Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Benin Tahaʒari

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Benin Tahaʒari
group of sculptures
Yaɣ shelijɛduɣu, relief sculpture Mali niŋ
Siɣili-lana yulibronze, Benin Empire Mali niŋ
TiŋaNigeria Mali niŋ
Din be shɛli polonaBenin City Mali niŋ
Dini be shɛliEthnologisches Museum Berlin, British Museum, Nigerian National Museum, Lagos Mali niŋ
Significant eventBenin Expedition of 1897, looting Mali niŋ
Binyɛra ka bɛ zaŋ namlicopper alloy Mali niŋ
LaɣimbuBritish Museum, Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Ethnologisches Museum Berlin Mali niŋ
Fabrication methodlost-wax casting Mali niŋ

Benin Tahaʒɛri nyɛla kuri paɣa mini bin kpɛri shɛŋa din n laɣim taba m bo nachinsi n dihi Benin Nayili, din pa n-nyɛ Edo State, Nigeria. Lala metal plaques nima ŋɔ nyɛla Guild of Benin Bronze Casters nima, ban pa m be Igun Street puuni ŋɔ, din nyɛ bɛ ni lahi m booni shɛli ni Igun-Eronmwon Quarters la ni daa yi m malindi shɛli. Lala binyɛra ŋɔ n daa yi n laɣim taba n nam Benin art Shɛhira shɛŋa ŋan ne n doya kashi ka daa yi n-nyɛ yuuni fourteenth century la artists ban daa n-nyɛ Edo niriba la ni daa m maali shɛŋa .[1][2][3][4][5] Lala plaques ŋɔ, Edo balli nima ni m booni shɛli ni Ama la,[6] yi nyɛla din n wuhiri luɣ'shɛŋa bee n ʒeya n-tiri yɛlkpana lala Nayili maa taarihi puuni .[7] Lala plaques nima ŋɔ nyaaŋa, sculptures shɛŋa ŋan m be brass bee bronze puuni nima n-nyɛ portrait heads, jewellery (tib'kpariti, baŋsi, nintuhi, ni ŋan n pahi pahi), n ti pahi smaller pieces.

A 16th-century Benin Bronze depicting a Portuguese soldier, with manillas in the background (Leipzig Museum of Ethnography)

Sculptures shɛŋa ŋan n-tiri suhupiɛlli ŋɔ zooya ka di nyɛla yuuni fourteenth century la dina, amaa ka di zaɣ'bɔbigu mii zooi ka di nyɛ yuuni fifteenth mini sixteenth centuries la puuni dina. Vihigu wuhiya ni "Golden Ages" dibaa ayi din m be Benin kuriti tuun'baŋsim puuni nyɛla din daa n yina Esigie 1550) mini Eresoyen (1735–1750) nima nam saha puuni saha shɛli bɛ tuun'baŋsim ni daa n zani di naba ayi zuɣu la.[8]

Lala plaque nima ŋɔ pam mini binyɛra shɛŋa daa nyɛla gbanpiɛlla la ni daa n va shɛŋa Benin Expedition of 1897 saha la puuni n chaŋ pirimila bɛ mini ban n daa m be Southern Nigeria nima dimba la ni daa n-nyɛ yim la zuɣu.[9] Lala so'chandiba ŋɔ  daa nyɛla ban n tumdi n doli gbanpiɛlla ŋɔ zalisi ni bɛ bɔhi biɛri n-ti ban gbanpiɛlla ŋɔ ninvuɣ'shɛba mini bɛ Africa tuumba shɛba bɛ ni daa n-tim na silimin gɔli January yuuni 1897 puuni ka bɛ daa ti n koŋ bɛ nyavuya la zuɣu. Shikuru baŋdi'shɛba kamani Dan Hicks, daa nyɛla ŋɔ yɛli ni lala expedition nima maa zaa daa nyɛla din n pahi bɛ shɛ'shɛŋa bɛ ni daa n mali ka n nuɣisi n lɛbi fitiina bee nahingu ni bɛ zaŋ n liri Africa n ti zaŋ bɛ European sulinsi m biri ka n dehi daabiligu anfaani nima shɛŋa ŋa m be ni.[10] Bɛ daa n zaŋla lala expedition ŋɔ n va two hundred pieces n tahi British Museum din m be London puuni la ka zaŋ ŋan n kpalim maa mii zaa n tahi European museums ŋan n kpalim la gba nima mii puuni [11] Di nyɛla din n zooi pam British Museum puuni[9] ka naain n yi che din gba m-be m-be Germany mini United States shɛŋa ŋan m mali yuya la nima puuni.[12]

Yuuni 19th-century la nyaaŋa shikuru baŋdiba O. M. Dalton mini Charles Hercules Read nima ban daa deei n bahindila bɛ yiligu ni lala Benin knowledge of metallurgy ŋɔ daa nyɛla din n yi Portuguese daabihi shɛba ban mini Benin nima maa daa pun n-niŋ ningbuna ni taba early modern period la puuni ka lala yɛligu ŋɔ daa nyɛ din bi n tam kanli zuɣu.[5] Benin nayili din daa pun nyɛla luɣ'shɛli Africa shɛba ban nina daa pun n nehi nima ni daa m be shɛli n yuui pɔi ka Portuguese daabihi daa naain n chaŋ nimaani,[13][14] Hali gba bronze nima daa pun nyɛla binshɛli bɛ ni daa pun n malindi shɛli Benin pɔi ka Portuguese nima maa daa naain n yi chaŋ nimaani.[15] Bɛ ni m boli shɛli ni Benin bronze sculpture tradition la nyɛla bɛ ni yɛli ni shɛli daa n yila Kingdom of Ife din m be southwest Nigeria nayili kurili shɛli din daa m baɣi ba la puuni na.[3][4][5]

