɣisiba ni kɔŋ Pra River.[61] Bɛ ni daa ti bɔri ni bɛ mini British kpamba laɣim ʒini, bɛ linjima kpema daa zaɣisiya, Major General Sir Garnet Wolseley. Di daa yɛn che ka bɛ mini ba zabili kuli ŋmaai zaazaa ka che Asante, British daa lirila Asante ni linjimanima shɛba.[62] Lala lirigu ŋɔ, din daa pili Anashaara goli January yuuni 1874 ni British linjimanima tuhi kɔbishii ni pihinu ni Africa niriba pam, ka di daa tahi daabiligu na Kumasi, Asante tiŋ'zuɣu.[51][63]

Suhudoo shaawara din daa ti doli na Asante ni di wuligi binshɛɣu kam din daa niŋda south yaɣa. Asante gba daa ti bo soli zaŋ chaŋ Kumasi ni bɛ ti niŋ daabiligu. Lala tɛha ŋɔ ni daa tɛhi, Asante yaa daa gbarigiya.[64] Lala suhidoo zalisi ŋɔ zaŋ tum tuma daa nyɛla din ti lahi tahiri zaba na. Yuuni 1896, British daa lahi zaŋ bɛ niriba shɛba tahi Kumasi ka mirisi Asante ka bɛ leei ban guli British Crown. British daa nyahi asantehene nam o ni daa ʒi gbana ni saha shɛli.[51][65]

Ban daa be Asante daa saɣiti lala zalisi ŋɔ. Yuuni 1900, Asante daa bɔhi biɛri War of the Golden Stool amaa ka bɛ daa nyaŋba yuuni din daa doli na.[66] Yuuni 1902, British daa deei Asante yaɣili Gold Coast gɔmanti saha.[67][51][68]

British daa bahi di nasara bɛ daba daabiligu karibu ni. Yuuni 1874, British daa yina ti moli ni daba ni dɔɣi shɛba Gold Coast Silimin goli January dahin yini dali yuuni 1875 daa nyɛla bɛ ni che shɛba bilichinima, ka daa naan yi pili dab'tali kpihimbu belabela n doli bɛ India zalisi.[69] British daa pilila lala soya ŋɔ ka bɛ daa nyɛla bɛ cherila sama ka bɛ dɛhiri li.[70] Amaa,British daa bɛ zaŋ lala zalisi ŋɔ tum tuma, dini daa niŋ ka bɛ kuli malila daba n-tumdi tuma maa maa;daba shɛba daa bi baŋ lala zalisi ŋɔ yɛla gba, ka daba subu mini daba dabu daa na kuli nyɛ bɛ ni saɣiti shɛli zaŋ hali ka British kpamba daa naan yi ti pili lala zalisi ŋɔ zaŋ tum tuma yuuni 1911.[71] Yuuni 1902 di daa bi lahi niŋ alalisi ni amaa ka dab''tali na dii bi kari zaa ka di nyɛla British daa malila dihitabili ni ni karibu yɛn wurimla tiŋgbana; "chattel slavery" daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa kari shɛli yuuni 1908, amaa British daa bi zaŋ zalisi maa tum tuma hali zaŋ ni yuuni 1920s.[72] Di ni daa niŋ ka Kingdom of Ashanti nyɛ British ni fa shɛli yuuni 1896, British daa ti nanima dihitabili ni bɛ ni che ka bɛ deei bɛ daba sulinsi; Asante daa leei biɛhigu sheei yuuni 1901 ka zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1902 ka di daa bi lahi niŋ alalisi ni so gabai so, amaa daba dabu daa dii bi kpihim zaa ka di daliri nyɛla British daa zɔrila dabiɛm ni di nyɛla din yɛn wurim tiŋgbana.[73]

Linjimani shaawara ni Asante ni Fante daa pahi British zoosim ni Gold Coast polo.[74] Di zaɣa daa bela Asante tumtumsa ni teeku noli din daa ti che ka Fante daa ti dihi gbana zaŋti Bond of 1844.[74] Sabbu ni, lala gbaabu ŋɔ daa nyɛla baligi British yaa—niriba kum mini faa ko n daa nyɛ bɛ ni mɔri shɛli.[74]Yaha, British daa naan ku lahi tooi nya yaa ka nanima nuu ka din ni, ni ninvuɣ'shɛba ban kpaŋsiri gubu ni taɣibu. Zaŋ tum tuma ni, amaa, British daa nya yaa zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1850s ka bɛ daa tɛhi ni bɛ mɛ Europe kootunima ka di zani Africa dina zaani.[75][76]

Di daa yɛn che ka ban daa be lala yaɣili ŋɔ na kuli be sulinsi ni, British maa, dini daa niŋ ka bɛ nyaŋ Asante yuuni 1874, bɛ daa zaŋla lala yaɣil maa leeu "crown colony."[77] Gold Coast Colony, daa nyɛla din pili Anashaara goli July biɛɣu pishinaanahi dali yuuni 1874, n-t- pahi Asante yaɣ'shɛŋa.[76][78]

Bɛ daa maliba shaawara ni di zaŋ laɣim taba ni din daa niŋ "Bond of 1844" ka ban daa dihi lala gbana ŋɔ ni daa pa be sulinsi ni.[79] British, daa bi su tiŋgbana maaa yaɣ'shɛli.[80] Bɛ ni daa ti zaŋ teeku maa yaɣilin-niŋ biɛhigu sheei, British daa zaŋ di tiŋ'zuɣu yi Cape Coast labisi Danish castle din Christiansborg din be Accra.[76][81]

Map from 1896 of the British Gold Coast Colony
Map of the Gold Coast Colony, the Ashanti Colony, the Northern Territories and the mandate territory of British Togoland

British tumtumsa daa paai Asante. Di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ nyaŋ Asante yuuni 1896, British daa deei kingdom maa.[82] Di daa ti niŋya ka asantehene mini o niriba maa yi din ni, British daa piila kpɛma o zaŋti Asante, ka bɛ daa ti o zalisi ni lala tiŋgbani maa yaɣa.[83] Asante tiŋgbani kam dam yimina Kumasi ka zzani di gamzuɣu ka gbubi Gold Coast. Kamani yɛltɔɣa din do zuɣusaa, Asante daa di leei biɛhigu sheei bɛ ni daa tuhi nyaŋba yuuni 1901.[76][84]

Saha biɛla sunsuuni, British daa ti zaŋ bɛ zaɣa niŋ Asante north polo, luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni booni "Northern Territories." Bɛ niya daa nyɛla bɛ kpehi French mini German nim ni, ka ban daa yɛliginsim tuma.[85] British kpamba daa tuumi kpe nmi yuuni 1880s, ka zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1896 bɛ gubu daa yɛligi chaŋ north yaɣa n daa ti niŋdi daabiligu teeku maa yaɣa ni Asante nima .[86] Yuuni 1898 mini yuuni 1899, Europe yaanima daa ti b`ori ni bɛ bo tarisi niŋ bɛ mini "Northern Territories" sunsuuni mini French ni German biɛhisi sheei. "Northern Territories" daa nyɛla British ni daa ti gu ka taɣi yuuni 1902.[87][88]

Kamani Asante ni daa gu ka taɣi yaɣ'shɛŋa, "Northern Territories" daa nyɛla din be Gold Coast gɔmnanti sulinsi ni. Gɔmnanti maa daa gbubila Asante mini Northern Territories zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1946.[87][89]

Ka British su north yaɣili, Gold Coast tiŋgbana yaɣa dibaata—Teeku maa yaɣa, Asante, ni "Northern Territories"—daa leei siyaasa yaɣ'yini, bee "crown colony," ka bɛ boli li "the dependency" bee Gold Coast.[90][91] Bɛ ni pa booni shɛli Ghana daa nyɛla din niŋ anashaara goli May yuuni 1956 din ni daa niŋ ka Volta region niriba, bɛ ni boli shɛba British Mandated Togoland, vooti ni bɛ pahi Ghana ni.[87][92]

Colonial administration

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Visit of His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales to the Gold Coast Colony in 1925, meeting His Royal Highness Nana Kwasi Akuffo I, Akuapemhene

Yuuni 1850 piligu, daa ti nyɛla din pa be British "fortresses" gɔmnanti sunsuuni, "Executive Council" mini "Legislative Council" ni daa tabiri sɔŋdi so.[93] Executive Council daa nyɛla saɣisigui kparibɔɣu n zaŋti Europe ban daa zaŋdi zalisi na, ka gɔmnanti daa leei su di zaŋ tum tuma.[94]Legislative Council maa niriba ban daa be Executive Council ni bɛ ni daa pii shɛba British daabiligu. Yuuni 1900 nyaaŋa nanima ata mini African niriba ata shɛba daa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ shɛba pahi Legislative Council ni, bɛ daa piiba mi Europe tinsi din daa be Accra, Cape Coast, ni Sekondi.[95] Africa niriba ban daa yina Asante mini Northern Territories niriba daa bi pahi din ni ka di niŋ saha waɣila. Pɔi ni yuuni 1925, ban zaa daa be Legislative Council nyɛla bɛ ni daa piigi so di gɔmnanti ni. Ban yuya daaa be gbana ni daa gari ban yuya ka gbana ni.[96][97]

Di daa che ka laɣim tum be bɛ sunsuuni. Tuuni ka daa pumi ni di ni yɛn tum shɛm.[97][98]

