Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

African-American Vernacular English

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia

African-American Vernacular English
Black Vernacular English
RegionUnited States
EthnicityAfrican Americans
Early forms
Latin (English alphabet)
American Braille
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologTɛmplet:Glottolink
ELPTɛmplet:Endangered Languages Project
[[Lahabali kɔligu:Template loop detected: Tɛmplet:Location map|px|Approximate location where African-American Vernacular English is spoken]]
<div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; top: Maŋ wuhibu daliŋ: pɛrimbu < operator.%; left: Maŋ wuhibu daliŋ: pɛrimbu < operator.%; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0;">
[[Lahabali kɔligu:Template loop detected: Tɛmplet:Location map|6x6px|African-American Vernacular English]]
African-American Vernacular English
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Tɛmplet:African American topics sidebar

African-American Vernacular English[lower-alpha 1] (AAVE)[lower-alpha 2] nyɛla Siliminsili balibu ka bɛ tɔɣisiri li, di bahi bahindi fɔna ni, ban tɔɣisirili n-nyɛ ban tumdi mini "middle-class African Americans" ni Canada gbansabili shɛba.[4] Di malila din maŋmaŋ bachinima pɛbu, bachi gansi, ni di nahingbana, AAVE nyɛla "middle-class Black Americans" ni mali shɛli kuri bukaata ni alizama dibu taba sunsuuni. Amaa, di yi kana ninvuɣ'kara alizama di n-ti ni, ban tɔɣisiri li taɣiri la Siliminsi din nyɛ yɛlimaŋli, amaa ka leei chɛri "vernacular" (ni bi zani dede) "accent" zaana.[5][6] AAVE nyɛla din yɛligi United States, amaa di dii pala "African Americans" zaa balli, lala n lahi nyɛli ka ban tɔɣisirili zaa pa African American.[7][8][9]

Kamani African-American English balibu, African-American Vernacular English wuligimi gili regional dialects of the Southern United States,[10] ni di bahi bahindi "older Southern American English",[11] ka di nyɛ African Americans daba taarihi lala yaɣa maa.

Bala baŋdiba nyɛla waliginsim bela AAVE, West African bala ni, mini "English-based creole languages" ni,[12][13][14][15] yaha shɛba lahi lihimi ka AAVE nyɛ English din bi zani di naba zuɣu bali shɛli[16][17] di ni niŋ ka Southern Colonies mini bahigu Southern United States nima tɔɣisirili la.[18] Amaa, ka bala baŋdiba shɛba gba ŋme nangbankpeeni ni di shɛli tabi la "African creole languages" di tɔɣisiri dunia yaɣa, din waligi ka che Siliminsili balli, pɔi ka naan yi wuligi gili.[19][20][lower-alpha 3]

African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) ni tooi nyɛ "dialect, ethnolect, ni sociolect".[21] Di ni niŋ ka kahigibu din yi polo wuhi ni biɛhigu be AAVE mini "earlier Southern U.S. dialects" sunsuuni la, AAVE ni pili luɣ'shɛŋa na nyɛla nagbankpeeni.

Bala baŋdiba ni zaya sh~m zaŋ kpa AAVE nyɛla di nyɛla English yaɣ'shɛli, ka di wuhiri ni di yimina tuuli English yaɣa ni amaa ka ni "English-based creole languages" ni, "decreolized" labi ti kpe Siliminsili ni. 2000s piligu, Shana Poplack daa yina ni shɛhira[13][14] (shɛhira din yina sabbu ni) din yina Samaná mini Nova Scotia AAVE-tɔɣisiriba ban daa looi Tɛmplet:Xref ka di wuhiri ni AAVE daa nyɛla din miri British bala yaɣ'shɛŋa n gari AAVE American bala yaɣ'shɛŋa.[22]

Bala baŋda John McWhorter na kuli zami ni West African bala zaŋti AAVE nyɛla din pɔra. Bɛ ni daa bɔhi o bɔhisi National Public Radio's Talk of the Nation, McWhorter characterized AAVE ni.[23]

