Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Alcoholism

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Alcoholism
Di yuli yahaAlcohol dependence syndrome, alcohol use disorder (AUD)[1]
"King Alcohol and His Prime Minister" c. 1820
Ashibti yaɣiliPsychiatry, toxicology, addiction medicine
NahingbanaDrinking large amounts of alcohol over a long period, difficulty cutting down, acquiring and drinking alcohol taking up a lot of time, usage resulting in problems, withdrawal occurring when stopping[2]
Dini diri Saha shɛliLong term[2]
Din taɣiri ŋa naEnvironmental and genetic factors[3]
Din ni tooi ʒi ŋa naStress, anxiety, inexpensive, easy access[3][4]
Vihibu sɔyaQuestionnaires, blood tests[3]
TibibuAlcohol detoxification typically with benzodiazepines, counselling, acamprosate, disulfiram, naltrexone[5][6][7]
Di yɔlibu biɛhigu ni208 million / 4.1% adults (2010)[8][9]
Di Kum3.3 million / 5.9%[10]

Da-nyurilim din nyɛ da-nyuribieɣula (AUD), nyɛla da-nyuli sheli din yihiri daadam ka chɛ o hankali ni o ninsalsilini.[11][2][3] Lala alaafei kalinsi ɣɔ nyɛla din pu bu yi zuɣuni :Da-nyuri bieɣu ni ŋun zaŋ o yɛli kam n pa dam zuɣu bei ŋun yɛlli kam kul gendila dam polo. Dɔɣati tuma puunii, biyi ti yeli ni so malla lala danyuribieɣu halli ŋɔ din ŋuna o wuhirila shihiri a yi shɛŋa n ni yen kali ŋɔ : Diyi ti niŋ ka daadam nyuri dam n yuui ,ka ti kɔŋ ni o baligili bei din tɔ pam ni o tɔi n sigisi lala danyubɔ ŋɔ , dam dabu ni di nyubu nyɛla din n kuri saha, dama saha shɛlli kam nyini ku bɔrimi ni a nyuri dam ŋɔ, niri yi kpalim danyubɔni di chɛmi ka o bi tooi n tumdi tuunshɛli din tu ni o tum ka lahi chɛ ka o malli galimi ʒieleli niusage ,da nyubɔ ni tooi n tahi alaafei kalinsina ka kuli lahi n kpɛhiri niri yellani. ,di yi ti niŋ ka so kuli zaŋ dahanyini ni o chɛ da-nyubɔ a ni nyɛ ka yɛli gɔla gon n bieni dama a yi n nyuli kari yuu a ningbunani a dii ku tooi n chɛli dabsili yini ni shei di di saha.[2]Ayi n nyuri dam din n tooi n dam a ningbuna luɣu shɛŋa balanteei a zuɣu puri ŋɔ ni, a suhi,a bin sabli,a yaan nyina hali ka ku a ningbuna sooja bihi zaa.[3][12] Danyubɔ ni n tɔɔ n dam a zuɣu ka chɛ ka dɔri chɛhi gon gbaara hali cancer ni tɔɔ n gbaaga.[3][13] Paɣa yi mali puli ka nyuri dam din n tɔɔ n chɛ ka o nya dɔriti fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Women are generally more sensitive than men to the harmful effects of alcohol, primarily due to their smaller body weight, lower capacity to metabolize alcohol, and higher proportion of body fat.

Environmental factors and genetics are two components associated with alcoholism, with about half the risk attributed to each.[3] Someone with a parent or sibling with alcoholism is three to four times more likely to become an alcoholic themselves.[3] Environmental factors include social, cultural and behavioral influences.[14] High stress levels and anxiety, as well as alcohol's inexpensive cost and easy accessibility, increase the risk.[3][4] People may continue to drink partly to prevent or improve symptoms of withdrawal.[3] After a person stops drinking alcohol, they may experience a low level of withdrawal lasting for months.[3] Medically, alcoholism is considered both a physical and mental illness.[15] Questionnaires and certain blood tests may detect possible alcoholism.[3][16] Further information is then collected to confirm the diagnosis.[3] Recommendations include no more than 2 drinks per week.