Siliminsi gɔmnanti tali kpamli pɛbu yimina gbansabila nama ni. Tiŋ'kpamba n daa su zalisi, n-ti tabili yɛltɔɣa din pahi pahi. Kpamba maa daa leei tumdi mi doli salo maa ni bɔri shɛm amaa ka ni fukumsi.[99] Tiŋsi ni ka bɛ daa piir bɛ nahi; so daa naan tooi di nam yu ka di nyɛla niriba ni mi o shɛm ni,amaa ka lahi doli niriba maa yi bɔri o. [97][100][101]

Frederick Lugard yɛltɔɣa ni, ŋun daa zali lala zalisi maa tuuli, "indirect rule" daa dii bi tumdi tuma ka di daliri nyɛla Europe kpamba nuu n daa be din ni.[102][103] Nanima maa, lala leei deerila Europe nim yɛltɔɣa n-tumdi tuma. Bɛ niya maa ni, Lugard ni wuhi shɛ, bɛ daa zaŋla bɛ nina nɛhibu m-pahi bɛ tumanima ni.[104]

Asante mini Northern Territories daa ti be British sulinsi ni.[105] Pɔi ka bɛ daa ti deei lala yaɣa ŋɔ su, British maa niya daa nyɛla bɛ zaŋ yaa mini balima zaa deei Asante mini "north."[105] "Indirect rule" ni daa pili tuma , nahi maa daa tumdila tuma tiri ban sɔŋ ba. Yaɣa pam ni, nanima pam tuma daa nyɛ din kuri bukaata.[106][102] [104][107]

Postage stamp with a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, 1953

Nanima mini ninkura pma daa zaŋla bɛ mana niŋ ban gbubi zaashɛhi. Ka nanima daa nyɛ ban su bɛ kaansili maa.[108] Amaa lala sulinsi ŋɔ daa bi che ka shikuru baŋsim mini lɛbiginsim yɛligira.[108][104]

Yuuni 1925, nanima pubu yaɣa dibaata kaansili daa nyɛla bɛ ni kpa sh`eli lala yaɣa maa, din yɛŋ che ka nanima maa mali bɛ zaa tuma ni yɛn dahi yaɣ'shɛŋa. [109] Di niya daa nyɛla din sɔŋsi bo tarisi ti nanima maa. Kaansili maa daa bɔrila maligu tiri nanima ban mali nangbankpeeni; bɛ ni daa mali so'shɛŋa piiri nanima nyɛla b`e ni daa sabi shɛli sɔŋ; ka zalisi daa zaŋ pani di zuɣu.[110]Kaansili maa daa deei zalisi yaa, ka bɔri zalisi tiri nanima ban zabira. Zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1939, dini daa niŋ ka "Native Treasuries Ordinance" zaligi daa zali, liɣiri din yɛn di laasabu daa maliya.[111] Yuuni 1935, Native Authorities Ordinance daa laɣim Siliminsili zalisi mini bɛ maŋmaŋsi zalisi ka di niŋ zaɣ'yini.[112] Bilichini nima ninvuɣ'pala, gɔmnanti maa ni daa piigi shɛba, ka bɛ daa ti ba yahi pam, ka bɛ zalisi daa nyɛ bɛ ni kpaŋsiri shɛŋa.[104]

Yuuni 1948 Ghana bilichininim daa yina ni bɛ ti tuhi deei bɛ maŋsulinsi.[113]

British maa zalisi puuni, bɛ daa bi ti nanim' maa yaa pam. Ghana nim shɛba daa ʒimi ni lala taɣibu maa, n-kpaŋsi nanima maa yaa ka che bɛ salo ŋɔ nyɛla din yɛn ti ba soli ka be tooi vuui salo pam zaɣa che bɛ gɔmnanti [104]

Din daa niŋ ka tiŋgbani maa daabiligu zooi, yaa daa nyɛla din yi labi Ghananim' sani. Taɣibu ŋɔ daa nyɛla ka bɛ nya yiko ni bɛ zabi bɛ tiŋgbani zuɣu dee maŋsulunsi.[114] Zaɣa niri tiŋgbani zuɣu daa nyɛla zooi yom anduniya tobu din pahiri ayi la ni daa naai, n-ti pahi tuun' tuun' tumdiba shɛba ban daa kuni ka bɛ yihi zaɣa ka chɛ ba la ni daabihi daa yina ti pahi ni sɔŋ karachinima ban daa galisi ŋɔ.[115] Din daa yɛltɔɣa ŋɔ piligi, di daa nyɛla din daa di bi chani viɛnyɛla, amaa ma daa lee nyɛ niŋ siliminsi ŋɔ lahiʒibsi ni gbaŋsabila ban daa pahiri bɛ zuɣu.[116]

Kamani 19th century piligi-piligu ha, Africa niriba ban daa karim shikuru pam daa nyaya ka siyaasa yɛlltɔɣa shɛŋa yaa daa dahi gominanti maa ni daa pii kpamba shɛba niŋ o kaansili ni puuni. Yuma din gbaai 1890s, ban daa karim shikuru pam daa laɣim la taba yina ni "Aborigines' Rights Protection Society" di bɛ ti zabi tiŋgbani zalisi din labisiri bɛ tiŋgbani nyaaŋa. Lal sodoligu ŋɔ n daa kpaŋsi maŋsulinsi deebu ni siyaasa zani tuhi. Yuuni 1920, Africa niriba ban daa be Legislative Council, Joseph E. Casely-Hayford, daa laɣim National Congress of British West Africa, di daa zaŋ kpamba ka bɛ chaŋ London ni bɛ ti balim ban daa su ba ka bɛ taɣi bɛ zalisi. Lala laɣingu maa, ban daa ʒiya ni bɛ ni tɔɣisiri balishɛli zaa nyɛla British West Africa tinsi ni, n daa nyɛ ban zani ti lala tiŋgbani yaɣili ŋɔ. Di mini kpamba maa daa bi sheei London maa zaa yoli (bɛ ni daa zani ti Africa nim ko maa), bɛ sɔŋsim daa dahila Africa tinsi polo.[117]

Bɛ daa bi saɣiritiri ni gominanti piiri o kaansili kpamba, lala niriba ŋɔ daa ʒimi ni bɛ puu biɛri la British Crown zuɣu ni ka dii bi ʒiri British siyaasa mini biɛhihu kperi Africa nim ni. Kpamba ban daa beni yuya n-nyɛ Africanus Horton, Jr.; J. M. Sarbah; ni S. R. B. Attah-Ahoma. Bɛ daa nyɛla ban ʒi taɣibu na pam zaŋ hali ni yuma din gbaai 1940s.[117]


Yuuni 1925 zalikpana, din daa nyɛ Gordon Guggisberg ni daa be shɛli nuu ni, daa bo la nahi n-ti "north" yaɣa zaa din daa beni. Lala nanima ŋɔ daa ŋmaligi piigi kaansili kpamba niriba ayɔbu n-ti lala Legislative Council maa.[118] Di mini zali pala maa daa dahi Africa nim polo maa zaa yoli, Guggisberg yaa daa dahila British suhuyurilim polo.[119] Kamani ŋmahinli, O daa ti la Africa fukumsi din che ka bɛ dii ka yaa; ka lahi bo tarisi ti nahi piibu, o daa bola tarisi niŋ nanima mini ban chaŋ shikuru sunsuuni.[120] Ban haŋkali daa ziligi daa tɛhimi ni ban chaŋ shikuru bɔrila British sɔŋsim, ka kaansili nim tuma be gɔmanti nim nuuni. Zaŋ chaŋ 1930s bahigu, Nanima mini baŋdiba sunsuuni biɛhigu daa pili kpaŋsibu.[121]

Biɛhigu kpaŋsibu daa tuɣiya. Lahabaya wuligibu yaɣa din daa be Africa nim nuuni ka bɛ tumdi tuma—dibaayɔbu n daa wuligiri lahabaya saha din gbaai 1930s. Bɛ ni daa bɔri ni bɛ galisila zuɣu, Africa niriba ayi ban yuya daa ka gbana ni nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ pahi Executive Council maa ni yuuni 1943.[122]Taɣibunim din daa niŋ Legislative Council maa ni, amaa bɛ daa lahi guhiya ni bɛ nya siyaasa taɣibu din yɛn niŋ London, piibu-piibu din daa niŋ tɔbu tuhibu nyaaŋa British Labour Party gɔmnanti ni.[121]

Gold Coast zali pala din daa zani yuuni 1946 (bɛ ni daa lahi booni shɛli "Burns constitution" ka di nyɛla Sir Alan Burns yuli ka bɛ zaŋ boli li, ŋun daa gbubi gɔmnanti tali lala saha) daa nyɛla gbana din mali yaa. Tuuli, bɛ daa yi ban galisi yɛla ni.[123] Legislative Council maa daa pa malila "six ex officio" kpamba, ka piigi n iriba ayɔbu, ka vooti ninvuɣ' pinaanii. Yuuni 1946 zalisi gba daa saɣiti Asante kaansilinim ni bɛ pahi din ni tuuli. Di ni daa niŋ ka "Labour Party" be gɔmnanti ni, British daa nyɛ ka tiŋgbana yaɣ'shɛŋa din pahi nyɛla aʒianim zaŋ ti ba ni bɛ yɛligi bɛ aʒianima. Taɣibu din daa yɛn zaŋ yaa niŋ Africa nim nuuni daa ka British toondaannima tɛha ni zaŋ hali ka ka zabili daa ti lu Accra ni tiŋ'shɛŋa din daa pahi yuuni 1948.[121]