Amaa,"creole theory", dii bi saɣiti bala baŋdiba ni yɛli shɛm, bɛ ʒimi ni AAVE yimina "creole languages" shɛŋa African daba ni mali tumdi ni "Atlantic slave trade", ka di nyɛla daba ŋɔ daa tɔɣisirila bali bɔbigu ka bɛ daa bo so'shɛli din yɛn che ka bɛ tooi diri fiila tiri taba mini fiila di n-ti ban gbahiba daba maa na.[24] Lahabali maa ni wuhi shɛm, daa tumi yina ni "pidgins": bali-bɔbigu zaŋ laɣim taba.[25][25] [26] Zaŋ kana yuuni 1715, African pidgin daa nyɛla Daniel Defoe ni yina ni shɛli, dini n-nyɛ, The Life of Colonel Jacque.[27][26]

Bɔlibu nahingbana pam nyɛla din wɔligi AAVE ka che American English (di bahi bahindi, General American). McWhorter yɛliya ni binshɛɣu din laɣim "AAVE bala nyɛla kukoli bɔlibu bee "kumsi", da bɔri nahingbana n-tiri "din bi zani ti yaɣ'shɛli" bee n-neeri African-American bala.[28][29]

AAVE vaawulinima zaa
Pure vowels (monophthongs)
English diaphoneme AAVE phoneme[30] Example words
/æ/ [æ~ɛː~ɛə] act, pal, trap
[ɛː~ɛə~eə] (/æ/ raising) ham, land, yeah
/ɑː/ [a~ɑ̈~ɑ] blah, bother, father,
lot, top, wasp
/ɒ/
[ɒ(ɔ)~ɔ(ʊ)] all, dog, bought,
loss, saw, taught
/ɔː/
/ɛ/ [ɛ~eə] dress, met, bread
/ə/ [ə] about, syrup, arena
/ɪ/ [ɪ~iə] hit, skim, tip
/iː/ [i] beam, chic, fleet
/ʌ/ [ʌ~ɜ] bus, flood, what
/ʊ/ [ʊ~ɵ~ø̞] book, put, should
/uː/ [ʊu~u] food, glue, new
Diphthongs
/aɪ/ [äe~äː~aː] prize, slide, tie
[äɪ] (Canadian raisingTɛmplet:Dubious) price, slice, tyke
/aʊ/ [æɔ~æə] now, ouch, scout
/eɪ/ [eɪ~ɛɪ] lake, paid, rein
/ɔɪ/ [oɪ] boy, choice, moist
/oʊ/ [ʌʊ~ɔʊ] goat, oh, show
R-colored vowels
/ɑːr/ non-rhotic: [ɑ~ɒ]
rhotic: [ɑɹ~ɒɹ]		 barn, car, heart
/ɛər/ non-rhotic: [ɛə]
rhotic: [ɛɹ]		 bare, bear, there
/ɜːr/ [ɚ] burn, first, herd
/ər/ non-rhotic: [ə]
rhotic: [ɚ]		 better, martyr, doctor
/ɪər/ non-rhotic: [iə~iɤ]
rhotic: [iɹ]		 fear, peer, tier
/ɔːr/ non-rhotic: [oə~ɔə~ɔo]
rhotic: [oɹ]		 hoarse, horse, poor
score, tour, war
/ʊər/
/jʊər/ non-rhotic: [juə~jʊə]
rhotic: [juɹ~jʊɹ]		 cure, Europe, pure

Di mini AAVE dii ka "simple past-tense" zaa yoli, "marker" zaŋti English (dini n-nyɛ, -ed zaŋti "worked"), di ka suhuyurilim pubu n-ti yaɣa dibaa anahi zaŋti "past tense" mini pubu dibaayi zaŋti "future tense".[31] Lala balli yaɣili ŋɔ malila "tense–aspect–mood" "markers" n-laɣindi "predicate phrase",[32] n-ti tabili "gon" bee "gonna" (future tense), "done" (completive aspect), "be" (habitual aspect, state of being), n-ti pahi "been" (durative aspect). Din bɔŋɔ nima nyɛla din ni tooi tum ni waligibu be zaŋ laɣim taba.[32]