Ŋanima zaɣibɔbigu n laɣim taba ka bɛ boli li Benin Bronzes,[16] kamani West Africa nima "bronzes" pam, di zaɣibilima nyɛla bɛ ni n maali shɛli brass ŋa nyɛ variable composition la puuni.[lower-alpha 1] Di shɛŋa gba beni ka bɛ zaŋla bronze mini brass, wood, ceramic, n ti pahi ivory ni nɛ'shɛŋa ŋa m pahi pahi n gabi taba n maali ŋanima.[18] Di kuriti yaɣa maa daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa n zaŋ lost-wax casting n maali shɛŋa ka ŋanima nyɛ din m pahi Africa sculptures shɛŋa bɛ ni zaŋ lala soli (technique) ŋɔ n mali ka di mali nintiɣili.[19] Yuuni 15th century la bahigu puuni ka Benin nima daa n pilil ivory, naanzuwa n ti pahi daba kuhibu daabiligu ni[20] Portuguese nima ka daa lahi n zaŋ manillas (brass ingots kamani baŋsi laasabu la ka nyɛ bɛ daa n da shɛli Portuguese nima maa sani) n pahi ka di nyɛ luɣ'shɛli polo bɛ ni n yihiri bee n nyari kuriti n malindi bɛ sculpture. Lala manillas' brass shɛli bɛ ni daa n yɛli ni shɛli daa tuui n yina The Netherlands la pa nyɛla bɛ ni lahi n yɛli ni shɛli pa nyɛla din n yi Rhineland region of Germany nima sani na.[21][22][23]

Di nambu mini di tuma biɛhigu puuni

Lala dramatic sculptures ŋɔ shɛŋa pam nyɛla din daa n yina yuuni thirteenth century la puuni ka di zaɣ'bɔbigu pam mi daa n yina yuuni fifteenth mini sixteenth centuries la puuni. Vihigu wuhiya ni "Golden Ages" ŋɔ dibaa ayi din m be Benin kuriti tuun'baŋsim puuni la nyɛla din daa n yina Esigie (fl. 1550) mini Eresoyen (1735–1750) nima saha puuni, dini daa n-niŋ ka bɛ baŋsim zaŋ kpa bɛ tuma polo la daa n zani di naba ayi zuɣu.[24]

"The king's palace or court is a square, and is as large as the town of Haarlem and entirely surrounded by a special wall, like that which encircles the town. It is divided into many magnificent palaces, houses, and apartments of the courtiers, and comprises beautiful and long square galleries...resting on wooden pillars, from top to bottom covered with cast copper, on which are engraved the pictures of their war exploits and battles, and are kept very clean."

Olfert Dapper, a Dutch writer, describing Benin in his book Description of Africa (1668)[25]

Lala Benin nayili ŋɔ nyɛla din n deegi din pa n-nyɛ Nigeria ŋɔ southern yaɣa la bin din daa n gbaai yuuni fourteenth la mini nineteenth centuries la nima puuni, daa nyɛla din n mali sculptures pam ka ŋa nɛn'shɛŋa kam bɛ ni zaŋ n maali kamani iron, bronze, wood, ivory n ti pahi terra cotta nima nyɛ din n gahim n yi di ko. Oba nayili shɛli din m be Benin City puuni ka nyɛ luɣ'shɛli polo bɛ ni n malindi royal ancestral altars la n daa lahi n-nyɛ luɣ'shɛli polo bɛ ni  daa yi n niŋdi court ceremonial life shɛli Oba of Benin, o tɔb'bihi, nanima mini ban mali zaashehi, tindaanba, ninvuɣ'shɛba ban m be nayili maa laɣinsi puuni, tinduya puuni daabihi mini mercenaries, n ti pahi n tumdi n tiri niriba ka bɛ yori ba ni ban n chani nayili maa nima ni mali nuu timbu shɛli puuni. Lala nayili ŋɔ daa nyɛla din laɣim yiya gbaliŋ n gili di sheeni ka daa lahi n-nyɛ luɣ'shɛli polo bɛ ni daa yi mali rectangular brass plaques din anfooni me n ŋmahim ninvuɣ'shɛba mini yɛl'shɛŋa din che ka court maa ŋmani binvuhirili la bin kɔbiga kɔbiga.[26]

Bronze mini ivory binyɛra tumtumsa galiya pam Benin nayili yɛl'maana mini di kootu biɛhigu puuni. Di tuma daa na nyɛla bɛ ni daa na n mali li n dihiri nayili maa nachinsi ka di daa nyɛ din n mali bronze tuma pam ŋa puuni.[27] Bɛ daa yi n kpahila kuusanima n sa n sa nayili ŋɔ pilanima zuɣu ka zaŋ ŋanima n yili yili li.[26] Bɛ kootu maa kali soli zuɣu yɛlkpani daa nyɛmi ni bɛ paɣi ka simsi lala bɛ Oba duuma ŋɔ , bɛ naa ŋun gahim ka yi o ko, n ti pahi o nam timsim taarihi bee ni bɛ paɣi ka n simsi Iyoba of Benin (the queen mother).[28] Art, di yi ti kana Benin nayili polo, di nyɛla din mali balibu pam amaa ka ŋanima zaa puuni bronze mini brass reliefs n ti tabili Na'zuɣiri nima mini queen mothers nima dina n-nyɛ niriba pam ni n mi shɛŋa yɛla. Bɛ ni zaŋ bronze n maali ŋman'shɛŋa, buɣliŋbuɣliŋ nima, ornaments, jewellery (tikpariti, cheeni nima, nintuhi, baŋsi, ni ŋa n pahi), n ti pahi binyɛr'shɛŋa bɛ ni mali m maani yɛli maana zaa malila dimaŋa bee nachinsi nɛma nahingbana mini binmaŋa ŋanima puuni n wuhiri bɛ n maali ŋanima kpaŋmaŋa di bahi m bahindi figurative tum'shɛŋa din m be bronze mini ivory carvings ni gari ŋanima zuɣu maa zaa yoli.[28]