Bɛ ni daa piigi kpamba shɛba ka bɛ galisi ni, Ghana ka siyaasa kpamba galisi pam gari Africa tinsi zaa. Zalisi maa dii bi ti tiŋgbani zuɣulana yaa zaa ti naai.[124] Kpambaliba yaa daa bela gɔmnanti nuuni, Legislative Council maa tuma ni daa be so nuuni. Di zuɣu, zalisi maa, daa nyɛla din ʒi tootibo na, ka daa bi yuui ka yɛltɔɣamuɣisira na.[125] World War II daa kuli naami, ka Gold Coast kpeen-kura ban daa tum ti British daa nyɛla ban lihiri yɛlimuɣisira ni, bɛ yɛra daa zuɣusaa dubu, tuma kalinsi, ni binyɛra gabi kɔhi. Kpeen kura maa, ni fɔŋ ni yɛli pali shɛŋa.[126] Pukpariba daa ti pahi bɛ zuɣu, ka bɛ daa bo so'pala din yɛn kari cacao tihi dɔriti ka gu ka taɣi li, ka shɛba daa bi niŋ suhupiɛli ka di nyɛla tɔbbu maa nyaaŋa lɛbiginsim shɛŋa daa bi kana.[127]

British colonial officers in Kumasi, 1937

Siyaasa zaŋ chaŋ maŋsulinsi deebu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Siyaasa yaɣa daa bɛ 'British colony',' United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC)' daa nyela tuuli bilichini nima ban daa kpuɣi soli ni be dee maŋ sulinsi  saha bihi ni.[128] Sɔŋ tampuɣilila silimiin goli  August yuuni 1947 Gbansabila tingbani karachi nima ban daa pahi n  J. B. Danquah, G. A. Grant (shɛba mi o la Paa Grant), R. A. Awoonor-Williams, Eric Ato Nkrumah (looya Nam  gbaai yihi Grant,ŋun daa nye daabia bundana), ni ban pahi, laɣingu gɔ kpamba daa yeli ni be bomi karachi sheba  n zali nanima zaani zan chaŋ zina tobu polo.[129]

Lala siyaasa  kpamba ŋɔ, Nanima daa nye ban su yaa pam , di daa baŋmi ni be sulinsi yaa zan chaŋ saha ŋan gari maa. Be daa dihimitabili ni dini n daa nye tuun  sheli din yen zaŋ tingbani maa n kpe ʒemani ni. Be daa lan ʒimi ni, be baŋsim bobu, ni silimiinsi maa ti ba gilima ka tiri be gba kpamli baŋsim maa bobu shee.[130] Kamani sasabira so ni daa sabi n yelI, " ŋmahima zaŋ chaŋ toontibo polo, tabibi, maŋ sulinsi , bipolim, zaa nyela binsheli kpamba pala maa ni daa saɣi n ti ka deei.""[131]

UGCC kpamli daa malila gomnanti ansarisi o ni daa bi tooi o ni daa bi tooi mali yelimuɣisirili ŋan nye tuma kalinsi,nema daa pahibu, ni yelimuɣisira ŋan be ʒileli maa puuni  tobu maa ni daa naai.[132][133]

Be ni daa ka nam ni silimiinsi maa saha maa daa be niŋ vienyela,UGCC nimadaa be mi ka di nyela be kpamba maa daa bi bori taɣibu pam be gomnanti tali maa puuni.[134][135] Di daa naan tooi nyela silimiin tiŋa nima  maa ni leba baŋsim sheli n bala ni be rumdi be tuma. Lala siyaasa tali ŋɔ maa daa nyela din mali bukaata  ni taɣibu Kwame Nkrumah ni daa kpa 'Convention People's Party (CPP)' nashaara goli June yuuni 1949.[136][137]

Be daa dɔɣila Nkuruma la tiŋa yuli booni Nkroful din be Nzema foŋ ka daa chaŋ o shikuru Catholic shikuru din be Half Assini ni Achimota shikuru . O daa deei tooni baŋsim bohimbu  ' United States ' shikuru yuli booni Lincoln university ni Pennsylvania university.[138] Saha sheli London in , Nkrumah daa lebila kpaŋsiri o maŋa be gbansabila shikurubihi laɣingu sheli be ni boli ni 'West African Students' laɣingu ni 'Fifth Pan-African Congress'.[139] O daa nyela gbansabila tingbani shikuru bihi yino ŋun daa be 'Fifth Pan-African Congress' din daa niŋ Manchester yuuni 1945. Lala sahaŋo Silimiin tiŋa , Nkrumah daa baŋ lala tatabo yelitɔɣiyera maŋsulinsi baŋdiba di ni daa niŋ ka West Indian George Padmore, ni African-American W. E. B. Du Bois.[140] Yuuni 1947, dini daa niŋ ka UGCC daa nam  Gold Coast tiŋgbani ni ni di zabi silimiinsi  zalisi, Nkrumah daa deeila boligu din yina  London ni o lebi gbaŋ  ŋmara n zaŋ ti lala tatabo laɣingu maa..[141][142]

Nkuruma saha ni UGCC daa nyela 'stormy one'. Nashaara goli March  yuuni 1948, be daa gbaaila o mini UGCC kpamba sheba n niŋ ba furimiinsi siyaasa zuɣu. Be daa mi ba la ninvuɣu kara agony ( big six) Gana siyaasa ni.[143] Saha sheli, dini daa niŋ ka be daa boli UGCC ninvuɣi yino ni o di nintiɣili alizama  n ti Coussey Committee, din daa nye ŋan saɣisira  kpema maa maŋ sulinsi deeibu soli zuɣu, Nkrumah daa yi UGCC n ti kpa o maŋmaŋa paati din yuli boli CPP.[144] Unlike the UGCC call for self-government "in the shortest possible time", Nkrumah and the CPP asked for "self-government now".[145] ka mani UGCC ni daa zaya n ti ''maŋ sulinsi saha bihi ni'' maa Nkrumah mini CPP daa zami ni '' maŋ sulinsi saha ŋɔ''[162] paati maa kpamba daa piila Nkrumah, kojo Botsio, Komla A.Gbedemah ni bipola ban nye siyaasa baŋdiba be ni daa mi sheba  "Verandah Boys", la  be ni daa mi ka sheba kuli nye tuun tumdiba biehigu ni n gari ban be UGCC mini di ''intelligentsia''.[146][147]

Nkrumah biehigu daalikawli nima daa suhiri la soli tuun tumdiba ban galisi polo, pukpariba ni bipola ban wumdi o yeltoɣa ; o daa ŋmanila tingbani maa zaa kpeen so be ni yen zaŋ be sahabe niŋ. O daa lan di nasara n zaŋ chaŋ daabia paɣaba ban yeri ka di zaana zaŋ chaŋ be daabilim maa kpaŋsibu. Dini n daa nye be ni yen doli soli sheli ka alizama paairi taba.[148][149]

Siyaasa nima ban galisi, ban daa be tobu maa nyaaŋa din yina lahabali churi puuni, daa waligim ka che bala nanima maa miniAnglophile ka di daa nyela silimiinsi maa daabilim, biehigu and shikuru baŋsim bobu. [150] Lala salo ban galisi ŋɔ maa daa nyela tuun tumdi kura, karachi nima ban tabisi shikuru biela, lahabali wuligiriba n ti pahi bihi karimba nima, be zaa nyela ban mali korisi ni be lam maŋsulinsi. [151] Salo ban bi chaŋ shikuru ka lee nye faŋ nima ka mali tuma nima gba daa nyela ban pahi n sɔŋdi laɣingu maa. Nkrumah daa nyela ŋun too suhi ba be maŋmaŋa soli zuɣu. Nashaara goli June yuuni 1949 di ni daa niŋ ka CPP daa kpa ka di daliri nyela di borila maŋsulinsi sahaŋɔ, Nkrumah daa malila nyaaŋa pam.[152][153]

Zalikpana buku zaŋ n-ti yuuni 1951 nyɛla din tahi Coussey Committee lahabali na, bɛ daa nam li ka di daliri nyɛla muɣisiri shɛŋa din daa be Accra mini tiŋgbani maa yaɣ'shɛŋa din daa pahi zuɣu yuuni 1948.[154] Din pahi, bɛ nyɛla ban daa ti Executive Council minista nima pam, bɛ nyɛla ban daa nam "assembly" ka ninvuɣ shɛba bɛ ni daa piigi ŋɔ pirigi li nyɛ ban yina tiŋ'kpaŋsi ka pirigili nyɛ ban yina traditional councils ka di daa leei tuuli Northern Territories niriba ni beni.[155] Kpamli tali yaa nyɛla din daa na British nima nuu ni ka legislature nyɛ ban daa yɛlli ni di to ni lala yaa ŋɔ labi "traditionalist" nima sani.[133][156]

Din daa niŋ ka bɛ kalinli nyɛ din kuli pahira, CPP ŋɔ yuuni 1950 nyɛla ban daa piligi siyaasa tali zaŋ n-ti "positive action". Din daa niŋ ka zabili daa niŋ, Nkrumah mini , o "principal lieutenants" nyɛla bɛ ni daa gbahi shɛba chaŋ n-ti niŋ sarika ni.[157] Amaa din bɔŋɔ nyɛla din daa pahi o toondan tali jilima ka dizuɣu daa che ka o daa leei "martyr".[157] Silimiin goli February yuuni 1951, tuuli piibu piibu nyɛla din daa niŋ zaŋ n-ti Legislative Assembly zalikpani buku palli ni. Nkrumah nyɛla ŋun daa na be sarika ni ka di jintɔri kuɣu ka CPP nyɛ ban daa nya nasara pam ni kuɣisi din kalinli daa yiɣisi kɔbiga ni dibaa anahi.[133][158]