Prevention of alcoholism may be attempted by regulating and limiting the sale of alcohol, taxing alcohol to increase its cost, and providing inexpensive treatment. Treatment of alcoholism may take several forms.[6] Due to medical problems that can occur during withdrawal, alcohol detoxification should be carefully controlled.[6] One common method involves the use of benzodiazepine medications, such as diazepam.[6] These can be either given while admitted to a health care institution or occasionally while a person remains in the community with close supervision.[6] Mental illness or other addictions may complicate treatment.[17] After detoxification, group therapy or support groups are used to help keep a person from returning to drinking.[5][18] One commonly used form of support is the group Alcoholics Anonymous.[19] The medications acamprosate, disulfiram or naltrexone may also be used to help prevent further drinking.[7]

The World Health Organization has estimated that as of 2010, there were 208 million people with alcoholism worldwide (4.1% of the population over 15 years of age). As of 2015 in the United States, about 17 million (7%) of adults and 0.7 million (2.8%) of those age 12 to 17 years of age are affected. Alcoholism is most common among males and young adults, and is less common in middle and old age.[3] Geographically, it is least common in Africa (1.1% of the population) and has the highest rates in Eastern Europe (11%).[3] Alcoholism directly resulted in 139,000 deaths in 2013, up from 112,000 deaths in 1990.[20] A total of 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are believed to be due to alcohol.[10] Alcoholism reduces a person's life expectancy by approximately ten years. Many terms, some insulting and others informal, have been used to refer to people affected by alcoholism; the expressions include tippler, drunkard, dipsomaniac and souse.[21] In 1979, the World Health Organization discouraged the use of "alcoholism" due to its inexact meaning, preferring "alcohol dependence syndrome".

References

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  1. ↑ Alcoholism MeSH Descriptor Data 2020. Archived 23 Silimin gɔli June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  2. 1 2 3 4 Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparison Between DSM–IV and DSM–5 (November 2013). Archived 18 Silimin gɔli May 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Association, American Psychiatric (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 (5 ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. pp. 490–97. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1.Association, American Psychiatric (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 (5 ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. pp. 490–97. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1.
  4. 1 2 Moonat, S (2012). "Stress, epigenetics, and alcoholism". Alcohol Research : Current Reviews 34 (4): 495–505. PMID 23584115.
  5. 1 2 Morgan-Lopez, AA (May 2006). "Analytic complexities associated with group therapy in substance abuse treatment research: problems, recommendations, and future directions". Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 14 (2): 265–73. DOI:10.1037/1064-1297.14.2.265. PMID 16756430.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Blondell, RD (February 2005). "Ambulatory detoxification of patients with alcohol dependence". Am Fam Physician 71 (3): 495–502. PMID 15712624.
  7. 1 2 Testino, G (December 2014). "Treatment of alcohol dependence: recent progress and reduction of consumption". Minerva Medica 105 (6): 447–66. PMID 25392958.
  8. ↑ Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 (PDF). World Health Organization. 2014. pp. 8, 51. ISBN 978-92-4-069276-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2015. Archived 13 Silimin gɔli April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ Global Population Estimates by Age, 1950–2050 (30 January 2014). Archived 10 Silimin gɔli May 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  10. 1 2 Alcohol Facts and Statistics. Archived 18 Silimin gɔli May 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ↑ Littrell, Jill (2014). Understanding and Treating Alcoholism Volume I: An Empirically Based Clinician's Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism: Volume Ii: Biological, Psychological, and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and Abuse. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-317-78314-5. Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. The World Health Organization defines alcoholism as any drinking which results in problems
  12. ↑ Alcohol's Effects on the Body (14 September 2011). Archived 3 Silimin gɔli June 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ Romeo, Javier (October 2007). "Moderate alcohol consumption and the immune system: a review". The British Journal of Nutrition 98 Suppl 1: S111–115. DOI:10.1017/S0007114507838049. ISSN 0007-1145. PMID 17922947.
  14. ↑ Agarwal-Kozlowski, K (April 2000). "[Genetic predisposition for alcoholism]". Ther Umsch 57 (4): 179–84. DOI:10.1024/0040-5930.57.4.179. PMID 10804873.
  15. ↑ Mersy, DJ (1 April 2003). "Recognition of alcohol and substance abuse". American Family Physician 67 (7): 1529–32. PMID 12722853.
  16. ↑ Higgins-Biddle, John C. (2018). "A Review of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), AUDIT-C, and USAUDIT for Screening in the United States: Past Issues and Future Directions". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 44 (6): 578–586. DOI:10.1080/00952990.2018.1456545. ISSN 0095-2990. PMID 29723083.
  17. ↑ DeVido, JJ (December 2012). "Treatment of the depressed alcoholic patient". Current Psychiatry Reports 14 (6): 610–08. DOI:10.1007/s11920-012-0314-7. PMID 22907336.
  18. ↑ Albanese, AP (November 2012). "Management of alcohol abuse". Clinics in Liver Disease 16 (4): 737–62. DOI:10.1016/j.cld.2012.08.006. PMID 23101980.
  19. ↑ Tusa, AL (2013). "Came to believe: spirituality as a mechanism of change in alcoholics anonymous: a review of the literature from 1992 to 2012". Journal of Addictions Nursing 24 (4): 237–46. DOI:10.1097/jan.0000000000000003. PMID 24335771.
  20. ↑ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet 385 (9963): 117–71. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMID 25530442.
  21. ↑ Chambers English Thesaurus. Allied Publishers. p. 175. ISBN 978-81-86062-04-3. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
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