Africa tingbani puuni, tuma din n yi Benin na wuhiya ni bɛ ni m boli shɛli ni the technique of lost-wax casting la daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa pun n daŋ n maali shɛli. Di yi daa ti n-niŋ ka tiŋ'naa kani, na'so ŋun daa yɛn n ʒini gbana maa zuɣu n daa yɛn n puhi ka bɛ maali bronze zuɣu n-ti lala naa maa. Lala sculptures nima kalinli ŋan n yiɣisi kɔbiga ni pisopɔin na nyɛla din m beni ka naain n yi che din gba na beni ka nyɛ yuuni twelfth century la puuni dina.[29] Lala Oba ŋɔ, bee tiŋ'naa, nuu n yi m pa nɛn'shɛŋa din nyabu yi n to n-ti ba kamani salima nima, elephant tusks, n ti pahi bronze nima la zuɣu. Lala tiŋ'nanima ŋɔ kpaŋmaŋa puuni ka bɛ tooi n malindi splendid Benin bronzes; dinbɔŋɔ wuhiya ni lala royal courts nima ŋɔ kpaŋmaŋa tohibunima puuni ka sub-Saharan art yina n ti niŋ katari.[30] Yuuni 1939 la puuni, zuɣ'shɛŋa din nyɛ yim kamani Benin tiŋ'nayili ŋɔ dini la daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa n nya shɛli Ife, din nyɛ Yoruba nima tiŋ'shɛli din gahim n niŋ kashi la puuni. Lala niŋsim ŋɔ daa n niŋla yuuni fourteenth mini yuuni fifteenth centuries la nima puuni. Di daa nyɛla din n-niŋ n dalim bɛ kaya yɛlkurili shɛli bɛ ni daa n gbubi ni Ife artist nima n wuhi Benin nima bronze kuriti maalibu soya.[3] Recognition of the antiquity of the technology ban m be Benin nima ni daa ti m baŋ lala technology ŋɔ taarihi yɛla, bɛ daa n-tila tooni m malind lala sculptures nima n jɛndiri di saha nima.[4]

European interest and the Benin Expedition of 1897

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
An idealised depiction of Benin City by a Dutch artist in the 1686 French edition of Olfert Dapper's Description of Africa (1668).[31]

Africa nima art Shɛhira bela daa nyɛla Europeans nima ni daa pun n laɣim shɛli pɔi ni yuuni nineteenth century la puuni, di bahi m bahindi European nima ni daa pun n yihi bukunima na ka di daa n mali Benin City mini of the oba's palace bin din gbaai yuuni 1600s la ha mali chana anfooni nima di puuni maa zaa yoli.[32] Yuuni nineteenth century la piligu puuni saha shɛli colonization mini missionary tuma ni daa n pilila ko puuni ka bɛ daa pili n kpuɣiri Africa nima kpaŋmaŋa tuma pam n mali n tahiri Europe, ka daa mali ŋanima m booni ni simple curiosities of "pagan" cults. Lala bɛ biɛhigu ŋɔ daa nyɛla din n taɣi lala Benin Expedition of 1897 maa ni daa n-niŋ n naagi.

Yuuni 1897 la puuni, bɛ ni m boli so ni vice consul general la, James Robert Phillips, ka o daa n-nyɛ Niger Coast Protectorate, n ti n tabili gbanpiɛla ninvuɣ'timsa bɛ baa ayobu, daabihi bɛ baa ayi, ban n lɛbigiri yɛltɔɣa,  n ti pahi 215 porters, daa nyɛla ban kpuɣi napɔŋ n doli small port of Sapele, Nigeria, n chaŋ Benin[5] Niiya shɛli zuɣu bɛ ni daa n kpuɣi lala napɔŋ ŋɔ daa nyɛla zabili zuɣu. Lala niriba ŋɔ niiya daa nyɛmi ni bɛ mini Oba of Benin ŋɔ daa n gbaagi bee n di fiila, amaa taarihi shɛŋa gba wuhiya ni di daa n nyɛla reconnaissance mission shɛli bɛ ni daa n kpuɣi ka suhudoo laɣingu chandi la din daa kuli yɛn n che ka bɛ yihi bɛ tiŋ'naa king (Oba) of Benin gbana zuɣu.[33][34] Bɛ daa nyɛla ban n yɛli bɛ chandi maa daliri tɔ amaa bɛ daa yɛli ba mi ni shee bɛ na n guhi pɔi ni ka che zino bi kpɛri bɛ tiŋa maa ni saha shɛli bɛ ni na n maani bɛ yɛli maana;[35][36] tɔ amaa, saanba ŋɔ daa bi n wum n-ti ba ka daa n tuɣi bɛ lala expedition maa.[37] Bɛ daa nyɛla Oba tobu bihi ni daa n liri shɛba lala tiŋa maa south ka Europeans nima niriba ayi ko n daa ti n tiligi lala ensuing massacre maa .[5][35]