Lala saha ŋɔ governor, Sir Charles Arden-Clarke nyɛla ŋun daa yihi Nkrumah ka daa boli o na n-ti yɛlli o ni leegi o "leader of government business", zaashee shɛli din ŋmani prime minister. Nkrumah nyɛla ŋun daa saɣi n deei li .[159] Di nyɛla din daa n bɔ soli zaŋ n-ti Ghana maŋsulinsi deebu. CPP nyɛla ban daa saɣi n-ti ni bɛ mnyɛla ban yɛn tum ni zalkpani buku palli maa, gomnanti tali nama ni daa be shɛm yuuni 1951 nyɛla CPP nima n daa bɛ bora.[159] Minisata zaŋ n-ti "defence", external affairs, finance, n-ti pahi justice nyɛla British nima ni daa na gbubi shɛli. Yaha, din daa niŋ ka zalikapani buku ŋɔ nyɛ din tiri Naanima soli bela koŋko Legislative Assembly ŋɔ zuɣu, bɛ borimi ni taɣi lala zalikpani buku ŋɔ.[133][160]

Nkrumah's tuuli toondan tali ni "leader of government business" nyɛla din daa chaŋ viɛnnyɛla o nyɛla ŋun daa kuli tumdi ni British governor. Yuma ashɛm din daa paya na maa,gomnanti tali ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa lɛbigi shɛli jintɔri tali. Lala taɣibu ŋɔ nyɛla "traditionalist African elements" di gbaai bahindi Asante mini Northern Territories ni daa zaɣisi shɛli.[133][159]

Yuuni 1952, zaashee zaŋ n-ti "prime minister" nyɛla bɛ ni daa nam shɛli ka Executive Council daa leei "cabinet". Prime minister ŋɔ nyɛ ŋun daa su "assembly" ka bɛ daa piigi Nkrumah prime minister. Zalikpana buku zaŋ n-ti yuuni 1954 nyɛla din daa naai ni assembly mana nima piibu.[161] Legislative Assembly kalinli nyɛla din daa pahi ka di niriba zaa nyɛ salo ni daa piiri shɛba.[133][162]

CPP nyɛla ban daa mali zaligu zaŋ n-ti siyaasat tali luɣ'yini tali. Saha bela nyaaŋa yuuni 1954 piibu piibu, bɛ daa nam la paati palli ka daa boli Asante-based National Liberation Movement (NLM).[163] NLM nyɛla din daa kpaŋsiri "federal" gomnanti tali ni bɛ zaŋmi yaa n-ti tiŋgbani maa yaɣa maa zaa. NLM nyɛla ban daa di alizama galim ka fiia CPP zaŋ n-ti bɛ ni mali yaa n-tiri yaɣ'shɛŋa ka chari shɛba. Lala paati palli ŋɔ nyɛla din daa tumdi ni laɣinsi kamani Northern People's Party.[164] Di da ti niŋ ka lala "regional" paati nima ayi ŋɔ yi saawra gbaabu zaŋ n-ti zalikpani buku palli nambu ni, dabim nyɛla din mali CPP dama di nyɛla din daa tahiri nangbani kpeeni na ka di nyɛ binshɛli din ku tooi sɔŋ ba ka bɛ deegi bɛ maŋsulinsi.[133][165]

British constitutional adviser, nyɛla ban daa saɣi n-ti CPP ni daa gbubi shɛm. Governor ŋɔ nyɛla ŋun daa wurim "assembly" ŋɔ din yɛn che ka CPP tooi suhi m bo maŋsulinsi deebu. Bɛ nyɛla ban daa saɣi n-ti ni bɛ nyɛla ban che ka Ghana nima deei bɛ maŋsulinsi di yi niŋ ka salo maa puuni pubu buyi pubu buta zuɣu ni saɣi n-ti li .[166] Piibu piibu palli nyɛla din daa niŋ Silimiin goli July yuuni 1956. CPP nyɛla ban daa nya kɔbiga puuni vaabu pihinu ni ayopɔin ninvuɣ shɛba ban daa niŋ lala piibu piibu maa ni , CPP nyɛla ban daa di jintɔri kuɣu kam din daa be "south" ka daa lahi di kuɣisi pam Asante, Northern Territories n-ti pahiTrans-Volta Region ka daa nya kuɣisi din kalinli daa yiɣisi kɔbiga ni dibaa anahi.[133][167]

Pɔi ni Silimiin goli July yuuni 1956 piibu piibu din daa niŋ Gold Coast, "pebiscite" nyɛla binshɛli United Nations (UN) nima ni daa niŋ ni bɛ nya British Togoland mini French Togoland ni be yaɣ'shɛli.[168] British trusteeshipnyɛla ban daa mali saawara ni Gold Coast tum yuuni 1919 ka nyɛ ban daa be jinaduu.[168] British Togoland salo pam nyɛla ban daa niŋ bɛ piibu piibu zaŋ n-ti union ka bɛ daa lɛbigi lala yaɣili maa Gold Coast. Amaa salo ban daa be Ewe ka nyɛ ban be southern British Togoland nyɛla ban daa bi saɣi n-ti li.[133][169]

Zuɣulani, Sir Charles Arden-Clarke, bahi Nkrumah ka boli o ni o ti kpa gomnanti tali maani kpema n zaŋ ti gomnanti daabilim yeɣili, kpamli sheli din mini ( prime minister daa ŋmani taba) . Ka Nkrumah daa saɣi[172] sochip kpeeni daa nyela ŋan kpuɣi zaŋ chaŋ maŋsulinsi deebu polo. Pirimla CPP daa saɣiya ni be tum ni zalisi kundu palli, gomnanti (structure ) sheli din daa beni yuuni 1951 daa pa la be suhi ni yu sheli [172] tingbani gu ka taɣi minista kpema, sambani polo yaɣili, laɣi dibo yaɣili kpema ni aadalichi minista kpema zaa daa nyela ŋan be nashaara nima maa nua ni ŋan daa bi mali nua timbu ni jina tobu. Be daa zaŋla nanima bela n niŋ jina maa tobu polo. Zalisi kundu nima ŋɔ daa nyela ŋan wuhiri ŋan bɛ sahaŋɔ siyaasa nima mini ti nanima polo [153][173]

Nkrumah tuuli kpamli piligu ŋan daa nye kpema n zaŋ ti gomnanti daabilim daa buɣisirimi ni be laɣim tum ni Britishi zuɣulana. Yuuni biha ŋan kanina, zuɣu lana tali daa zoomi n ti lebi paramonsi zaɣamuni. Gbansabila pam banlee Ŋɔŋ polo nima mini tudu polo go nima daa bi saɣiri n tiri lala zoosim ŋɔ maa. Lala tatabo "opposition " maa daa nyela ban ni gbaɣisi ni be kpaŋmaŋa sheli be gba ni pahira ni be tooi suŋsi ka maŋsulinsi deegi saha bihi sunsuuniYuuni 1952, prime minista tali zaa shee daa kprimi di mini Executive council n daa lebi cabinet.  Prime minista n daa su assambuli yaɣili ŋan daa piigi Nkrumah n lebi be prime minista. Zalisi kundu ŋan daa sabi yuuni 1954 daa zalila assambuli jina toriba piibu piibu lala ka di nyela bala kpamba.[ 174] Jintoriba assambuli daa pahila niriba, di niraba maa zaa daa piimi ka di nyela piibu piibu soli ni jintori yaɣili kam,  tingbani gubu yaɣili mini tinduya chandi yaɣili n daa pa kpalim n bɛ governor maa nua ni, be ni daa piigi jintori sheba n ti assambuli maa n daa pa su tiŋgbani maa bini shaɣu kam.[153][175].CPP daa zaŋla policy shelina ni be centralizi siyaasa maa, amaa niraba maa baa karilimi n kpɛhi yɔɣu zaa sa. Saha bela yuuni 1954 piibu piibu ni daa naaigi, ka paati palli,y, the Asante-based National Liberation Movement (NLM) daa kpa [176] NLM maa daa advoketirila fideral gomnanti sani, ni yaa kpaŋsibu yaɣa maa sani. NLM kpamba daa maanila CPP nima ni be peciivi doctorial tendency. Paati palli ŋɔ daa gbunila kpalanzuya ni yaɣa nima maa , ni tudu ŋɔ nima paati[177]. Di yi niŋ ka paati dibaayi ŋɔ laɣim be noya taba ni be taɣimi zalisi kundu palli.CPP zorila dabiem ninashaara nima maa ti saɣi n ti ni be ka nangbani yini ka yeli ni be na bi saɣi ni gbubi tiŋgbani maa be maŋmaŋa

CPP daa zaŋla policy shelina ni be centralizi siyaasa maa, amaa niraba maa baa karilimi n kpɛhi yɔɣu zaa sa. Saha bela yuuni 1954 piibu piibu ni daa naaigi, ka paati palli,y, the Asante-based National Liberation Movement (NLM) daa kpa [176] NLM maa daa advoketirila fideral gomnanti sani, ni yaa kpaŋsibu yaɣa maa sani. NLM kpamba daa maanila CPP nima ni be peciivi doctorial tendency. Paati palli ŋɔ daa gbunila kpalanzuya ni yaɣa nima maa , ni tudu ŋɔ nima paati[177]. Di yi niŋ ka paati dibaayi ŋɔ laɣim be noya taba ni be taɣimi zalisi kundu palli.CPP zorila dabiem ninashaara nima maa ti saɣi n ti ni be ka nangbani yini ka yeli ni be na bi saɣi ni gbubi tiŋgbani maa be maŋmaŋa.[153][178] Nkrumah tuuli kpamli piligu ŋan daa nye kpema n zaŋ ti gomnanti daabilim daa buɣisirimi ni be laɣim tum ni Britishi zuɣulana. Yuuni biha ŋan kanina, zuɣu lana tali daa zoomi n ti lebi paramonsi zaɣamuni. Gbansabila pam banlee Ŋɔŋ polo nima mini tudu polo go nima daa bi saɣiri n tiri lala zoosim ŋɔ maa. Lala tatabo "opposition " maa daa nyela ban ni gbaɣisi ni be kpaŋmaŋa sheli be gba ni pahira ni be tooi suŋsi ka maŋsulinsi deegi saha bihi sunsuuni.[153][172]