Phases/tenses of AAVE[33]
Phase Example
Past Pre-recent I been bought it
Recent I done bought ita
Pre-present I did buy it
Past inceptive I do buy it
Present I be buying it
Future Immediate I'ma buy itb
Post-immediate I'ma gonna buy itb
Indefinite future I gonna buy it
AAVE grammatical aspects
Aspect Example Standard English meaning
Habitual/continuative aspect[34] He be working Tuesdays. He frequently (or habitually) works on Tuesdays.
Intensified continuative (habitual) He stay working. He is always working.
Intensified continuative (not habitual)[35] He steady working. He keeps on working.
Perfect progressive He been working. He has been working.
Irrealis (Mood) He finna go to work. He is about to go to work.a
  1. ↑ For the reasons that linguists avoid using the term Ebonics, see for example Tɛmplet:Harvcoltxt.
  2. ↑ Tamasi, Susan; Antieau, Lamont (2015). Language and Linguistic Diversity in the US: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-415-80667-1.
  3. ↑ Gordon, Matthew J. (2013). Labov: A Guide for the Perplexed. Bloomsbury. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-4411-5852-9.
  4. ↑ Edwards (2004), p. 383.
  5. ↑ Rickford (2015), pp. 302, 310.
  6. ↑ Spears (2015).
  7. ↑ Wheeler (1999), p. 55.
  8. ↑ Do you speak American?: African American English.
  9. ↑ Benor, Sarah Bunin (19 April 2010). "Ethnolinguistic repertoire: Shifting the analytic focus in language and ethnicity". Journal of Sociolinguistics 14 (2): 159–183. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2010.00440.x.
  10. ↑ McWhorter (2001), p. 179.
  11. ↑ Thomas (2006), pp. 16, 19-20.
  12. ↑ Wardhaugh (2002), p. 341.
  13. 1 2 Poplack (2000), p. ?.
  14. 1 2 Poplack & Tagliamonte (2001), p. ?.
  15. ↑ See Tɛmplet:Harvcoltxt for more information
  16. ↑ The Oakland school board's resolution "was about a perfectly ordinary variety of English spoken by a large and diverse population of Americans of African descent. . . . [E]ssentially all linguists agree that what the Oakland board was dealing with is a dialect of English."Tɛmplet:Harvcoltxt
  17. ↑ McWhorter (2001), pp. 162, 185.
  18. ↑ McWhorter (2001), pp. 162, 182.
  19. ↑ Tɛmplet:Harvcoltxt and Tɛmplet:Harvcoltxt, both citing Tɛmplet:Harvcoltxt, Tɛmplet:Harvcoltxt, Tɛmplet:Harvcoltxt, and Tɛmplet:Harvcoltxt.
  20. ↑ Smith & Crozier (1998), pp. 113–114.
  21. ↑ Green (2002), pp. 1–11, 'Introduction'.
  22. ↑ William Labov, in the Foreword to Tɛmplet:Harvcoltxt, says "I would like to think that this clear demonstration of the similarities among the three diaspora dialects and the White benchmark dialects, combined with their differences from creole grammars, would close at least one chapter in the history of the creole controversies."
  23. ↑ Ludden, Jennifer (September 6, 2010). "Op-Ed: DEA Call For Ebonics Experts Smart Move" Archived 2018-01-08 at the Wayback Machine. NPR.
  24. ↑ Wolfram (1998), p. 112.
  25. 1 2 Bloomquist, Green & Lanehart (2015).
  26. 1 2 Dillard (1972), p. ??.
  27. ↑ Read (1939), p. 247.
  28. ↑ McWhorter (2001), pp. 146–7.
  29. ↑ Green (2002), p. 131.
  30. ↑ Heggarty, Paul:Accents of English from Around the World. University of Edinburgh (2013). See pronunciation for "Chicago AAVE" and "N.Carolina AAVE."
  31. ↑ Fickett (1972), pp. 17–18.
  32. 1 2 DeBose, Charles E. (2015-07-01). The Systematic Marking of Tense, Modality, and Aspect in African American Language (en). [[|Wp/azb/Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795390.013.18.
  33. ↑ Fickett (1972), p. 19.
  34. ↑ Tɛmplet:Harvcoltxt refers to this as a combination of "punctuative" and "imperfect" aspects.
  35. ↑ Green (2002), pp. 71–72.
    • Artiles, Alfredo J.; Trent, Stanley C. (1994), "Overrepresentation of minority students in special education: a continuing debate", The Journal of Special Education, 24: 410–437, doi:10.1177/002246699402700404, S2CID 146535428