Illustration of Benin City in 1897, drawn by a British official

Yɛli ŋɔ lahabali daa nyɛla din n to London, dabaa anii nyaaŋa ka bɛ daa n niŋ yom n laɣim bɛ ni m boli shɛli ni naval punitive expedition la,[5][35][37] ka bɛ niiya daa nyɛ ni bɛ piɛli li m bahi Admiral Harry Rawson. Lala gbanpiɛlla soojanima ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban n saɣim ka wurim binshɛlikam din daa m be Benin City puuni.[5][35] Lala bɛ lirigu ŋɔ nyaaŋa, ban daa n di nasara lala tobu maa puuni daa n zaŋla art zaŋ n dihi lala Royal Palace maa mini ban daa n mali zaashehi ni yuya biɛhigu puuni yiya, din daa n-nyɛ bɛ ni daa n zaŋ yun'gbaliŋ n laɣim shɛŋa la n lɛbi bɛ tuma n tumda. Lala official nima ŋɔ chandi shɛli bɛ ni daa n chaŋ ŋɔ daa nyɛla British nima maa kpema ni daa n sabi shɛli ka di daa n wuhi ni din daa n tahili ka bɛ daa n nya nasara lala bɛ lirigu maa puuni daa nyɛmi ni tinkpaŋnima maa daa n lirimi n saɣim suhudoo chandi ni lala expedition maa mii daa nyɛla din n-ti sokam soli ni o niŋdi o suhu ni bori shɛli ni di gu li ka che reign of terror .[35][38] Yuuni 2020 buku daa n wuhiya ni; "tum yuuni 1960s saha maa ha, taarihibaŋdiba pam nyɛla ban m baŋ lala expedition shɛli bɛ ni daa n-niŋ ni bɛ n yihi Oba Ovonramwen Nogbaisi (Overami), bɛ ni daa n ʒili so namkuɣu puuni yuuni 1888 la ni, ka di daa m pa biɛri ka o daa yɛn m bohi amaa ka daa lee nyɛmi ni o beni n lihiri ka tiri zalisi ka di yuugi la zuɣu maa gbunni." [10] Ninvuɣ'shɛba gbubimi ni dina n che ka ŋun n sulinsi puuni lala bini ŋɔ gbunni bi ne ka di nyɛ di ti yɛn n dalim bronzes shɛŋa din ti yɛn n labina Benin la zaɣ'pala.[39]

Lala tum'shɛŋa British nima ŋɔ ni daa n kpuɣi maa daa nyɛla treasure hoard of bronze and ivory sculptures di bahi m bahindi tiŋ'nanima zuɣuri, queen mother nima zuɣuri, leopard figurines, buɣliŋbuɣliŋnima, n ti pahi anfooninima shɛŋa bɛ ni daa m maali ka ŋanima kalinli galisi pam zaa daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa n zaŋ  lost-wax casting n wurim shɛŋa. Yuuni 1910 la puuni, German nima vihigu vihira, Leo Frobenius daa nyɛla ŋun n ʒi expedition n chaŋ Africa ka o niiya daa nyɛ ni o dehi Africanima art kpaŋmaŋa tuma nima n-ti niŋ o ya museum nima puuni.[40] Zuŋɔ di din kpalim m be  Nigeria galisim zaa bi yaɣi di bin pihinu tɔ amaa, di kalinli din n yiɣisi 2,400 pieces nyɛla din m be Europeanima mini Americanima sulinsi puuni.[41]

Museums nima ni pu m pu n doya boŋ boŋ shɛm

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Two Benin Bronzes in London's British Museum
A display of Benin Bronzes at the British Museum
Single-figure plaque, mid-sixteenth to seventeenth century, cast copper alloy, Dallas Museum of Art

Benin Bronzes shɛŋa din daa m pahi nɛn'zura shɛŋa lala punitive expedition of 1897 ni daa n zu maa daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa n sɔŋ luɣa dam dam puuni: di yaɣ'yini daa n kpalimla lala gbanpiɛlla nima ŋɔ kpamba maŋmaŋa bukaata nima zuɣu soɣili shee; ka bɛ ni m boli shɛba ni Foreign and Commonwealth Office nima la gba daa n kohi di zaɣ'gbaliŋ ka ŋanima zaa daa ti chaŋ n ti be European museums nima puuni, di bahi m bahindi Germany mini American museums nima puuni [12] Di din daa m mali dariza pam daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa n duhi shɛli liɣir n doli ban darili maa ni daa n dari li daa puuni shɛm. Lala Foreign Office ŋɔ nima daa nyɛla ban daa n yihi bronze wall plaques din kalinli daa n galisi pam n-ti  British Museum; lala plaques nima ŋɔ nyɛla ŋan n zaya n wuhiri Benin Kingdom taarihi nima yuuni fifteenth la mini yuuni sixteenth century nima puuni.[38]

Kohimma din n niŋ nyaaŋa, sama yobu mini binyɛra mali zali dede n ti pahi yiŋa kundi

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Benin Bronzes collection shɛli din n galisi pam n gari shɛli kam bela Ethnological Museum of Berlin mini British Museum din m be London nima puuni ka din pahiri ata ka gba n galisi pam la mii be m be museums gbaliŋ shɛŋa din m be  Nigeria (di bahi m bahindi Nigerian National Museum din m be Lagos) la puuni.[42][43]