Ŋun daa saɣisiri British zalisi kundi, daa saɣimi n ti CPP ni daa zaya shem maa. Governor maa daa wurimla assambuli ni o nya CPP nyaaŋa zaaniba maa niŋsim zaŋ chaŋ maŋsulinsi deeibu pumpoŋɔ maa, ka zaa daa saɣi n ti ni be timi ba maŋsulinsi di yi niŋ ka jintoriba pubu buta puuni vaabu buyi zaya ni be borila maŋsulinsi [179] piibu piibu palli daa niŋla nashaara goli July yuuni 1956. Piibu piibu maa ni daa niŋ CPP daa di nasara kobiga puuni vaabu pihinu ni a pɔin. Piibu piibu paati sheli ŋan the lu nam ni maa tuma daa ti la CPP nasara karili yaɣa maa zaa, tudu yaɣili, nyɔŋ ni n ti pahi volta yaɣili maa daa ti ba pubu buta puuni vaabu buyi kuɣisi 104 maa ni [153][180]

Anashaara goli 6 March yuuni 1957, Gold Coast daa deei maŋsulinsi ka bɛ boli li Ghana.[170][171]

  • Anglo-Ashanti wars
  • Gold Coast ackey
  • Gold Coast in World War II
  • Gold Coast Influenza Epidemic
  • List of governors of the Gold Coast
  • Slave Coast of West Africa
  1. ↑ "One-Man Policy—A Curse to West Africa", The Gold Coast Nation and National Consciousness, Routledge, pp. 54–59, 2013-09-13, doi:10.4324/9781315033044-11, ISBN 978-1-315-03304-4
  2. ↑ Chipp, Thomas Ford (1922). Forest officers' handbook of the Gold Coast, Ashanti and the Northern Territories. London [etc.]: Waterlow & sons limited. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.45233.
  3. ↑ "Gold Coast", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, 2005-04-07, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.41463, ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1
  4. ↑ "57. How It Came About That Children Were First Whipped", African Folktales, Princeton University Press, pp. 209–211, 2015, doi:10.1353/chapter.1546551, ISBN 978-1-4008-7294-7
  5. ↑ Irwin, Graham W. (1971). "Gold and Guns on the Gold Coast – Trade and Politics on the Gold Coast 1600–1720. A Study of the African Reaction to European Trade. By Kwame Yeboa Daaku. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970. Pp. xviii + 219; maps. £2.50.". The Journal of African History 12 (2): 330–331. DOI:10.1017/s0021853700010744. ISSN 0021-8537.
  6. ↑ Sutton, Angela (2015-07-03). "The Seventeenth-century Slave Trade in the Documents of the English, Dutch, Swedish, Danish and Prussian Royal Slave Trading Companies". Slavery & Abolition 36 (3): 445–459. DOI:10.1080/0144039x.2015.1067975. ISSN 0144-039X.
  7. ↑ Corliss, Timothy (2015-09-26), "New World Trading of Old World Markets: European Derivatives", Master Traders, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 242–262, doi:10.1002/9781119205043.ch12, ISBN 978-1-119-20504-3
  8. ↑ Chalmers, AlbertJ. (1900). "Uncomplicated Æstivo-Autumnal Fever in Europeans in the Gold Coast Colony, West Africa". The Lancet 156 (4027): 1262–1264. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)99958-1. ISSN 0140-6736.
  9. ↑ Klein, Herbert S. (2010), "Major slaving ports of the Gold Coast and the Bights of Benin and Biafra", The Atlantic Slave Trade, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. xiii, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511779473.003, ISBN 978-0-511-77947-3
  10. ↑ "Time On The Coast", From Capture to Sale: The Portuguese Slave Trade to Spanish South America in the Early Seventeenth Century, Brill Academic Publishers, pp. 72–100, 2007, doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156791.i-373.17, ISBN 978-90-04-15679-1, S2CID 128336362
  11. ↑ Gelder, M. Van (2009), "Introduction", Trading Places Trading Places: The Netherlandish Merchants in Early Modern Venice, Brill Academic Publishers, pp. 1–20, doi:10.1163/ej.9789004175433.i-246.10, ISBN 978-90-04-17543-3
  12. ↑ "10. Crown and Charter", Crown and Charter, University of California Press, pp. 310–340, 1974-12-31, doi:10.1525/9780520338456-011 (inactive 3 December 2024), ISBN 978-0-520-33845-6CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Silimin gɔli December 2024 (link)
  13. ↑ Horton, James Africanus Beale (2011), "Self-Government of the Gold Coast", West African Countries and Peoples, British and Native, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 104–123, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511983146.010, ISBN 978-0-511-98314-6
  14. ↑ Feinberg, H. M. (1970). "An Incident in Elmina-Dutch Relations, The Gold Coast (Ghana), 1739–1740". African Historical Studies 3 (2): 359–372. DOI:10.2307/216221. ISSN 0001-9992.
  15. ↑ "Atta, Nana Sir Ofori, (11 Oct. 1881–24 Aug. 1943), Omanhene (Paramount Chief) of Akyem Abuakwa; an Unofficial Member, Executive Council of Gold Coast, since 1942; Provincial Member of the Legislative Council, Gold Coast Colony; President of the Provincial Council of Chiefs, Eastern Province, Gold Coast Colony; Member of the Board of Education, Gold Coast Colony; Director of Akim, Limited; Member of District Agricultural Committee, Akim Abuakwa", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u222064
  16. ↑ Giles, Jim (2007). "Before settlers arrived, California's wildfires were much worse". New Scientist 196 (2628): 9. DOI:10.1016/s0262-4079(07)62754-7. ISSN 0262-4079.
  17. ↑ "Who were the Gentry?", The Medieval Gentry : Power, Leadership and Choice during the Wars of the Roses, Bloomsbury Academic, 2010, doi:10.5040/9781472599179.ch-002, ISBN 978-1-4411-9064-2
  18. ↑ Busia, K. A. (2018-08-16), "British Rule and the Chief", The Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of Ashanti, Routledge, pp. 139–164, doi:10.4324/9781351030823-7, ISBN 978-1-351-03082-3, S2CID 233065561
  19. ↑ Brackenbury, Henry, Sir (1873). Fanti and Ashanti. W. Blackwood and Sons. doi:10.5479/sil.204747.39088000128199.
  20. ↑ (1895) "The Ashanti Expedition". The Lancet 146 (3768): 1246–1247. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)31670-1. ISSN 0140-6736.
  21. ↑ Armitage, Cecil Hamilton; Montanaro, Arthur Forbes (2011), "Shut up in Kumasi", The Ashanti Campaign of 1900, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 34–44, doi:10.1017/cbo9781139058032.006, ISBN 978-1-139-05803-2
  22. ↑ Thompson, Larry (1995), "Ashanti soll geheilt werden", Der Fall Ashanti, Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, pp. 12–50, doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-6006-2_1, ISBN 978-3-0348-6007-9
  23. ↑ Milburn, Josephine (1970). "The 1938 Gold Coast Cocoa Crisis: British Business and the Colonial Office". African Historical Studies 3 (1): 57–74. DOI:10.2307/216480. ISSN 0001-9992.
  24. ↑ "Figure 2.20 Transport infrastructure spending has been below OECD average". DOI:10.1787/888933318975.
  25. ↑ Drew, Allison (2014-11-01), "The Nation in Formation: Communists and Nationalists During the Second World War", We are no longer in France, Manchester University Press, pp. 110–144, doi:10.7228/manchester/9780719090240.003.0006, ISBN 978-0-7190-9024-0
  26. ↑ (1950) "The Gold Coast: A Survey of the Gold Coast and British Togoland, 1919–1946". The American Historical Review 55 (2): 345. DOI:10.2307/1843737. ISSN 0002-8762.
  27. ↑ Howe, Russell Warren (1957). "Gold Coast into Ghana". The Phylon Quarterly 18 (2): 155–161. DOI:10.2307/273187. ISSN 0885-6826.
  28. ↑ Lambert, David (2015-09-01), "Slave-trade suppression and the image of West Africa in nineteenth-century Britain", The suppression of the Atlantic slave trade, Manchester University Press, pp. 146–165, doi:10.7228/manchester/9780719085116.003.0007, ISBN 978-0-7190-8511-6
  29. ↑ McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), Britain and the Gold Coast: the Early Years
  30. ↑ P. Hagan, George (1980). "The Rule of Law in Asante, A Traditional Akan State". Présence Africaine 113 (1): 193–208. DOI:10.3917/presa.113.0193. ISSN 0032-7638.
  31. ↑ Austin, Gareth (2012), "Asante, 1807–1956: The State, Output and Resources", Labour, Land and Capital in Ghana, Woodbridge, UK: Boydell and Brewer Limited, pp. 34–71, doi:10.1017/upo9781580466363.008, ISBN 978-1-58046-636-3
  32. ↑ "British traders and the restructuring of the palm products trade", Commerce and Economic Change in West Africa, Cambridge University Press, pp. 128–150, 1997-12-11, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511582035.008, ISBN 978-0-521-59074-7
  33. 1 2 3 McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), Britain and the Gold Coast: the Early Years
  34. 1 2 Ross, Doran H. (2003), "Asante and related peoples", Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t004502, ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4
  35. ↑ Nassaney, Michael S. (2019-08-27), "Fort St. Joseph Revealed Then and Now", Fort St. Joseph Revealed, University Press of Florida, pp. 223–246, doi:10.5744/florida/9780813056425.003.0010, ISBN 978-0-8130-5642-5, S2CID 213549340