    • Bailey, Guy (2001), "The relationship between African American Vernacular English and White Vernaculars in the American South: A sociocultural history and some phonological evidence", in Lanehart, Sonja (ed.), Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English, Varieties of English Around the World, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 53–92, doi:10.1075/veaw.g27.08bai, ISBN 978-90-272-4885-5
    • Bailey, Guy; Thomas, Erik (1998), "Some aspects of African-American Vernacular English phonology", in Mufwene, Salikoko; Rickford, John R.; Bailey, Guy; Baugh, John (eds.), African-American English: Structure, History, and Use, London: Routledge, pp. 85–109, doi:10.4324/9780203355596-13, ISBN 978-0-203-35559-6
    • Baker, Houston A. Jr. (1984), Blues, Ideology, and Afro-American Literature: a Vernacular Theory, University of Chicago Press, doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226160849.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-226-03538-3
    • Baranowski, Maciej (2013), "Ethnicity and Sound Change: African American English in Charleston, SC", University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 19 (2): 1–10, S2CID 2034660
    • Baratz, Joan C.; Shuy, Roger, eds. (1969), Teaching Black Children to Read, Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics
    • Baugh, John (2000), Beyond Ebonics: Linguistic Pride and Racial Prejudice, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-515289-1
    • Blake, René; Shousterman, Cara; Newlin-Łukowicz, Luiza (2015), "African American Language in New York City", in Lanehart, Sonja (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of African American Language, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 280–298
    • Bloomquist, Jennifer; Green, Lisa J.; Lanehart, Sonja L., eds. (July 1, 2015). The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795390.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-979539-0.
    • Brasch, Walter (1981), Black English in the Mass Media, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press
    • Burling, Robbins (1973), English in Black and White, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
    • Chesley, Paula (December 2011). "You Know What It Is: Learning Words through Listening to Hip-Hop". PLOS ONE 6 (12): e28248. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0028248. PMID 22205942.
    • Cosby, William (January 10, 1997), "Elements of Igno-Ebonics Style", Wall Street Journal, pp. P.A11
    • Coulmas, Florian (2005), Sociolinguistics: The Study of Speakers' Choices, Cambridge
    • Crystal, David (2003), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. (2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-82348-X
    • Cutler, Cecelia (2007). "The Co-Construction of Whiteness in an MC Battle". Pragmatics 17 (1): 9–22. DOI:10.1075/prag.17.1.01cut.
    • DeBose, Charles (1992). "Codeswitching: Black English and Standard English in the African-American linguistic repertoire". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 13 (1–2): 157–167. DOI:10.1080/01434632.1992.9994489.
    • DeBose, Charles; Faraclas, Nicholas (1993), "An Africanist approach to the linguistic study of black English: getting to the roots of tense-aspect-modality and copula systems in Afro-American", in Mufwene, Salikoko S. (ed.), Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties, Athens, GA: University of Georgia press, pp. 364–387
    • Dictionary of American Regional English. 5 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985–.
    • Dillard, John L. (1972), Black English: Its History and Usage in the United States, Random House, ISBN 0-394-71872-0
    • Dillard, J.L (1992), A History of American English, New York: Longman
    • Downing, John (1978), "Strategies of Bilingual Teaching", International Review of Education, 24 (3): 329–346, Bibcode:1978IREdu..24..329D, doi:10.1007/BF00598048, S2CID 145456540
    • Eberhardt, Maeve (2008), "The Low-Back Merger in the Steel City: African American English in Pittsburgh", American Speech, 83 (3): 284–311, doi:10.1215/00031283-2008-021