Tum Nigeria nima ni daa n deei bɛ maŋa sulinsi yuuni 1960 la ni hali wayo, bɛ bi che ba suhibu ni bɛ labisi bɛ bronzes nima n-ti ba.[42][44] Nangbankpeeni n na nyɛla zaŋ kpa bronzes maa biɛhigu shee ni di ni daa pun m be shɛli polo. Di tooi zooya ka bɛ labuna ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni nya shɛli ka di nyɛla din yɛn ti bahindi ni bɛ n labi Africa tingbani puuni. Lala artefacts nima ŋɔ lɛbila test case tinduya nangbankpeeni puuni n jɛndi yɛla mali zali dede bee sama yobu kamani  Elgin Marbles din daa n sɔŋ n taɣi niriba hala zaŋ kpa yiŋa kundi na polo la.[45][46]

Yuuni 1950 puuni ka British Museum nima daa m pili n kohi Benin Bronzes din kalinli yaɣi bin pihita n-ti Nigerianima gɔmdanti. Lala saha maa, ŋun daa n guli lala museum maa, Hermann Braunholtz, daa yɛliya ni di bahi m bahindi ninvuɣ'konkoba ni maali li maa zaa yoli di 203 plaques  kalinli shɛŋa museum maa ni daa n kpuɣi yuuni 1898 la puuni, din bin pihita daa nyɛla din nyɛ yim; dama ŋanima daa nyɛla din n ŋmani taba ka daa lahi n zaya n-ti binyini ka daa n yɛli ni ŋanima daa nyɛla din n ka museum maa sɔŋsim shɛli.[47] Lala bɛ kohima ŋɔ daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa n che shɛli yuuni 1972 la puuni ka bɛ ni m boli shɛli ni museum's African art la baŋda daa yina n ti yɛli ni o nyɛla ŋun m bohi o suhu ni tun'shɛŋa o ni daa n tum maa.[47]

Yuuni 1953 la puuni, Sotheby daa n kohila Benin Bronze zuɣu £5,500, din daa nyɛ bɛ ni daa n kohiri shɛli £780 la.[48] Yuuni 1968 la puuni, Christie daa n kohila Benin Bronze zuɣu shɛli pirinkpema ŋun daa m be o yili balinga yil'shɛli din daa n-nyɛ baŋkom puuni la £21,000 .[48] Yuuni 1984 puuni, Sotheby daa n kohila plaque shɛli din daa zaya n-ti baaŋa; din dariza daa n yiɣisi bin din gbaai £25,000 mini £35,000 sunsuuni n-ti ŋun daa n dali m paai lala liɣiri maa.[38] Yuuni 2015 la ni, bɛ daa n kohila Benin Bronze zuɣu n-ti ŋun daa n za o gama zuɣu n laɣindi li £10 million.[48][49]

Yuuni 2018 puuni, bɛ ni m boli shɛba ni Benin Dialogue Group nima mini British nima gɔmdanti daa m palila taba alikauli ni bɛ ni labisi lala Benin Bronzes nima maa din daa yɛn n che ka bɛ gba kpa bɛ maŋmaŋa exhibition Benin Royal Museum pali shɛli din m be Edo State puuni la.[50] Bɛ lala laɣingu ŋɔ daa nyɛla din n malila tinduya puuni museums nima , the Royal Court of Benin, the Edo State government, n ti pahi Nigerian National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM) nima di puuni. Yuuni 2015 la puuni, Mark Walker daa nyɛla ŋun n labisi Benin Bronzes shɛŋa o yabidoo ni daa n kpuɣi siege on Benin Kingdom saha la puuni; Prince Edun Akenzua n daa n deegi o n niŋ o yiŋa Benin City puuni.[51][52] University of Aberdeen nima gba daa m pali ba alikauli ni bɛ ni labisi bronze zuɣu shɛli din daa n-nyɛ Oba dini la ka daa lahi n-nyɛ bɛ ni daa n da shɛli auction din daa n-niŋ yuuni 1957 puuni la na silimin gɔli March yuuni 2021 puuni.[53][54] Labisibu ka n naai la handover ceremony shɛli bɛ ni daa n-niŋ silimin gɔli October biɛɣu pishi ni anii dali, yuuni 2021 puuni la.[55]

The signing of a 2022 agreement in Cologne, Germany, to transfer the Benin Bronzes of the city to Nigeria

Silimin gɔli April yuuni 2021 puuni, German nima gɔmdanti faa yimina n ti yɛli ni bɛ ni yo "looted" Benin Bronzes sama shɛŋa din daa m be Germany public collections puuni yuuni 2022 la. Hartmut Dorgerloh, ŋun daa n-nyɛ director n-ti Humboldt Forum shɛli din daa n laɣim Ethnological Museum of Berlin ka di lɛbi binyini la daa n yɛliya pɔhim zuɣu laɣingu shɛli puuni ni bɛ ni daa pun n gbaai gbaali shɛli ni bɛ zaŋ bronzes n wuhi museum complex pali shɛli din daa m be Berlin puuni la daa nyɛla "bɛ ni ku tooi lahi n tɛhi n gbaai shɛli".[56][57] Yaha, silimin gɔli April yuuni 2021 puuni, the Church of England nima gba daa lo alikauli ni bɛ ni labisi Benin bronzes dibaa ayi shɛli bɛ ni daa n zaŋ n-ti lala saha maa Archbishop of Canterbury Robert Runcie pini yuuni 1982 la puuni na.[58] Lala bronzes nima ŋɔ daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa yɛn zaŋ shɛli n tuɣi Benin Royal Museum collection shɛŋa din daa na yɛn n kana nyavuya ni.Tɛmplet:Update inline lala gɔli maa puuni, the Horniman Museum din m be South London la daa n yɛliya ni di daa nyɛla binshɛli din n tuhi ni bɛ labisi ka n yo bin pihinahi ni awei kpaŋmaŋa tuun'shɛŋa bɛ ni daa n kpuɣi Benin City puuni la, di bahi m bahindi Benin Bronzes nima pia ni anu la nima maa zaa sama.[59]