  36. ↑ Sowerby, James (1804). The British Miscellany: or coloured figures of new, rare, or little known animal subjects; many not before ascertained to be inhabitants of the British Isles and chiefly in the possession of the author /. London: printed by R. Taylor & Co.; and sold by the author, J. Sowerby; by White; Johnson; Symonds; and by all booksellers, &c. in town and country. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.120056.
  37. ↑ "Islamic Triumphalism in a Christian Colony: Temne Agency in the Spread and Sierra Leonization of Islam", The Temne of Sierra Leone, Cambridge University Press, pp. 127–165, 2017-11-09, doi:10.1017/9781108182010.006, ISBN 978-1-108-18201-0
  38. ↑ Starbuck, David R. (2018-04-10), "British Forts in Northern New York State", British Forts and Their Communities, University Press of Florida, doi:10.5744/florida/9780813056753.003.0002, ISBN 978-0-8130-5675-3
  39. ↑ "Antislavery on a Slave Coast", Freedom's Debtors, Yale University Press, pp. 28–64, 2017, doi:10.2307/j.ctt1vgwbg8.5, ISBN 978-0-300-23152-6
  40. ↑ Piette, A. (2013-08-20). "Childhood Wiped Out: Larkin, His Father, and the Bombing of Coventry". English 62 (238): 230–247. DOI:10.1093/english/eft030. ISSN 0013-8215.
  41. ↑ Connaughton, Richard M. (2000-01-01). "Organizing British Joint Rapid Reaction Forces (Joint Force Quarterly, Autumn 2000)". DOI:10.21236/ada426696.
  42. ↑ Horton, James Africanus Beale (2011), "Self-Government of the Gold Coast", West African Countries and Peoples, British and Native, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 104–123, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511983146.010, ISBN 978-0-511-98314-6
  43. ↑ "Ahmadiyya Expansion to Asante", The Ahmadiyya in the Gold Coast, Indiana University Press, pp. 199–217, 2017, doi:10.2307/j.ctt2005s3h.15, ISBN 978-0-253-02951-5
  44. ↑ "de Mel, Sir Henry Lawson, (1877–8 May 1936), Member of the Legislative Council; Member of the Municipal Council; JP for the island; President Plumbago Merchants' Union; Proprietor H. L. de Mel & Co., merchants", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u213981
  45. ↑ "de Mel, Sir Henry Lawson, (1877–8 May 1936), Member of the Legislative Council; Member of the Municipal Council; JP for the island; President Plumbago Merchants' Union; Proprietor H. L. de Mel & Co., merchants", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u213981
  46. ↑ Bernstein, Rachel (2015-07-06). "HIV researcher found guilty of research misconduct sentenced to prison". Science. DOI:10.1126/science.caredit.a1500171. ISSN 1095-9203.
  47. ↑ Grenfell-Williams, Dorothy (1962). "Maclean of the Gold Coast". African Affairs 61 (245): 348–350. DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095044. ISSN 1468-2621.
  48. ↑ "Précis of the Treaties and Engagements between the British Government and the Chiefs of the Arabian Coast of the Persian Gulf.". DOI:10.1163/2405-447x_loro_com_110031.
  49. ↑ "Thorburn, James Jamieson, (1864–14 Sept. 1929), Governor and Commander-in-Chief, Gold Coast Colony, 1910–12", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u218141
  50. ↑ Mackenzie, Alexander (2012), "Notifications Defining the "Inner Line" of British Jurisdiction in Frontier Districts", History of the Relations of the Government with the Hill Tribes of the North-East Frontier of Bengal, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 395–398, doi:10.1017/cbo9781139192149.026, ISBN 978-1-139-19214-9
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 6 A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named bgc3
  52. ↑ "Other dimensions of well-being: performance indicators: United States". DOI:10.1787/888932778157.
  53. ↑ "British Informal Influence in Ottoman Cyprus", Protectorate Cyprus, I.B.Tauris, 2015, doi:10.5040/9780755623624.ch-001, ISBN 978-1-78076-114-5
  54. ↑ Kaberry, Phyllis (1952). "Western Africa: Part II. The Peoples of Sierra Leone Protectorate". International Affairs 28 (1): 117. DOI:10.2307/2605063. ISSN 1468-2346.
  55. ↑ Bernstein, Rachel (2015-01-09). "NIH takes another step in recognizing same-sex marriage". Science. DOI:10.1126/science.caredit.a1500011. ISSN 1095-9203.
  56. ↑ "Sharwood-Smith, Sir Bryan (Evers), (5 Jan. 1899–10 Oct. 1983), Governor, Northern Nigeria, 1954–57 (Lieut-Governor, and President Northern House of Chiefs, 1952–54); retd 1957", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u169029
  57. ↑ Levy, Leonard (2000). Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 0-02-864880-3. OCLC 43648650.
  58. ↑ Barnett, Randy E. (2013-11-24), "Constitutional Legitimacy without Consent: Protecting the Rights Retained by the People", Restoring the Lost Constitution, Princeton University Press, doi:10.23943/princeton/9780691159737.003.0003, ISBN 978-0-691-15973-7
  59. ↑ "Ahmadiyya Arrival in the Gold Coast", The Ahmadiyya in the Gold Coast, Indiana University Press, pp. 163–180, 2017, doi:10.2307/j.ctt2005s3h.13, ISBN 978-0-253-02951-5
  60. ↑ YARAK, LARRY W. (1990-07-19), "Asante, the Dutch, and Elmina: An Overview, 1701–1872", Asante and the Dutch 1744–1873, Oxford University Press, pp. 93–132, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221562.003.0003, ISBN 978-0-19-822156-2
  61. ↑ (1994) "83 The Fathers who Came after Them". International Migration Review 28 (1_suppl): 267–268. DOI:10.1177/019791839402801s84. ISSN 0197-9183.
  62. ↑ "Redgrave, Maj.-Gen. Sir Roy Michael Frederick, (16 Sept. 1925–3 July 2011), Commander, British Forces, Hong Kong, and Major-General Brigade of Gurkhas, 1978–80", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u32068
  63. ↑ "Asante and Kumasi: A Muslim Minority in a "Sea of Paganism"", Muslim Societies in African History, Cambridge University Press, pp. 124–138, 2004-01-12, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511811746.010, ISBN 978-0-521-82627-3
  64. ↑ Nketia, J.H. Kwabena (2001). Asante music. Oxford University Press. [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01399.
  65. ↑ "Stewart, Captain Sir Donald William, (22 May 1860–1 Oct. 1905), Commissioner, East African Protectorate from 1904; British resident, Kumasi, retired", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u191258
  66. ↑ Armitage, Cecil Hamilton; Montanaro, Arthur Forbes (2011), "The Quest of the Golden Stool", The Ashanti Campaign of 1900, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–11, doi:10.1017/cbo9781139058032.003, ISBN 978-1-139-05803-2
  67. ↑ (1902) "Sanitary Progress in the Gold Coast Colony". The Lancet 159 (4111): 1710. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)85617-8. ISSN 0140-6736.
  68. ↑ Ampene, Kwasi (2020-06-14), "Asante court music in historical perspective", Asante Court Music and Verbal Arts in Ghana, Routledge, pp. 34–63, doi:10.4324/9780429340628-2, ISBN 978-0-429-34062-8, S2CID 225687000
  69. ↑ Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 34
  70. ↑ Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 35-36
  71. ↑ Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 34
  72. ↑ Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 36
  73. ↑ Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 36
  74. 1 2 3 "The Hausa Force and the Religious Marketplace in the Fante States", The Ahmadiyya in the Gold Coast, Indiana University Press, pp. 31–59, 2017, doi:10.2307/j.ctt2005s3h.8, ISBN 978-0-253-02951-5
  75. ↑ "Judicial Authority", British Overseas Territories Law, Hart Publishing, 2011, doi:10.5040/9781472565433.ch-006, ISBN 978-1-84946-019-4
  76. 1 2 3 4 McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), "The Colonial Era: British Rule of the Gold Coast".
  77. ↑ Glavovic, Bruce C. (2008). "Sustainable coastal communities in the age of coastal storms: Reconceptualising coastal planning as 'new' naval architecture". Journal of Coastal Conservation 12 (3): 125–134. DOI:10.1007/s11852-008-0037-4. ISSN 1400-0350.
  78. ↑ Enríquez-de-Salamanca, Álvaro (2020). "Evolution of coastal erosion in Palmarin (Senegal)". Journal of Coastal Conservation 24 (2). DOI:10.1007/s11852-020-00742-y. ISSN 1400-0350.
  79. ↑ "California Conquered: The Annexation of a Mexican Province, 1846–1850". DOI:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim050080165.
  80. ↑ "2013 Annual Report - Nothing Can Justify Torture Under Any Circumstance". DOI:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9935-2014001.
  81. ↑ (1968) "British Columbia, coastal area". DOI:10.4095/8830.
  82. ↑ (2015) "Amma Asante". New British Cinema from Submarine to 12 Years a Slave. DOI:10.5040/9780571343454.0007.
  83. ↑ "Wilkie, Alexander Mair, (24 May 1917–13 Aug. 1966), British Resident Commissioner, New Hebrides, since 1962", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u58616
  84. ↑ "Asante, Kwaku Baprui, (born 26 March 1924), High Commissioner for Ghana in London, 1991–93", Who's Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u5796
  85. ↑ (1941) "Interest. Judgments. Claim for Interest against Judgment Debtor Who Had Been Enjoined from Satisfying Judgment". Harvard Law Review 54 (4): 700–701. DOI:10.2307/1333971. ISSN 0017-811X.