    • Edwards, Walter (2004), "African American Vernacular English: Phonology", in Kortmann, Bernd (ed.), A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool, 2, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 366–382, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
    • Edwards, Walter (2020), "African American Vernacular English: phonology", in Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool, 1, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 383–392, doi:10.1515/9783110197181-027, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5, S2CID 240729342, archived from the original on August 19, 2018, retrieved January 7, 2018
    • Farrison, W. Edward (1970), "Dialectology versus Negro dialect", CLA Journal, 13: 21–27
    • Fickett, Joan G. (1972), "Tense and aspect in Black English", Journal of English Linguistics, 6 (1): 17–19, doi:10.1177/007542427200600102, S2CID 145716303
    • Florini, Sarah (2014), "Tweets, Tweeps, and Signifyin': Communication and Cultural Performance on "Black Twitter"", Television & New Media, 15 (3): 223–237, doi:10.1177/1527476413480247, S2CID 145278111
    • Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (1988), The Signifying Monkey: a Theory of Afro-American literary Criticism, New York: Oxford University Press
    • Golden, Tim (January 14, 1997), "Oakland Scratches plan to teach black English.", New York Times, pp. A10
    • Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
    • Guralnik, David Bernard (1984), Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0-671-41814-9
    • Harry, Beth; Anderson, Mary G. (1995), "The disproportionate placement of African-American males in special education programs: a critique of the process", Journal of Negro Education, 63 (4): 602–619, doi:10.2307/2967298, JSTOR 2967298
    • Holloway, Karla (1978). A critical investigation of literary and linguistic structures in the fiction of Zora Neale Hurston (Thesis). Tɛmplet:ProQuest.
    • Holloway, Karla (1987), The Character of the Word: The Texts of Zora Neale Hurston, West Port, CT: Greenwood Press
    • Holton, Sylvia Wallace (1984), Down Home and Up Town: the Representation of Black Speech in American Fiction, London: Associated University Press
    • Howe, Darin M.; Walker, James A. (2000), "Negation and the Creole-Origins Hypothesis: Evidence from Early African American English", in Poplack, Shana (ed.), The English History of African American English, pp. 109–139
    • Jones, Taylor (January 1, 2020). Variation in African American English: The Great Migration and Regional Differentiation (PDF) (Thesis). Tɛmplet:ProQuest.
    • Kendall, Tyler; Wolfram, Walt (2009), "Local and external language standards in African American English", Journal of English Linguistics, 37 (4): 305–330, doi:10.1177/0075424209339281, S2CID 145527700
    • van Keulen, Jean E.; Weddington, Gloria Toliver; DeBose, Charles E. (1998), Speech, Language, Learning, and the African American Child, Boston: Allyn and Bacon
    • Labov, William (1969), "The logic of non-standard English", in Alatis, J. (ed.), Georgetown Monograph on Language and Linguistics, 22, pp. 1–44
    • Labov, William (1972), Language in the Inner City: Studies in Black English Vernacular, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
    • Labov, William (2001), Principles of Linguistic Change, II: Social factors, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-17915-1
    • Lanehart, Sonja, ed. (2001), "State of the art in African American English research: Multi-disciplinary perspectives and directions", Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English, Varieties of English Around the World, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 1–20, doi:10.1075/veaw.g27.05lan, ISBN 978-90-272-4885-5
    • Lee, Margaret (1999), "Out of the Hood and into the News: Borrowed Black Verbal Expressions in a Mainstream Newspaper", American Speech, 74 (4): 369–388, JSTOR 455663
    • Linnes, Kathleen (1998), "Middle-class AAVE versus middle-class bilingualism: Contrasting speech communities", American Speech, 73 (4): 339–367, doi:10.2307/455582, JSTOR 455582