Bɛ ni daa n zaŋ shɛli n yo British Museum ni bi ni daa n zaɣisi ni bɛ labisi lala looted Benin bronzes la na n daa n-nyɛ the Iyase (traditional prime minister) of Benin Kingdom ni daa n pɔbigi bronze plaque zaɣ'karili shɛli din daa n-nyɛ silimin gɔli July  biɛɣu pihita dali, yuuni 2021 puuni dini la. [60][61][62] Lala plaque ŋɔ daa nyɛla din m mali 2 tons of brass laasabu ka daa nyɛ Iyase Lukas Osarobo Zeickner-Okoro yaansi la ni puuni yino ni daa m maali shɛli.[63] Bɛ daa m bolila The Return of Oba Ewuare ni di wuhi Benin nima yɛda ni reincarnation mini Oba Ewuare II saha puuni Benin Bronze Age labi pili. Di daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa n zaŋ shɛli n-ti British Museum ka daa taɣi n deei bronzes shɛŋa din daa m be nimaani.[64][65]

Silimin gɔli October yuuni 2021 puuni, Jesus College nima daa yina n ti yɛli ni bɛ ni labisi sculpture of a cockerel shɛli sokam ni daa m mi Okukor la n-ti Nigeria nima di ni daa n-niŋ ka bɛ shukurubihi daa n wuhi di taarihi daa anfaani ni di ni nyɛ looted artefact maa n naai. Lala statue ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa n yihi shɛli n soɣi yuuni 2016 la puuni ka niriba daa bi lahi n nyari li bɛ ni daa ti n gbaai ni bɛ labisi li; lala kolaji ŋɔ Legacy of Slavery Working Party nima vihigu daa n wuhiya ni lala statue ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni daa n deei shɛli court of Benin maŋmaŋa nima sani pɔi ka kolaji ŋɔ shukuru bi'so ba daa naai n yi zaŋli n lɛbi pini n-ti ba yuuni 1905 puuni .[66] Silimin gɔli February yuuni 2022 puuni, University of Aberdeen nima ni daa n labisi Okukor mini lala bronze maa, Oba of Benin, Ewuare II daa n deei li la royal palace shɛli din m be Benin City puuni .[67] Silimin gɔli December yuuni 2022 puuni, University of Cambridge nima daa n yihila Benin artefacts din kalinli daa n yaɣi kɔbiga ka daa m be bɛ Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology la puuni n tahi NCMM. Ninvuɣ'so ŋun yɛri n-tiri museum maa daa yɛliya ni di shɛŋa daa yɛn n kpalimla Cambridge "on extended loan" din yɛn wuhi ni "west Africa nima ninvuɣ'shɛba ban nina nehi ŋɔ na m be lala museum ŋɔ displays nima puuni mini shikuru bihi wuhibu shee".[68] Hali ni silimin gɔli February yuuni 2025 puuni, bɛ na kuli m bela soli ni bɛ zaŋ lala statues nima ŋɔ n tahi Nigeria.[69]

Silimin gɔli November yuuni 2021 puuni, bɛ ni m boli shɛba ni Metropolitan Museum of Art la nima daa n yihila two sixteenth-century Bronze plaques, Warrior Chief and Junior Court Official, n tahi n ti n-ti NCMM nima.[70] Bɛ lala niŋsim ŋɔ nyɛla din n yi di ko ka che bɛ mini ba ni gbaai ni bʋ labisi shɛŋa la domin 160 Benin Bronzes collection sama n na n doli ba.[citation needed]

Silimin gɔli January yuuni 2022 puuni, bɛ ni m boli shɛli ni Great North Museum: Hancock ŋun daa m be Newcastle, England la daa lo alikauli ni o ni labisi Benin Bronze stave n tahi n ti n-ti Nigeria nima.[71] Silimin gɔli March yuuni 2022 puuni, Smithsonian Institution nima daa yina n ti yɛli ni bɛ nyɛla ban yɛn n labisi bronzes bin pihita ni awei shɛli bɛ ni daa m mali niiya ni bɛ zaŋ n wuhi salo National Museum of Benin City puuni la.[72][73] Lala Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African Art nima daa nyɛla ban n dihi nuu din wuhiri ni bɛ nyɛla ban n yihi Benin bronzes bin pishi ni awei bɛ sulinsi puuni n-ti NCMM nima silimin gɔli October biɛɣu pia ni yini dali, yuuni 2022 puuni, Nigerian kpamba mini cultural officials nima nin'baŋsi puuni; yaha, lala saha maa puuni bɛ ni m boli shɛba ni the National Gallery of Art nima la daa nyɛla ban gba daa n labisi Benin bronze yinga.[74][75]