  86. ↑ "Imbalances had been growing before the crisis". DOI:10.1787/814130478455.
  87. 1 2 3 McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), "The Colonial Era: British Rule of the Gold Coast".
  88. ↑ (2012) "Unexplored Territories". What if I Had Been the Hero?. DOI:10.5040/9781838710224.ch-003.
  89. ↑ "Bishop, Captain Frederick Edward, (23 March 1872–5 Sept. 1931), late Bedfordshire Regt; late travelling Commissioner, Northern Territories, Gold Coast", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u206187
  90. ↑ Chipp, Thomas Ford (1922). Forest officers' handbook of the Gold Coast, Ashanti and the Northern Territories. London [etc.]: Waterlow & sons limited. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.45233.
  91. ↑ Seebohm, Caroline. (2001). Boca Rococo : how Addison Mizner invented Florida's gold coast. Clarkson Potter. ISBN 0-609-60515-1. OCLC 45393879.
  92. ↑ Valsecchi, Perluigi (2014). "Free People, Slaves and Pawns in the Western Gold Coast: The Demography of Dependency in a Mid-Nineteenth-Century British Archival Source". Ghana Studies 17 (1): 223–246. DOI:10.1353/ghs.2014.0010. ISSN 2333-7168.
  93. ↑ "Sircar, Sir Nripendra Nath, (died 1945), Law Member of Executive Council of Governor-General of India, 1934–39; late Vice-President, Viceroy's Executive Council; Leader of Indian Legislative Assembly", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u231810
  94. ↑ "Sircar, Sir Nripendra Nath, (died 1945), Law Member of Executive Council of Governor-General of India, 1934–39; late Vice-President, Viceroy's Executive Council; Leader of Indian Legislative Assembly", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u231810
  95. ↑ "Sarbah, John Mensah, (1864–28 Nov. 1910), Barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1887; Senior Unofficial Member, Legislative Council, Gold Coast, from 1901; Senior Trustee, Mfantsi National Fund, 1902", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u190678
  96. ↑ "Gokhale, Hon. Gopal Krishna, (1866–20 Feb. 1915), representative of non-official members of Bombay Legislature on Viceroy's Legislative Council", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u186402
  97. 1 2 3 McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), "Colonial Administration".
  98. ↑ "Chapter I. Internal Organization of Local Authorities", Financial Administration in Local Government, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 13–26, 1960-12-31, doi:10.3138/9781487579906-003, ISBN 978-1-4875-7990-6
  99. ↑ Deacon, Russell (2000). "'Pushing at a closed door': The 1998 welsh local government review and its implications for electing welsh councils". Local Government Studies 26 (3): 1–10. DOI:10.1080/03003930008433996. ISSN 0300-3930.
  100. ↑ Duncan, Joyce (2015). Service learning in the community : the cultural implications of positive change. Momentum Press. ISBN 978-1-60650-794-0. OCLC 911067682.
  101. ↑ (2018) "A Jury May Have Sentenced a Man to Death Because He Is Gay. It's Time for a Federal Court to Hear His Bias Claim.". DOI:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9970-20180016.
  102. 1 2 Myers, J. C. (2012), "Chiefs in the New South Africa", Indirect Rule in South Africa, Woodbridge, UK: Boydell and Brewer Limited, pp. 70–95, doi:10.1017/upo9781580467421.006 (inactive 2 December 2024), ISBN 978-1-58046-742-1CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Silimin gɔli December 2024 (link)
  103. ↑ "From Indirect to Direct Rule", The Invention of a European Development Aid Bureaucracy, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, doi:10.1057/9781137318275_10, ISBN 978-1-137-31827-5
  104. 1 2 3 4 5 McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), "Colonial Administration".
  105. 1 2 Thompson, Lanny (2010-07-31), "Legal Foundations of Colonial Rule", Imperial Archipelago, University of Hawai'i Press, pp. 183–226, doi:10.21313/hawaii/9780824834012.003.0006, ISBN 978-0-8248-3401-2
  106. ↑ Graham, James D. (2018-05-01), "Indirect Rule: The Establishment of "Chiefs" and "Tribes" in Cameron's Tanganyika", The Colonial Epoch in Africa, Routledge, pp. 23–32, doi:10.4324/9781351058551-3, ISBN 978-1-351-05855-1
  107. ↑ Osler, Mark William (2011). "What Would It Look Like If We Cared About Narcotics Trafficking? An Argument to Attack Narcotics Capital Rather than Labor". SSRN Electronic Journal. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.1800370. ISSN 1556-5068.
  108. 1 2 Osborn, Michelle (2020-02-14), Cheeseman, Nic; Kanyinga, Karuti; Lynch, Gabrielle (eds.), "Chiefs, elders, and traditional authority", The Oxford Handbook of Kenyan Politics, Oxford University Press, pp. 296–309, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198815693.013.20, ISBN 978-0-19-881569-3
  109. ↑ "Atta, Nana Sir Ofori, (11 Oct. 1881–24 Aug. 1943), Omanhene (Paramount Chief) of Akyem Abuakwa; an Unofficial Member, Executive Council of Gold Coast, since 1942; Provincial Member of the Legislative Council, Gold Coast Colony; President of the Provincial Council of Chiefs, Eastern Province, Gold Coast Colony; Member of the Board of Education, Gold Coast Colony; Director of Akim, Limited; Member of District Agricultural Committee, Akim Abuakwa", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u222064
  110. ↑ Baldwin, Kate (2016), "Cross-National Data Set of Chiefs' Power", The Paradox of Traditional Chiefs in Democratic Africa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 189–196, doi:10.1017/cbo9781316422335.011, ISBN 978-1-316-42233-5
  111. ↑ Ubink, Janine M. (2008). In The Land of the Chiefs : Customary Law, Land Conflicts, and the Role of the State in Peri-Urban Ghana. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. doi:10.5117/9789087280413 (inactive 13 November 2024). hdl:1887/21154. ISBN 978-90-8728-041-3. S2CID 153527682.CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Silimin gɔli November 2024 (link)
  112. ↑ (1935) "Central and local authorities". Tubercle 17 (1): 43–44. DOI:10.1016/s0041-3879(35)80807-6. ISSN 0041-3879.
  113. ↑ Bell, J. Bowyer; Arens, Moshe (2017-07-28), "The Jews Attack, March 1948 – May 1948", Terror Out of Zion, Routledge, pp. 290–313, doi:10.4324/9781315130767-10, ISBN 978-1-315-13076-7
  114. ↑ "Figure 2.5. The Japanese wage system has gradually shifted from its traditional seniority pay system". DOI:10.1787/888933890540.
  115. ↑ Morris, Marcus (2019-02-14), "Between workers and soldiers", Veterans of the First World War, Routledge, pp. 48–64, doi:10.4324/9780429056949-4, ISBN 978-0-429-05694-9, S2CID 187898587
  116. ↑ McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), "The growth of nationalism and the end of colonial rule".
  117. 1 2 A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named emn2
  118. ↑ "Atta, Nana Sir Ofori, (11 Oct. 1881–24 Aug. 1943), Omanhene (Paramount Chief) of Akyem Abuakwa; an Unofficial Member, Executive Council of Gold Coast, since 1942; Provincial Member of the Legislative Council, Gold Coast Colony; President of the Provincial Council of Chiefs, Eastern Province, Gold Coast Colony; Member of the Board of Education, Gold Coast Colony; Director of Akim, Limited; Member of District Agricultural Committee, Akim Abuakwa", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u222064
  119. ↑ "Origins, Evidence, and Consequences", Moral Sentiments and Material Interests, The MIT Press, 2005, doi:10.7551/mitpress/4771.003.0004, ISBN 978-0-262-27386-2
  120. ↑ "Atta, Nana Sir Ofori, (11 Oct. 1881–24 Aug. 1943), Omanhene (Paramount Chief) of Akyem Abuakwa; an Unofficial Member, Executive Council of Gold Coast, since 1942; Provincial Member of the Legislative Council, Gold Coast Colony; President of the Provincial Council of Chiefs, Eastern Province, Gold Coast Colony; Member of the Board of Education, Gold Coast Colony; Director of Akim, Limited; Member of District Agricultural Committee, Akim Abuakwa", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u222064
  121. 1 2 3 A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named emn
  122. ↑ "Figure 6.8. Immigrant-owned firms were more likely to be job creators". DOI:10.1787/888934066425.
  123. ↑ Sokolowski, Robert (1970), "The Constitution Performed by Inner Time", The Formation of Husserl's Concept of Constitution, Phaenomenologica, 18, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 74–115, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-3325-0_4, ISBN 978-90-481-8316-6
  124. ↑ Bleek, Wolf (1990). "Did the Akan resort to abortion in pre-colonial Ghana? Some Conjectures". Africa 60 (1): 121–131. DOI:10.2307/1160430. ISSN 0001-9720. PMID 12343106.
  125. ↑ (1936) "Members Elected by the Executive Council". Africa 9 (4): 543. DOI:10.1017/s0001972000008986. ISSN 0001-9720.
