Transhumance

Yaɣ sheli	pastoralism
Intangible cultural heritage status	Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

Transhumance nyɛla "pastoralism" bee "nomadism" balishɛli, binkɔbiri taɣibu waligu saha mini kikaa sunsuuni. Montane yaɣa (vertical transhumance), di gbaai la wari saha mɔ'zimsa ni mini waligu saha kom ni zɔri luri shɛli zolona ni. Binkɔb'guliba kuli malila bɛ ni be luɣ'shɛli sahakam, di tooi zooi la zolɔna ni. Binkɔb'guliba maa ko n tooi gɔra, ka niriba bela ŋɔ n tooi pahiri bɛ zuɣu, ka salo maa zaa kpalindi gbunni. Zaŋ ŋmahindi puuni, "horizontal transhumance" nyɛla tiŋgbani nama tɛri, bomma ni nyamma, bee siyaasa ni yɛn tooi saɣimi shɛli.^[1]

Kali bee transhumance din za luɣ'yini nyɛla din yɛligi gili dunia yaɣa niriba ni be shɛli, dibahi bahindi Europe mini western Asia. Di mali bukaata ni binkɔb'guliba be tinsi ni, dama di ni tooi niŋ ka binyɛra din yirina transhumance binguliba ni kamani (bihim, kpam, yogurt ni waagashe) ni tooi be salo maa bindira ni la. Bala pam tooi mali saha n ti kikaa saha mɔri, ka niriba tooi mali lala yuya ŋɔ m-booni tinsi: e.g. Wales booni hafod ka Scotland booni shieling, bee Switzerland nima ban tɔɣisiri German booni alp.

Bachi maa ni pili shɛli mini di kahigibu

Bachi din nyɛ transhumance yimina French ni ka yihina Latin bachinima ni trans "baa gari" ni humus "tiŋgbani". Transhumance

Moving sheep up along a drovers' road in the Massif Central, France

Transhumance nyɛla "pastoralism" bee "nomadism".^[2] Khazanov pula "nomadic" "pastoralism" balibu bunu: "pure pastoral nomadism", "semi-nomadic pastoralism", "semi-sedentary pastoralism", "distant-pastures husbandry" ni "seasonal transhumance".^[3] Eickelman bi yihi waliginsim "transhumant pastoralism" mini "seminomadism" sunsuuni, amaa ka ti waliginsim din ka daɣiri "nomadic pastoralism" mini seminomadism sunsuuni.^[4]

In prehistory

Transhumance daa nyɛla bɛ ni niŋdi shɛli Europe tuuli taarihi saha. Isotope bɔhimbu din jɛndi binkɔbiri kɔba wuhiya ni bɛ daa taɣiri la binkɔbiri yuuni yuuni.^[5]^{: Tɛmplet:R/where} Amaa din nyɛla din niŋdi dunia zaa.

Di ni tooi niŋ ka di nyɛla niriba ban be zoya ni bɔhim la baŋsim din yii zoya lona ni.^[6]

Europe

Alps

Balkans

Tɛmplet:Unreferenced section

Tiŋsi ni kamani Balkans, Albanians, Greek Sarakatsani, Eastern Romance (Romanians, Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians ni Istro-Romanians) mini Turkish Yörük tooi be la zoya ni waligu saha ka ui polo ni maasim saha. Bɛ tiŋgbani ni daa na be Austro-Hungary mini Ottoman Empires, din di tarisi ni Greece, Albania, Bulgaria ni tiŋ'shɛli din daa na nyɛ Yugoslavia daa nyɛla din ka soli. Tulim saha, shɛba rooi chani hali ni Balkan Mountains, n ti niŋdi bɛ sahaAegean Sea.

Morlach bee Karavlachs daa nyɛla Eastern Romance pɛkpariba ("kpiimba" zaŋ ti Istro-Romanians) ban daa be Dinaric Alps (western Balkans din beni ʒaamani ŋɔ), nyɛla ban gɔrigindi sahakam ni bɛ nya mɔ'viɛla n-ti bɛ bunkɔbiri.

England

Shɛhira beni n wuhiri ni transhumance daa be England tum nadaa saha, zaŋ yi Cornwall din be south-west, zaŋ yi England north.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] Lake District, "hill sheep breeds", kamanj Herdwick mini Swaledale tooi chanila "moor" mini "valley" sunsuunj waligu saha mini wari saha.^[11]^[5]^{: Tɛmplet:R/where}

Lihi pahi

Di ni yina luɣ'shɛŋa

Jones, Schuyler. "Transhumance Reconsidered". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, London, 2005.
Costello, Eugene & Svensson, Eva (eds.). Historical Archaeologies Of Transhumance Across Europe Routledge, London, 2018.
Jones, Schuyler. Men of Influence: Social Control & Dispute Settlement in Waigal Valley, Afghanistan. Seminar Press, London & New York, 1974.

Tɛmplet:Free-content attribution

Kundivihira

↑ Blench, Roger (17 May 2001). 'You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium (PDF). London: Overseas Development Institute. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
↑ transhumance - pastoral society. Encyclopedia Britannica.
↑ Anatoly M. Khazanov, Nomads and the Outside World (2nd Edition), University of Wisconsin Press, 1994, pp 19-23, ISBN 978-0-299-14284-1
↑ Dale F. Eickelman, The Middle East and Central Asia: An Anthropological Approach, Prentice Hall, 2002, p. 11, ISBN 9780130336781
1 2 Costello, Eugene; Svensson, Eva (2018). Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-21337-0.
↑ Transhumance - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics.
↑ McDonnell, John (1988). "The Role of Transhumance in Northern England". Northern History 24: 1–17. DOI:10.1179/nhi.1988.24.1.1.
↑ Tɛmplet:NHLE
↑ What are sunken lanes? (en).
↑ Tɛmplet:NHLE
↑ BBC Radio 4 - Radio 4 in Four - Nine things you never knew about sheep.

External links

U.S. Department of Agriculture Discussion on Asia^{[permanent dead link]}
U.S. Department of Agriculture Discussion on Africa Archived 31 Silimin gɔli March 2006 at the Wayback Machine
Transhumance and 'The Waiting Zone' in North Africa
Limited traditional transhumance in Australia
Pastoralism Archived 3 Silimin gɔli February 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Short mention of transhumance in North America
Swiss land registry of alpine pastures (German)
La transhumancia in Madrid Spain Archived 31 Silimin gɔli August 2014 at the Wayback Machine
The transhumance from Schnals Valley (Italy) to Ötz Valley (Austria)
Interview with Lionel Martorell, one of the last transhumant pastors in Eastern Spain

[1] Blench, Roger (17 May 2001). 'You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium (PDF). London: Overseas Development Institute. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2011.

[2] transhumance - pastoral society. Encyclopedia Britannica.

[3] Anatoly M. Khazanov, Nomads and the Outside World (2nd Edition), University of Wisconsin Press, 1994, pp 19-23, ISBN 978-0-299-14284-1

[4] Dale F. Eickelman, The Middle East and Central Asia: An Anthropological Approach, Prentice Hall, 2002, p. 11, ISBN 9780130336781

[Costello-5] 1 2 Costello, Eugene; Svensson, Eva (2018). Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-21337-0.

[6] Transhumance - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics.

[7] McDonnell, John (1988). "The Role of Transhumance in Northern England". Northern History 24: 1–17. DOI:10.1179/nhi.1988.24.1.1.

[8] Tɛmplet:NHLE

[9] What are sunken lanes? (en).

[10] Tɛmplet:NHLE

[11] BBC Radio 4 - Radio 4 in Four - Nine things you never knew about sheep.

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