Silimin gɔli July yuuni 2022 puuni, Germany daa yina n ti yɛli bɛ ni daa yɛn n yihi 1,100 artefacts shɛŋa din daa m be m be Linden Museum din m be Stuttgart puuni, Humboldt Forum din m be Berlin tingbani puuni, the Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum din m be Cologne, the Museum am Rothenbaum din m be Hamburg puuni, n ti pahi the State Ethnographic Collections of Saxony nima puuni. Ŋanima zaa labisibu nima na daa nyɛla lala German museums nima mini Nigeria gɔmdanti ni daa n gbaai shɛli ni "representative collection of objects" shɛŋa bɛ ni daa n zaŋ n zali mi di kpalim Germay long-term loan puuni.[76][77] Silimin gɔli November biɛɣu pishi mi anii dali, yuuni 2022 puuni, London Horniman Museum nima daa n ʒinila ʒinahigu ni bɛ n labisi Benin Bronzes  shɛŋa bɛ mi m mali ka di nyɛ Nigeria nima dini n-ti ba.[78][79][80]

  1. ↑ British Museum, "Curator's comments".
  2. ↑ Benin Archived 28 Silimin gɔli October 2021 at the Wayback Machine, The Art Institute of Chicago.
  3. 1 2 3 Huera 1988, p. 36.
  4. 1 2 3 Huera 1988, p. 37.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Meyerowitz, Eva L. R. (1943). "Ancient Bronzes in the Royal Palace at Benin" 83: 248–253.
  6. ↑ Digital Benin.
  7. ↑ Hicks, Dan (2020). The Brutish Museums: The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution. London: Pluto Press. pp. 138–139.
  8. ↑ Greenfield 2007, p. 122.
  9. 1 2 Lusher, Adam (24 June 2018). British museums may loan Nigeria bronzes that were taken from Nigeria by the British.
  10. 1 2 Hicks, Dan (2020). The Brutish Museums: the Benin Bronzes, colonial violence and cultural restitution. Pluto Press. pp. 3, 40–42, 67–69, 84. ISBN 978-0-7453 4176-7.
  11. ↑ Greenfield 2007, p. 124.
  12. 1 2 Benin Diplomatic Handbook, p. 23.
  13. ↑ Benin and the Portuguese.
  14. ↑ "The kingdom of Benin". https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zpvckqt/articles/z3n7mp3.
  15. ↑ Mihăilescu, Plutarh-Antoniu (1968). Întâlnire cu arta africană (in Romanian). Editura Meridiane. p. 48.
  16. ↑ Gregg, Emma (2022-09-07). "The story of Nigeria's stolen Benin Bronzes, and the London museum returning them". National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/nigeria-stolen-benin-bronzes-london-museum.
  17. ↑ British Museum, "Scope Note" for "copper alloy" Archived 18 Silimin gɔli August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  18. ↑ Dohlvik 2006, p. 21.
  19. ↑ Nevadomsky 2004, pp. 1, 4, 86–8, 95–6.
  20. ↑ (July 2010) "Com a cruz e sem a espada: aspectos da relação comercial entre Portugal e o reino do Benim ao longo dos séculos XV e XVI.". Associação Nacional de História XIV.
  21. ↑ (2023) "German brass for Benin Bronzes: Geochemical analysis insights into the early Atlantic trade" (in en). PLOS ONE 18 (4): e0283415. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0283415. PMID 37018227.
  22. ↑ Benin bronzes made from metal mined in west Germany, study finds (5 April 2023).
  23. ↑ Famous Benin Bronzes from West Africa used metal sourced in Germany.
  24. ↑ (1975) "Slavery and Emancipation in Benin, 1897-1945". The Journal of African History 16 (3): 409–429. DOI:10.1017/S002185370001433X.
  25. ↑ Willett 1985, p. 102.
  26. 1 2 Ezra, Kate (1992). Royal art of Benin: the Perls collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-8109-6414-3.
  27. ↑ Pijoan 1966, p. 12.
  28. 1 2 A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kings
  29. ↑ Gowing 1984, p. 578.
  30. ↑ Leuzinger 1976, p. 24.
  31. ↑ Willett 1985, pp. 100-1.
  32. ↑ Anagnost, Adrian; Gueorguiev, Manol (2022-12-19), Collier, Delinda; Farrell, Robyn (eds.), "Edo Spaces, European Images: Iterations of Art and Architecture in Benin", Perspectives on In/Stability, The Art Institute of Chicago, doi:10.53269/26939851/01/02, ISBN 978-0-86559-314-5, archived from the original on 26 December 2022, retrieved 2022-12-26
  33. ↑ Philip Igbafe, Benin under British Administration: the Impact of Colonial Rule on an African Kingdom, 1897-1938 (1979), pp. 56-61
  34. ↑ Obinyan, T. U. (September 1988). "The Annexation of Benin". Journal of Black Studies 19 (1): 29–40. DOI:10.1177/002193478801900103.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 Benin Diplomatic Handbook, p. 21.
  36. ↑ Dohlvik 2006, pp. 21-2.
  37. 1 2 Greenfield 2007, p. 123.
  38. 1 2 3 Darshana, Soni. The British and the Benin Bronzes. ARM Information Sheet 4.
  39. ↑ Kiwara-Wilson, Salome. Restituting Colonial Plunder: The Case for the Benin Bronzes and Ivories. DePaul Journal of Art, Technology & Intellectual Property Law. 2013
  40. ↑ Huera 1988, p. 20.
  41. ↑ Huera 1988, p. 35.
  42. 1 2 Dohlvik 2006, p. 8.
  43. ↑ Iyer, Aditya (3 February 2021). 'Today's fake culture war resurrects an old colonial trick' (en).
  44. ↑ Phillips, Barnaby (2021-06-17). The Met ought to have returned two stolen Benin Bronzes years ago.
  45. ↑ Dohlvik 2006, p. 24.
  46. ↑ Titi, Catharine (2023). The Parthenon Marbles and International Law. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6. ISBN 978-3-031-26356-9. S2CID 258846977 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  47. 1 2 Benin bronzes sold to Nigeria. BBC News (27 March 2002).