  126. ↑ "Medals of Honor Presented to Black Veterans of World War II (1997)", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, 2009-09-30, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.33755, ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1
  127. ↑ "Of the Many Who Returned and Yet Were Dead", The Philosophy of War and Exile, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, doi:10.1057/9781137351227_6, ISBN 978-1-137-35122-7
  128. ↑ Waters, R. S. (1933). "Possible Results had Modern Air Reconnaissance Existed in 1914". Royal United Services Institution. Journal 78 (509): 44–59. DOI:10.1080/03071843309433806. ISSN 0035-9289.
  129. ↑ "Atta, Nana Sir Ofori, (11 Oct. 1881–24 Aug. 1943), Omanhene (Paramount Chief) of Akyem Abuakwa; an Unofficial Member, Executive Council of Gold Coast, since 1942; Provincial Member of the Legislative Council, Gold Coast Colony; President of the Provincial Council of Chiefs, Eastern Province, Gold Coast Colony; Member of the Board of Education, Gold Coast Colony; Director of Akim, Limited; Member of District Agricultural Committee, Akim Abuakwa", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u222064
  130. ↑ "Public Responsibility", Black Education in New York State, Syracuse University Press, pp. 69–84, 1979-12-01, doi:10.2307/j.ctv9b2x9d.8, ISBN 978-1-68445-015-2, S2CID 241586403
  131. ↑ RENZ, MARION CASEY (1995). "This writer became a nurse for All the wrong reasons Learn why she stayed". Nursing 25 (5): 47–49. DOI:10.1097/00152193-199505000-00018. ISSN 0360-4039. PMID 7746538.
  132. ↑ Wallis, Joe; Dollery, Brian (1999), "New Institutional Economics, New Public Management and Government Failure", Market Failure, Government Failure, Leadership and Public Policy, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 61–92, doi:10.1057/9780230372962_4, ISBN 978-1-349-40797-2
  133. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994), "The Politics of the Independence Movements".
  134. ↑ Heuer, Jennifer (2014-03-03). "Did Everything Change? Rethinking Revolutionary Legacies". Oxford Handbooks Online. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639748.013.036.
  135. ↑ Johnson, Chalmers Ashby. (1982). Revolutionary change. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1144-5. OCLC 251351828.
  136. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named pim2
  137. ↑ "Doing Things the Right Way: The Way You Were Taught", Doing Things the Right Way, University of Calgary Press, pp. 23–36, 1995, doi:10.2307/j.ctv8jnzd8.11, ISBN 978-1-55238-328-5
  138. ↑ (2018-08-01) "What is Etiquette Today? Interviewing Etiquette for Today's College Student". Journal of Advances in Education Research 3 (3). DOI:10.22606/jaer.2018.33005. ISSN 2519-7002.
  139. ↑ Robinson, Lisa Clayton (2005-04-07), "Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.42169, ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1
  140. ↑ Schwarz, Bill (2003-12-04), "George Padmore", West Indian Intellectuals in Britain, Manchester University Press, pp. 132–149, doi:10.7228/manchester/9780719064746.003.0007, ISBN 978-0-7190-6474-6, S2CID 242756948
  141. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named pim4
  142. ↑ "Nkrumah/Lumumba", African Intellectuals and Decolonization, Ohio University Press, pp. 27–36, 2012, doi:10.1353/chapter.711980, ISBN 978-0-89680-486-9
  143. ↑ "Secretary of the Ugcc", Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy, Sub-Saharan Publishers, pp. 52–72, 2007-11-15, doi:10.2307/j.ctvk3gm60.9, ISBN 978-9988-647-81-0
  144. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Secretary of the Ugcc2
  145. ↑ Rubenfeld, Jed (2001-04-10), "Constitutional Self-Government on the Model of Speech", Freedom and Time, Yale University Press, pp. 45–73, doi:10.12987/yale/9780300080483.003.0003, ISBN 978-0-300-08048-3
  146. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named pim5
  147. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Secretary of the Ugcc3
  148. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named pim6
  149. ↑ Wegmann, Andrew N. (2017-08-01), "He Be God Who Made Dis Man", New Directions in the Study of African American Recolonization, University Press of Florida, doi:10.5744/florida/9780813054247.003.0004, ISBN 978-0-8130-5424-7
  150. ↑ "From Talking Chiefs to a Native Coperative Élite", From Talking Chiefs to a Native Corporate Elite, MQUP, pp. 297–320, 1996-06-21, doi:10.2307/j.ctt806bn.22, ISBN 978-0-7735-6580-7
  151. ↑ (2007-06-01) "The Man Who Had All the Luck". Man Who Had All the Luck, the. DOI:10.5040/9781580814768.
  152. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named pim3
  153. ↑ "Birth of the CPP", Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy, Sub-Saharan Publishers, pp. 74–90, 2007-11-15, doi:10.2307/j.ctvk3gm60.10, ISBN 978-9988-647-81-0
  154. ↑ Leek, J. H. (1948). "Preliminary Draft of a World Constitution. Common Cause: A Monthly Report of the Committee to Frame a World Constitution". Books Abroad 22 (4): 418. DOI:10.2307/40087909. ISSN 0006-7431.
  155. ↑ (2015-05-21) "More than half of all jobs created since 1995 were non-standard jobs". DOI:10.1787/9789264235120-graph7-en.
  156. ↑ Johnson, Nevil (2004), "A Parliamentary Government: the Executive Power", Reshaping the British Constitution, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 79–101, doi:10.1057/9780230503366_6, ISBN 978-0-333-94620-6
  157. 1 2 Omer, Haim; London-Sapir, Shoshannah (2003), "Nonviolent Resistance in Action", Nonviolent Resistance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 75–92, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511550652.006, ISBN 978-0-511-55065-2
  158. ↑ Biney, Ama (2011), "From Activist to Leader of the CPP, 1945–1951", The Political and Social Thought of Kwame Nkrumah, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 29–45, doi:10.1057/9780230118645_3, ISBN 978-1-349-29513-5
  159. 1 2 3 "Leader of Government Business", Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy, Sub-Saharan Publishers, pp. 92–102, 2007-11-15, doi:10.2307/j.ctvk3gm60.11, ISBN 978-9988-647-81-0
  160. ↑ Kleist, N. (2011-06-29). "Modern chiefs: Tradition, development and return among traditional authorities in Ghana". African Affairs 110 (441): 629–647. DOI:10.1093/afraf/adr041. ISSN 0001-9909.
  161. ↑ James, Simon (1995), "Relations between Prime Minister and Cabinet: From Wilson to Thatcher", Prime Minister, Cabinet and Core Executive, London: Macmillan Education UK, pp. 63–86, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-24141-5_4, ISBN 978-0-333-55528-6
  162. ↑ "Aziz, Shaukat, (born 6 March 1949), Member for Attock, National Assembly, Pakistan, 2004–07; Prime Minister of Pakistan, 2004–07, and Minister of Finance, 1999–2007", Who's Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u244938 (inactive 13 November 2024)CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Silimin gɔli November 2024 (link)
  163. ↑ Afghan National Liberation Front (Afghanistan : Political party)./Liberation Front. University of Arizona Libraries. 1990. doi:10.2458/azu_acku_serial_jq1769_a8_a76_v6_n7 (inactive 13 November 2024).CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Silimin gɔli November 2024 (link)
  164. ↑ Wildenmann, Rudolf (1987-12-31), Katz, Richard S (ed.), "3. The Party Government of the Federal Republic of Germany: Form and Experience", Party Governments, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 78–117, doi:10.1515/9783110900255-004, ISBN 978-3-11-090025-5
  165. ↑ King, Tom (2015-01-21), "The Advent of Two New Micro Parties: The Palmer United Party and Katter's Australia Party", Abbott's Gambit: The 2013 Australian Federal Election, ANU Press, doi:10.22459/ag.01.2015.17, ISBN 978-1-925022-09-4
  166. ↑ "19. Indonesia's demand for immediate independence", Portrait of a Patriot, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 373–376, 1972-12-31, doi:10.1515/9783110870640-020, ISBN 978-3-11-087064-0
  167. ↑ "Coattails Upside Down: How Assembly Elections Shape Presidential Elections", Votes from Seats, Cambridge University Press, 2017, doi:10.1017/9781108261128.012, ISBN 978-1-108-26112-8
  168. 1 2 (1962) "Ghana Population Atlas. The Distribution and Density of Population in the Gold Coast and Togoland under United Kingdom Trusteeship". Population (French Edition) 17 (2): 353. DOI:10.2307/1527080. ISSN 0032-4663.
  169. ↑ "Original Title", The Ewe-Speaking People of Togoland and the Gold Coast, Routledge, p. 7, 2017-02-03, doi:10.4324/9781315295978-4, ISBN 978-1-315-29597-8, S2CID 239521353
  170. ↑ Howe, Russell Warren (1957). "Gold Coast into Ghana". The Phylon Quarterly 18 (2): 155–161. DOI:10.2307/273187. ISSN 0885-6826.
  171. ↑ Laronce, Cécile. Auteur. (1997). L'influence de Nkrumah dans la politique étrangère américaine : les États-Unis découvrent l'Afrique, 1945–1966. [s.n.] OCLC 490457889.
Di yila "https://dag.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold_Coast_(British_colony)&oldid=115927"