    • Lippi-Green, Rosina (1997), English with an Accent: Language, Ideology, and Discrimination in the United States, London: Blackwell, p. 200
    • McWhorter, John H. (2001), Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-7382-0446-8
    • Morgan, Marcyliena (1999), "US Language Planning and Policies for Social Dialect Speakers", in Davis, Kathryn Anne; Huebner, Thom (eds.), Sociopolitical perspectives on language policy and planning in the USA., John Benjamins, ISBN 1-55619-735-7
    • Mufwene, Salikoko (2001), "What is African American English?", in Lanehart, Sonja (ed.), Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English, Varieties of English Around the World, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 21–52, doi:10.1075/veaw.g27.06muf, ISBN 978-90-272-4885-5
    • Ogbu, John U. (1999), "Beyond Language: Ebonics, Proper English, and Identity in a Black-American Speech Community", American Educational Research Journal, 36 (2): 147–184, doi:10.3102/00028312036002147, S2CID 220339794
    • Pinker, Steven (1994), The Language Instinct, New York: Morrow, ISBN 0-688-12141-1
    • Poplack, Shana (2000), The English History of African American English, Blackwell
    • Poplack, Shana; Tagliamonte, Sali (2001), African American English in the Diaspora, Blackwell
    • Pullum, Geoffrey K. (March 27, 1997), "Language that dare not speak its name", Nature, 386 (6623): 321–322, Bibcode:1997Natur.386..321P, doi:10.1038/386321a0, S2CID 4255646, archived from the original on May 27, 2010, retrieved August 27, 2010
    • Quinn, Jim (1982), American Tongue and Cheek: A Populist Guide to Our Language, New York: Penguin, ISBN 0-14-006084-7
    • Radford, Andrew; Atkinson, Martin; Britain, David; Clahsen, Harald (1999), Linguistics: An Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-47854-5
    • Read, Allen Walker (1939), "The speech of Negroes in colonial America", The Journal of Negro History, 24 (3): 247–258, doi:10.2307/2714378, JSTOR 2714378, S2CID 150204787
    • Rickford, John (1997a), "Prior Creolization of African-American Vernacular English? Sociohistorical and Textual Evidence from the 17th and 18th Centuries", Journal of Sociolinguistics, 1 (3): 315–336, doi:10.1111/1467-9481.00019
    • Rickford, John (1997b), "Suite for Ebony and Phonics", Discover Magazine, 18 (2)
    • Rickford, John (1999), African American Vernacular English, Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-21245-0
    • (2016) "Language and linguistics on trial: Hearing Rachel Jeantel (and other vernacular speakers) in the courtroom and beyond". Language 92 (4): 948–988. DOI:10.1353/lan.2016.0078.
    • Rickford, John (2015), "African American Language in California:Over Four Decades of Vibrant Variationist Research" (PDF), in Lanehart, Sonja (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of African American Language, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 299–315
    • Rickford, John; Rickford, Russell (2000), Spoken Soul: The Story of Black English., New York: John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-39957-4
    • Sampson, Geoffrey (1997), Educating Eve: The "Language Instinct" Debate, London: Cassell, ISBN 0-304-33908-3
    • Schilling-Estes, Natalie (2006), "Dialect Variation", in Fasold, Ralph; Connor-Linton, Jeff (eds.), An Introduction to Language and Linguistics ed, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 311–42, ISBN 0-521-84768-0
    • Simpkins, Gary A.; Holt, Grace; Simpkins, Charlesetta (1977), Bridge: A Cross-Cultural Reading Program, Houghton-Mifflin
    • Smith, Ernie; Crozier, Karen (1998), "Ebonics Is Not Black English", The Western Journal of Black Studies, 22: 109–116
    • Smitherman, Geneva (1977), Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America, Boston: Houghton Mifflin
    • Smitherman, Geneva (1999), "CCCC's Role in the Struggle for Language Rights", College Composition and Communication, 50 (3): 349–376, doi:10.2307/358856, JSTOR 358856
    • Smitherman, Geneva (2000), Black Talk: Words and Phrases from the Hood to the Amen Corner (revised ed.), Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-96919-0