  48. 1 2 3 Phillips, Barnaby (14 March 2021). "The art dealer, the £10m Benin Bronze and the Holocaust" (en-GB). BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-56292809.
  49. ↑ Hidden Treasure. Entwistle Gallery (9 January 2017).
  50. ↑ Kieron Monks (26 November 2018). British Museum to return Benin Bronzes to Nigeria.
  51. ↑ "The man who returned his grandfather's looted art" (en-GB). BBC News. 2015-02-26. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-31605284.
  52. ↑ Easter Island governor begs British Museum to return Moai: 'You have our soul' (en) (2018-11-20).
  53. ↑ "University of Aberdeen to repatriate 'looted' Nigerian bronze sculpture". BBC News. 25 March 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-56513346.
  54. ↑ University to return Benin bronze. Aberdeen University (25 March 2021).
  55. ↑ Ceremony to complete the return of Benin Bronze. Aberdeen University (27 October 2021).
  56. ↑ Hickley, Catherine (22 March 2021). "Germany moves towards full restitution of Benin bronzes". The Art Newspaper. https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/germany-moves-towards-full-restitution-of-benin-bronzes.
  57. ↑ van der Wolf, Marthe (6 April 2021). Effort to Return Benin Bronzes to Africa Remains Ongoing Challenge (en).
  58. ↑ Dex, Robert (2021-04-12). Church of England to return Benin Bronzes as repatriation rows rumble on (en).
  59. ↑ Holmes, Gareth (7 April 2021). London's Horniman Museum—home to 15 Benin bronzes—announces new 'transparent procedures' for looted object requests (en).
  60. ↑ BENIN, NTA BROADCAST (2021-08-09). "UNVEILING OF LARGEST BRONZE PLAQUE IN BENIN". Nigerian Television Authority (NTA). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7Ed6tPT0Xo.
  61. ↑ Omotayo, Joseph (2021-08-05). Young Nigerian man makes largest plaque in Benin kingdom, showcases it in video (en).
  62. ↑ Owolabi, Tife; Shirbon, Estelle (2021-09-22). "Nigerians offer artworks to British Museum in new take on looted bronzes" (en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigerians-offer-artworks-british-museum-new-take-looted-bronzes-2021-09-22/.
  63. ↑ Time Scape | Nigeria: Medical Student Turned Artist Immortalizes Great King Ewuare, Oba of Benin, Unveils Largest-Ever Benin Kingdom Bronze Plaque.
  64. ↑ Nigerian Artists Offer British Museum Swap (en) (2021-09-23).
  65. ↑ Nigerian Contemporary Art is Being Offered in Exchange for the U.K. Benin Bronzes (en-US) (2021-09-22).
  66. ↑ Khomami, Naomi (15 October 2021). Cambridge college to be first in UK to return looted Benin bronze. “"We are indeed very pleased and commend Jesus College for taking this lead in making restitution for the plunder that occurred in Benin in 1897," said the oba of Benin, Omo N'Oba N’Edo Uku Akpolokpolo, Ewuare II. "We truly hope that others will expedite the return of our artworks which in many cases are of religious importance to us. We wish to thank [Nigeria's] President Buhari and our National Commission for Museums and Monuments for their renewed efforts in securing the release of our artefacts on our behalf."”
  67. ↑ Colonial-era looted art returned to Nigeria and Benin | DW | 20.02.2022 (en-GB).
  68. ↑ Cambridge University to return over 100 looted Benin bronzes to Nigeria (en) (2022-12-14).
  69. ↑ Cambridge under pressure to return Benin Bronzes as Nigeria promises museum display (26 February 2025).
  70. ↑ The Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Nigerian National Commission for Museums and Monuments Gather to Mark the Transfer of Three Works of Art to the Nigerian National Collections (2021-11-22).
  71. ↑ "Newcastle's Hancock museum to repatriate Benin Bronze stave" (en-GB). BBC News. 2022-01-12. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tyne-59964386.
  72. ↑ McGlone, Peggy (8 March 2022). "Smithsonian to give back its collection of Benin bronzes". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/03/08/smithsonian-benin-bronzes-nigeria-return/.
  73. ↑ Frum, David (2022-09-14). Who Benefits When Western Museums Return Looted Art? (en).
  74. ↑ Smithsonian Returns 29 Benin Bronzes to the National Commission for Museums and Monuments in Nigeria (11 October 2022).
  75. ↑ Nigeria, U. S. Mission (2022-10-17). 30 Benin bronzes returned to Nigeria (en-US).
  76. ↑ Germany hands over two Benin bronzes to Nigeria (July 2022).
  77. ↑ Germany to return looted artifacts to Africa | DW | 29.06.2022.
  78. ↑ 'Moral and appropriate': Museum begins return of artefacts looted by British troops (29 November 2022).
  79. ↑ Sherwood, Harriet (28 November 2022). London museum returns looted Benin City artefacts to Nigeria.
  80. ↑ Sooke, Alistair (29 November 2022). Is the 'world museum' doomed?.
  1. ↑ The British Museum notes that the term "copper alloy" is more appropriate in museology as it avoids the distinction between brass and bronze.[17]
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