    • Spears, Arthur K. (1982), "The black English semi-auxiliary come", Language, 58 (4): 850–872, doi:10.2307/413960, JSTOR 413960
    • Spears, Arthur K. (2015), "African American Standard English", in Lanehart, Sonja (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of African American Language, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 786–799
    • Stewart, William A. (1964), Non-standard Speech and the Teaching of English, Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics
    • Stewart, William A. (1969), "On the use of Negro dialect in the teaching of reading", in Baratz, Joan; Shuy, Roger (eds.), Teaching Black Children to Read, Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, pp. 156–219
    • Stewart, William (1975), "Teaching Blacks to Read Against Their Will", in Luelsdorff, P.A. (ed.), Linguistic Perspectives on Black English., Regensburg, Germany: Hans Carl
    • Sweetland, Julie (2002), "Unexpected but Authentic Use of an Ethnically-Marked Dialect", Journal of Sociolinguistics, 6 (4): 514–536, doi:10.1111/1467-9481.00199
    • Thomas, Erik R. (2006), "Rural White Southern Accents" (PDF), Atlas of North American English (online), Walter de Gruyter, archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2014, retrieved January 7, 2018
    • Trotta, Joe; Blyahher, Oleg (2011), "Game done changed A look at selected AAVE features in the TV series the Wire", Moderna Språk, 1: 15–42, doi:10.58221/mosp.v105i1.8284, S2CID 143111483, archived from the original on December 15, 2017, retrieved January 7, 2018
    • Trudgill, Peter (1983), On Dialect, New York: New York University Press
    • Walser, Richard (1955), "Negro dialect in eighteenth-century drama", American Speech, 30 (4): 269–276, doi:10.2307/453562, JSTOR 453562
    • Wardhaugh, Ronald (2002), An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Blackwell
    • Wheeler, Rebecca S., ed. (1999), The Workings of Language: From Prescriptions to Perspectives, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-275-96245-6, archived from the original on May 18, 2016, retrieved January 7, 2018
    • Wheeler, Rebecca; Swords, Rachel (2006), Code-switching: Teaching Standard English in Urban Classrooms, Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English
    • Williamson, Juanita (1970), "Selected features of speech: black and white", CLA Journal, 13: 420–433
    • Winford, Donald (1992), "Back to the past: The BEV/creole connection revisited", Language Variation and Change, 4 (3): 311–357, doi:10.1017/S0954394500000831, S2CID 143664421
    • Wolfram, Walter A. (1994), "The phonology of a sociocultural variety: The case of African American Vernacular English", in Bernthal, John E.; Bankson, Nicholas W. (eds.), Child Phonology: Characteristics, Assessment, and Intervention with Special Populations, New York: Thieme
    • Wolfram, Walter A. (1998), "Language ideology and dialect: understanding the Oakland Ebonics controversy", Journal of English Linguistics, 26 (2): 108–121, doi:10.1177/007542429802600203, S2CID 144554543
    • Wolfram, Walter A.; Fasold, Ralph W. (1974), Social Dialects in American English, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall

    Tɛmplet:African American topics Tɛmplet:English dialects by continent

    1. ↑ Also known as Black English, Black Vernacular English, Black English Vernacular, African-American English, or occasionally Ebonics (a colloquial, controversial term).[1]
    2. ↑ AAVE is pronounced as an initialism ("A-A-V-E"), /ˈɑːveɪ/, or /æv/.[2][3]
    3. ↑ Linguists in favor of the "creole hypothesis" of African-American Vernacular English include creolists William Stewart, John Dillard, and John Rickford.
    A chirim ya: &It;ref> tuma maa yi laɣingu din yuli nyɛ "lower-alpha", ka lee bi saɣiritiri $It;references group ="lower-alpha"/> tuka maa bon nya
    Di yila "https://dag.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African-American_Vernacular_English&oldid=112877"